Inuit Law

The laws which governed the Inuit were simple. The most basic law of every settlement was that
"no one may without reason avoid the struggle for food and clothing. He who does so is not allowed
to starve; but he is despised and looked down on by everybody." (2, 162). Land was seen as a
communal property to be used for hunting by all. Similarly, game caught was divided among the
community according to its size; the largest catches being split equally for all. Personal property
was closely observed, following the guideline that "possession is conditioned by actual use of the
property" (2, 162). That is to say, as long as an item is being utilized then it shall remain personal
property, but if one possesses an item and does not use it, then by right it should be given to
someone who will be able to use it. However, laws did not exist as we in today's Western culture
know it. They were not written, taught and enforced laws, but rather communal understandings.
Punishment for breaching these laws were quite mild, usually aimed at injuring a man's position in
society (through gossip, ridicule or ostracism). Eskimo punishments were not created to reprimand
the criminal, but instead were efforts to reestablish the desired peace (2, 164). The serious act of
murder however, was the only crime which could not be amended by such simple measures. A
blood vengeance was always required in return for the taking of a life and ongoing feuds between
extended families were common results.

Needless to say, only a few leadership roles existed in Inuit society. Centered around the family,
the eldest male served as an authority within ea

Besides these familial leadership roles, no other central figureheads, such as a tribal king or leader,
were empowered. This may be due to the fact that Eskimo societies were centered around
cooperation and non-aggressive methods (4, 64). To have a central figurehead would most likely
impair this liberal societal structure. However, there is one figure that may be seen as a power to
be recognized and he is the shaman.

And The Nunatsiavut Government may make laws for the administration of Inuit law and to
establish necessary enforcement structures, including an Inuit law enforcement agency and an Inuit
court.

A new legal education initiative may soon help Nunavummiut become lawyers through a program
that is the first of its kind in Canada.

The University of Victoria announced last week that financial support from the Nunavut and federal
governments would pay for the development of a four-year program that would see a group of 10-
15 Nunavut students study law through a distance education program.

"There is nothing like this in Canada, maybe even the world," said the University of Victoria’s Dean
of Law, Jamie Cassels, in a press release issued last week.

He expects the program will cost $30,000 per student and wants potential employers to help pay
the cost of delivering the program, which is tentatively scheduled to begin Sept. 1, 2001.

An old Inuit law is that a hunter, when going on the floe edge always has to bring a harpoon.

“the law of Australia consists of the Australian common law (which is based on) the English
common law), federal laws enacted by the Parliament of Australia, and laws enacted by the
Parliaments of the Australian states and territories. The most important law of Australia is
the Constitution of Australia, which describes Australia's system of constitutional
monarchy, and forms the basis for the government of Australia.
Each of the States and territories of Australia that are self-governing are separate
jurisdictions, and have their own system of courts and parliaments. The system of laws in
each State are influential on each other, but not binding. Laws passed by the Parliament of
Australia, and common law made by federal courts (such as the High Court of Australia)
are federal laws, and apply to the whole of Australia.
The organized system of law and government now in force in Australia is historically
dependent for its legal validity on a series of British statues, notably including the
Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900. The authority of the United Kingdom
Parliament to enact those statutes depended on the acquisition of the Australian continent
as a territorial possession of the British Crown.

Reception of English law

Traditionally Australia had remained as a "settled" territory, which does not have any laws
under it. It has been observed that after few years later this country also followed the
English common law and statute law, as part of the "birthrights" (in William Blackstone's
terms) which English people carried with them. It has been observed that the colonies had
inhered tied United Kingdom laws. Even the first Australian colony, New South Wales, was
founded on 26 January 1788, followed the same path. Letters patent in 1787 (the New
South Wales Charter of Justice) had demanded to establish a court in the new colony.
The law began to develop independently, when the Supreme Court of New South Wales
was established in 1824, though all decisions were still subject to review by English courts.
The United Kingdom Parliament became more powerful to legislate specifically for the
colony. In the 19th century such legislation was said to operate by "paramount force".
Other colonies established there own court system and started working independently, as
the other colonies were granted independence from New South Wales, and began to
develop their common law separately from each other.
Australian common law

The High Court of Australia

When the High Court of Australia was established in 1903, it began to develop a body of
federal common law, relating to areas in which the High Court has original jurisdiction (for
example, matters involving international treaties, or cases where the Commonwealth of
Australia is a party). By this stage, Australia was more independent from the United
Kingdom, and the High Court was bolder in moving away from English law.
After appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were abolished by the
Australia Acts of 1986, the High Court became the court of "last resort" in Australia. As it
stands, appeals to the Privy Council in England are still possible, but require the assent of
the High Court of Australia. The High Court has only once granted their assent to any
party, in 1912, and indicated in Kerman v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd (No 2) (1985), their
intention never to grant such assent again. As such, the court has been completely free to
move away from English precedents. In recent years, Australian courts have thus been
more amenable to considering the common law of countries like Canada and the United
States when deciding cases.

Federal law
Austral Ian federal laws are made primarily by the Parliament of Australia. Section 51 of
the Australian Constitution describes the areas which the Parliament has the power to
makes laws about, such as defense, immigration and customs. Section 109 of the
Constitution provides that where federal and state laws are inconsistent with each other,
the federal law prevails under Section 109 of the Australian Constitution.
State laws
Each of the Australian States are self-governing, and have their own Parliaments and court
systems. In some areas, the law is very similar between the States, and in others, it is very
 different. A major difference is in the criminal law. In the states of Queensland, Tasmania
and Western Australia, the criminal law is governed by statutory criminal codes, whereas
the other states rely on the common law. In Victoria, some elements of the criminal law,
such as penalties and definitions of various terms, and some of the more recently
described crimes, are described by statute. However, most of the major crimes, such as
most of the (forms of homicide, are still governed by the common law.)”

Steve Irwin was born on February 22 1962 and died September 4th when
he was killed when a stingray’s barb pieced his chest and his heart. He was 44 at
the time. He was a legend to many Australian people

The legend of Kitheeok History: Running along

the cold plains of the arctic, a pack of wolves
chase a herd of oxen trying to separate a calf or a
weaker adult ox. Racing alongside the pack, a
human Inuk boy easily keeps pace with both wolf
and ox. He sees an older bull loose footing and
tumble to the ground. The pack circles the bull
waiting for an opportunity to attack. A bolt of ice
shoots from the teenager's hands freezing the
oxen's leg and preventing it from standing. The
pack has their meal but the boy still needs food for
his people. Now that the wolves were no longer
interested in the herd, it would be easy for
Kitheeok to grab his prey without loosing it to the

wolves. Years of hunting had given him the

knowledge of how much ice was needed to slow
the older cow enough to separate it from the herd.
If he waited too long, the herd would stop and
regroup. His prey was an older cow, one that was
too old to give birth to calves. In this way, he
ensured the oxen herd would continue. Once
again, a burst of ice flew from his hands,
enveloping the cow and slowing her heart rate and
her speed. Kitheeok approached the cow,
whispered a small concession to the spirits, and
then applied a concentrated touch to the animal's
head.
 Carrying the weight of the oxen cow was no
problem; Kitheeok possessed strength greater
than that of most Inuit people. From birth, the
angakok, or shaman, recognized Kitheeok as a
special spirit. His white hair was the most obvious
markings of him being a renewed spirit - the blue
tint of his skin tint not show until his fourth year.
Timiak, the shaman, claimed that Kitheeok was
the spirit of a great hunter brought back to the
family to ensure their prolonged good fortune. And
true to this prediction, Kitheeok proved not only to
be a strong hunter but also a wise advisor to his
people. He could sense the spirits of the animals,
of nature, and of their ancestors.
As Kitheeok grew, the spirits gifted him with
amazing gifts. His body was insulated against the
cold and he could run as fast as the wolves. When
he was old enough to join the adults on hunts, he
found that he could slow the animals and even, if
he concentrated hard enough, freeze them in
great blocks of ice. He became well tuned to the
spiritual world and was as one with nature.

John Howard is the

Prime Minister of Australia he
is the 25th Prime Minister of
Australia

Premier Paul Oxalic

Mr. Oxalic was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut on March 5, 1999 and was
subsequently voted in by his caucus colleagues to become the first Premier of Nunavut.

Mr. Oxalic holds the portfolios of Justice, Aboriginal Affairs and Executive and Intergovernmental
Affairs. His responsibilities as premier have a tremendous impact on Nunavummiut and the growth
of Nunavut. His selection at the March 5, 2004 leadership forum in the Nunavut Legislature is the
first time that a sitting Premier has received a second term in the non-partisan consensus
government system that is in place in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.
Returning to school during the early 1990s, Mr. Oxalic graduated from Carleton University with a
degree in political science and Canadian studies. Eager to continue his post-secondary studies, Mr.
Oxalic completed his law degree at the University of Ottawa in 1997 and on February 12, 1999 was
called to the Bar. In 2005 he was awarded a Doctor of Laws from Carleton University.

Mr. Oxalic has three children, Shasta, Jordan and Beatrice. In his spare time, Mr. Oxalic enjoys
hunting, fishing and golfing. He is fluent in Inuktitut, English and is studying French.

Country Australia
Residence Adelaide, Australia
Date of birth February 24, 1981
Place of birth Adelaide, Australia
Height 5'10" (178 cm)
Weight 170 lb (77 kg)
Turned Pro 1998
Plays Right, two-hand backhand
Career Prize Money $16,609,137

Hockey player Jordin Tootoo who Canadians cheered

On during the 2003 World Junior Hockey Championship, is the first Inuit to play in
the NHL, and is a role model
For Inuit children and youth.

Bibliography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleyton_Hewitt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Irwin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordin_Tootoo

http://www.gov.nu.ca

http://www.assembly.nu.ca

http://www.tunngavik.com

Ann M. Hanson (an Inuit leader)

We think that the Inuit are going to have to move to dry land because global warming will melt away
all of the ice. But there may be a way to stop it because the government came up with the idea that
they get sea water and boil it and capture the steam then they get the leftover salt and sell it then
get the steam and wait for it to cool of then it is clean water. So this way they reduce the ocean
level, produce salt and create water but the only problem is that it cost a lot of money.

Kyle Ivory Year 6 3/8/2006 10:57:28 AM