1.

(b) (c) 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9

(a) glucagon;

islets of Langerhans; 1 fall detected by, pancreas / islets of Langerhans / alpha cells / beta cells; fall inhibits insulin, secretion / production; stimulates, secretion / production, of glucagon (by alpha cells); into blood; binds to receptor on, liver cell / hepatocyte; stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose / glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis / detail of gluconeogenesis; glucose into blood stream;

6
[8]

2.

insulin is, polypeptide / protein ; (promoter), switches on transcription or makes gene produce, mRNA / insulin ; as blood glucose rises insulin production increases ; ref to figures with units ; only produced when needed ; ref to, homeostasis / negative feedback ;

max 3
[3]

3.

Q glucagon ; A adrenaline R insulin ;

2
[2]

4. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 detected by cells in pancreas ; cells of islets of Langerhans ; insulin produced ; secreted into, blood / circulation / HPV ; cells / named example, take up more glucose ; more glucose carriers in membrane ; conversion to glycogen / glycogenesis ; increased rate of glucose use in respiration ; ref to negative feedback ; glucose concentration kept below threshold value in glomerular filtrate ; all reabsorbed in PCT ; AVP ; inhibits glucagon secretion, suppresses gluconeogenesis

5 max
[5]

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

5. (ii)

(i) A islet of Langerhans / and cells ; B (branch of pancreatic) duct ; endocrine ductless gland ; hormones / named hormone ; e.g. insulin / glucagon into blood ; exocrine enzymes / pancreatic juice / HCO3 ; amylase / trypsin / chymotrypsin / lipase / carboxypeptidase ; into duct ; if answers are interchanged then mark to 2 max

4 max
[6]

6.

ductless gland ; secretes hormones ; (directly) into blood ;

R excrete
[2]

7.

insulin produced by, microorganisms / bacteria ; cheaper source of insulin / more reliable supply / ref to large scale production ; more rapid response / shorter duration of response ; less chance of, immune / allergic, response ; R reference to rejection better for people who have developed a tolerance for animal insulin / less needed ; R immune acceptable to people who have ethical, moral or religious objections ; A vegetarians no risk of, infection / contamination ;
[3]

8.

(a)

(i)

penalise lack of units once in answer

increase in, elongation / length, with auxin concentration up -3 to, 1.4 / 1.8, mol dm ; peak / maximum, at 1.4 mol dm ; 3 decrease between 1.4 and 1.8 mol dm ; data quote with any 2 points ; linear / directly proportional, before 1.2 or linear inversely proportional after 1.5 ; R length decreases max 3 (ii) mark first three factors temperature ; age of stems ; light, intensity / wavelength ; concentration of dissolved, ions / salts ; (concentration of) other named growth substance ; AVP ;;; e.g. pH, genotype (of plant), concentration of named metabolite (e.g. glucose / amino acids), O2 concentration, CO2 concentration R amount of (b) max 3
3

cell, enlargement / elongation ; R stem enzyme synthesis ; vacuolation ; increase in plasticity of cell walls ; + (cell) wall softened by, H / lowered pH ; high concentration of auxin causes inhibition of growth ; AVP ; e.g. cell division, mitosis, replication, cytokinesis, increase in number of cells R ref to uptake of nutrients max 2

(c)

assume answer is about plant growth substances unless stated otherwise treat refs to target, cells / tissue(s) and external stimuli as neutral growth substances produced by, dividing cells / meristems ; ora hormones produced by, islets of Langerhans / alpha cells / beta cells / endocrine gland / pancreas growth substances move, in phloem / in xylem / from cell to cell ; ora hormones / named hormone(s), move in blood growth substances usually produce a permanent change in the plant ; ora hormones produce reversible change in blood sugar (GS) not homeostatic / no negative feedback ; ora for hormones R positive feedback A description of negative feedback (GS) not protein / not polypeptide ; ora insulin / glucagon, are proteins AVP ; max 2
[10]

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

9. (b)

(a) B

A axon terminal / synaptic knob / synaptic bulb; cell body / centron;

at X: sodium channels open and sodium ions move into neurone; potential difference rises from 70mV to 30mV; at Y: potassium channels open and potassium ions move out of neurone; potential difference falls from 30mV to 76mV; AVP;; e.g. ref. to voltage gated channels ref to movement by diffusion / passively ref to electrochemical gradient

(c)

effect: myelinated fibres conduct more quickly than unmyelinated / AW; ref. to one set of comparative figures from table; explanation - max 4 myelin sheath acts as (electrical) insulator; lack of sodium and potassium gates in myelinated region; depolarisation occurs at nodes of Ranvier only; (so) longer local circuits; (action potential) jumps from one node to another / saltatory conduction;

5
[11]

10. (b)

(a)

from below / ventral / AW; A idea of brain being seen from below R upside down, looking upwards (i) A B C D reject choice of answers, accept any reasonable spelling cerebrum / cerebral hemisphere / cerebral cortex / frontal lobe; ignore refs to right or left R incorrect lobe pituitary (gland); R hypothalamus cerebellum; medulla (oblongata)

(ii)

control of breathing; control of heart rate; control of circulation; control of swallowing / salivation / vomiting reflex;

(c)

If blood hormone concentration rises inhibits output of trophic hormones by pituitary gland; which inhibits output of hormones by endocrine glands; blood hormone concentration falls to normal levels; ref. negative feedback; ORA max 2
[9]

11.

(i) B

A 2

C (ii) A

1;

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (voltage gated) sodium channels open; sodium (ions) enter (axon); positive feedback/more sodium channels open; depolarisation/description of depolarisation; sodium channels close; ref to +40 mV; (voltage gated) potassium channels open; potassium (ions) move out (of axon); positive feedback/more potassium channels open; repolarisation/description of repolarisation; beyond -65 mV/hyperpolarisation/AW; 12 13 14 Na/K pump (helps to), restore/maintain, resting potential; membrane more permeable to potassium ions (at resting potential); (many) potassium channels open (at resting potential);

only award marking points 3 or 9, not both 10 11 C

max 5
[6]

12.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

sodium ions (inside axon), move/diffuse towards, resting/negative region; causes, depolarisation of this region/change of PD to reach threshold value; (more) sodium channels open; sodium (ions) move in; ref to local circuits; one way transmission; ref refractory period/region of axon behind AP recovering; ref to insulating role of, myelin sheath/Schwann cells; depolarisation cannot occur through myelin/ + + impermeable to (Na and K ) ions/ora; ref to nodes of Ranvier; longer local circuits; saltatory conduction/AW; + + AVP; e.g. fewer (Na and K ) ion channels in myelinated region/ora. AVP; ref. to absolute and relative refractory period, ref. to actual distance between nodes (1 3mm); QWC legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; 1
[8]

marking points 3-5 only available if linked to sodium ions moving within axon

max 7

13. 1 2

(Alzheimers) reduced uptake of isotope/less positrons emitted/less glucose in brain cells;

5

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

3 4 5

reduced blood flow; reduced brain activity; reduced respiration in cells; AVP; e.g. parts of brain accept reverse argument for all points

3 max
[3]

14.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

cone cells absorbs light ; iodopsin changes form / AW ; ref to three different types of cone ; hyperpolarisation / 40mV to 70mV ; stops releasing transmitter ; bipolar / ganglion, cells ; action potentials / impulses, along optic nerve ; to, visual sensory area / sensory cortex ; then visual association area ; ref to occipital lobe ; then temporal lobe ; where word is identified from memory / AW ; AVP ; e.g. glutamate, optic chiasma, inhibitory action of transmitter

max 4

6 max 1
[7]

QWC legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar ;

15.

chimpanzees arboreal / AW ; co-ordination of movement more complex / chimps perform more complicated tasks / AW ; ora more neurones required / AW ; ora AVP ; e.g. hand-eye co-ordination

2 max
[2]

16.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

increase in, HCO3 / H ; carotid / aortic / medulla, receptors ; increase of frequency of impulses ; along, accelerator / sympathetic / phrenic, nerve ; to diaphragm and intercostal muscles ; faster breathing ; deeper breathing / increased tidal volume ; to sino-atrial node ; causes heart to beat faster ; increased stroke volume / stronger contraction ; more / faster, removal of carbon dioxide ; (blood carbon dioxide falls to) norm / set point ; negative feedback / homeostasis ; AVP ; e.g. buffering effect of haemoglobin, ref chemoreceptors QWC clear well organised using specialist terms ; award the QWC mark if three of the following are used in the correct context carotid aortic sympathetic diaphragm intercostal tidal volume sino-atrial node stroke volume negative feedback homeostasis

7 max 1

[8]

17. (ii)

(i) T 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

S dorsal root ganglion ; relay / intermediate / bipolar / internuncial, neurone ; rapid / fast acting ; short lived ; automatic / involuntary / no conscious thought / brain not involved ; not learned / innate / genetic / inborn / instinctive ; response the same each time / stereotypical ; AVP ; e.g. safety / survival distortion / AW ; + Na , gates / channels, open ; A sodium / Na + Na / sodium ions, enter ; R sodium / Na depolarisation / 65mV to +40mV ; receptor / generator, potential ; ref to threshold ; action potential ; allow only if linked to idea of threshold reached

3 max

(iii)

3 max

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

(iv)

neurotransmitter only, in presynaptic knob / released from presynaptic membrane ; receptors only on postsynaptic membrane ; ref to refractory period / hyperpolarisation ;

2 max
[10]

18. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 ref to change in receptor ; creates, receptor potential / generator potential ; if greater than threshold value ; depolarisation / AW, (of axon / sensory / afferent, neurone) ; ref to action potential (anywhere in answer) ; ref to, myelin sheath / myelinated neurones ; saltatory conduction / AW ; ref to nodes of Ranvier ; synapse with, motor / effector / efferent, neurone ; ref to, calcium ions / calcium channels ; vesicles of neurotransmitter fuse with presynaptic membrane ; named neurotransmitter ; secretion / exocytosis (from presynaptic membrane) ; R release diffusion across synaptic cleft ; receptors on postsynaptic membrane ; depolarisation / AW, (of postsynaptic membrane / motor neurone) ; ref to, neuromuscular junction / motor end plate ; AVP ; e.g. ion movement, refractory period voltage-gated channels 8 max QWC legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar ; 1
[9]

19.

ref. faster / rapid / AW ; AVP ; e.g. survival1 max

[1]

20. (ii)

(i)

corpus callosum ;

cerebellum ; medulla (oblongata) ; hypothalamus ; cerebrum / cerebral cortex ;

4
[5]

21.

acetylcholine neurotransmitter / AW ; acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh / enables repolarisation of post synaptic membrane ;
[2]

22. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 ATP produced ; + + Na or K pump / maintains concentration gradient / repolarisation ; transmission of impulses acetylcholine / neurotransmitter formation ; vesicle formation ; movement of vesicles ; exocytosis / vesicles fuse with membrane ; 2+ ref. active transport (of ACh / Ca ) ; AVP ; e.g. ref to microtubules / endocytosis muscular contraction ATP attaches to myosin head / ATPase ; hydrolysis of ATP / ATP ADP + P ; myosin head tilts / shortening of sarcomere ; ATP / energy, required for detachment of myosin head ; from actin ; calcium pumps in sarcoplasmic reticulum ; synthesis of protein (for repair, growth) ; AVP ; 5 max QWC clear, well-organised using specialist terms ; award the QWC mark if four of the following are used in correct context acetylcholine, actin, myosin, sarcoplasmic reticulum, exocytosis, hydrolysis, repolarisation
[9]

4 max

8 max 1

23.

(a) transmit (information) between neurones ; ensure one way transmission of impulses ; integration of nerve pathways ; A allows, convergence / divergence / summation filter out low level stimuli ; prevent overstimulation and fatigue ; ref to inhibition ; 2 max AVP ; e.g. role in, learning / memory (b) vesicles move to presynaptic membrane ; vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane ; exocytosis / AW ; neurotransmitter moves across synaptic cleft ; neurotransmitter binds to receptor on postsynaptic membrane ; recycling of neurotransmitter / channels for uptake of neurotransmitter ;

3 max

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

(c) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 to allow repolarisation to occur ; by unblocking (neurotransmitter) receptor ; prevents sodium channels remaining open ; so more neurotransmitter can bind ; new action potential is generated ; to allow movement to occur ; recycling of neurotransmitter ; AVP ; or permanently depolarised ; receptors (permanently) blocked ; sodium channels open ; no more neurotransmitter can bind ; no new action potential / action potentials continuously fired ; continuous contraction / AW ; no recycling of neurotransmitter ; AVP ; 2 max
[7]

24.

surrounded by meninges ; cerebrospinal fluid ; absorbs shocks ; brain protected by, cranium / skull ; spinal cord protected by vertebrae ;

3 max
[3]

25. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 ref to, medulla (oblongata) / cardiovascular centre (in brain) ; sympathetic nervous system / accelerator nerve (to heart) ; short preganglionic, neurone / fibre ; (transmitter substance) noradrenaline ; to sino atrial node (SAN) (in correct context) ; heart rate increases ; increased force of contraction ; ref to adrenaline ; parasympathetic nervous system / vagus nerve ; (transmitter substance) acetylcholine ; long preganglionic, neurone / fibre ; heart rate decreases ; AVP ; e.g. myogenic heart muscle / cardiac inhibitory centre if answers to sympathetic and parasympathetic are interchanged mark to 4 max 7 max QWC legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar ; 1
[8]

26.

(a)

cerebellum

coordination of, (voluntary) movement / skeletal muscles ; (control of) posture ; (control of) balance ; AVP ; max 2 medulla oblongata initiation / control of, breathing rate ; control of heart rate ; R initiation of heart rate control of blood pressure ; control of peristalsis (in alimentary canal) ; AVP ; max 2 (b) (ii) (i) build up of, tau / protein ; 1

secretion of / high levels of, A42 / beta amyloid 42 / abnormal A; R A40 1

(c)

similar shape to, acetylcholine / ACh ; binds to / enters, active site ; prevents ACh entry ; competitive (inhibitor) ; different shape to ACh ; enters / binds, but not at active site ; allosteric / indirect ; change in, tertiary structure / shape of active site ; non-competitive (inhibitor) ; prevents ACh breakdown / increase ACh level ; ACh binds to, proteins / receptors ; on post-synaptic membrane ; depolarisation / action potential / impulse (produced ; activates memory circuit / AW ; control group ; given, placebo / tablet / injection / no drug ; idea of double-blind trial, i.e. neither patient nor doctor aware of which treatment each patient receives ; random assignment of each patient to one group ; similar severity of symptoms before trial ; control of age ; control of gender ; control of diet ; control of drug, dosage / administration ; not taking any other, drug / medication ; ref to suitable sample size ; AVP ; max 3

max 3

(d)

max 2

(e)

[14]

27. (b)

(a)

dissolve / destroy, cell membranes (idea) ;

block the receptor / prevent ACh from binding ;

11

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

no longer able to stimulate post synaptic membrane ; muscle fibres, not stimulated (by nerve fibres) / do not contract ; idea AVP ; e.g. ref to lack of synaptic transmission (c) toxin acts too fast, for immunity / antitoxin to develop (idea) ; human unlikely to have been, bitten before / exposed to toxin or antigen ; one / a / few (immature), lymphocyte(s) / stem cell(s) (able to bind the toxin) ; these must be stimulated to divide / ref to clonal selection or clonal expansion ; mitosis takes too long ; has no memory cells ; AVP ; max 2 more, antibody-secreting cells / B lymphocytes, produced ; enough / more, antitoxin produced ; (idea of good yield) faster / goes on for longer ; secondary response ; more mitosis (of antibody producing cells) ; second injection of toxin would result in clonal expansion ; ref memory cells ; AVP ; e.g. large dose would kill the horse antibody / antitoxin, only remains in, blood / body, for short time ; acquired immunity / passive immunity ; person not themselves producing any antitoxin ; no clonal selection ; no memory cells ; immune system will (soon) reject / destroy the (foreign) horse antibody ; AVP ; e.g. further detail explaining why immune system not stimulated different snakes have different toxins

A tetany max 2

(d)

max 3

(e)

max 2
[10]

28.

thick axons transmit impulses quicker than thin ones / AW ; myelinated fibres quicker than unmyelinated / AW ; invertebrates have slower speed of impulse / ora ; ref to one set of comparative figures from table ;
[2]

29.

following an action potential ; need to, redistribute sodium and potassium ions / restore resting potential ; sodium voltage gated channels are closed ; (during which) another impulse cannot be, generated / conducted ; ensures impulses separated ; determines maximum frequency of impulse transmission ; impulse passes in one direction only along axon ; AVP ; e.g. ref to absolute and relative refractory periods
[4]

30.

(cortex is group of), specialised / similar / same, cells / neurones ; performing, similar / same / named, function ; brain is made of, more than one / different tissue(s) ; carrying out more than one function / AW ;
[3]

31.

planning a task ;
[1]

32.

ulna ;
[1]

33.

removal of, unwanted / toxic / waste, products; of metabolism;

2
[2]

34.

(i) award both marks for correct answer evidence of 14.7 - 2.2 = 12.5 or 14.7 / 2.2 gains one calculation mark 12.5/2.2 100; = 568.2 / 568 / 570;; (ii) protein converted to amino acids; excess amino acids undergo deamination / removal of amino group; ammonia formed; ammonia converted to urea; AVP ; e.g. ref. to ornithine cycle max 3
[5]

35.

the longer the loop of Henle the lower the water potential (of urine); ora
13

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

ions pass out from ascending limb into, medulla / tissue fluid; creating lower water potential in the medulla / AW; water reabsorbed from collecting duct in medulla ; by osmosis ; (linked to previous marking point) AVP; e.g. ref to countercurrent multiplier max 3
[3]

36.

1 2 3 4 5

frequent need to urinate/diuresis; large volume of urine/very dilute urine; persistent feeling of thirst/excessive drinking; electrolyte/mineral, imbalance; AVP; e.g. dehydration,

3 max
[3]

37.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

blood = transport fluid/AW; blood has high (hydrostatic) pressure; tissue fluid created/plasma moves out of capillaries/AW; named substance; glucose/amino acids/fatty acids/glycerol, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea from area; gut, alveoli, liver cell, liver cell moves to; blood/liver cell, blood/liver cell, tissue fluid/alveoli, tissue fluid/kidney method; diffusion/facilitated diffusion/active transport/ endocytosis, diffusion, diffusion, diffusion detail of transport in blood; plasma/dissolved, red blood cells/ haemoglobin, HCO3 ions/dissolved/carbaminohaemoglobin, plasma/dissolved ref. respiration; ref. maintaining diffusion gradients; osmoregulation by kidney/AW; pH regulation by kidney/AW; ref. osmosis; AVP; e.g. deamination, ornithine cycle, ref. CO2 acidic AVP; e.g. ref. glycogen, ref. insulin/glucagon QWC legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; max 7 1
[8]

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

38.

(a) (i) wide / large, afferent arteriole ; narrow / small, efferent arteriole ; afferent arteriole, wider / larger, than efferent arteriole 2 marks ref to bottleneck effect / AW ; R build up pressure on own to achieve filtration ; must be greater than 6.7 kPa for filtration ; (ii) award two marks if correct answer (1.3) is given incorrect answer (or no answer) but correct working = 1 mark 8 (4 + 2.7) A 8 6.7 1.3 ; ; 2 (b) (ii) (i) (too) large / RMM greater than 69000 or 70000 ; to pass through basement membrane ; glomerular blood pressure is greater ; proteins forced through ; damage to capillaries / AW ; damage to basement membrane ; endothelium of capillaries ; large / many, fenestrations / gaps / holes ; modified epithelial cells of capsule / podocytes ; slit pores / foot-like processes ; A finger like basement membrane ; made up of, collagen / glycoproteins / molecular mesh ; 4 max

2 max

2 max

(c)

1 2 3 4 5 6

accept annotated diagrams (d) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 volume will increase ; concentration decrease ; (wall of), collecting duct / DCT, (relatively) impermeable to water ; fewer water channels ; A aquaporins in membrane of epithelial cells ; less water reabsorbed (from the urine) ; by osmosis (linked to marking point 6) ; drinking increases liquid intake and therefore liquid loss ;

4 max
[16]

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

15

39.

CG acts as antigen ; move, attached to, free antibodies; attach to, immobilised antibody ; coloured particles, form line ; ref to complementary shapes ; ref to antigen, antibody complex ; AVP ; e.g. further detail of antibody structure monoclonal CG-antibody complex

4 max
[4]

40.

conversion of one amino acid to another / AW ; (free) amino acids in body may not match bodys requirements / AW ; can only occur with non-essential amino acids ;

2 max
[2]

41.

removal of, unwanted / toxic / waste, products ; of metabolism ;

[2]

42.

proteins / polypeptides ; R amino acids A enzymes nucleic acids / DNA / RNA / polynucleotides ;
[2]

43.

(i) award two marks if correct answer (568.18 / 568.2 / 568 / 570) is given evidence of 14.7 2.2 = 12.5 or 14.7/2.2 gains one calculation mark 12.5/2.2 100 = 568.18 / 568.2 / 568 / 570 ; ; (ii) (more) proteins to amino acids ; ref to deamination / removal of amino group ; (more) ammonia formed ; ref to ornithine cycle ; (more) ammonia converted to urea ; 2

2 max
[4]

44.

ammonia is, alkaline / highly toxic / ora ; ammonia is more soluble / ora ; large volumes of water to excrete it ; would cause dehydration ;

2 max
[2]

45. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 both filtered / AW ; both small molecules / AW ; A RMM close to 69 000 (all filtered) glucose reabsorbed ; active uptake, carrier / cotransporter, proteins ; (some) glucose used in, respiration / active processes, in kidney ; some urea reabsorbed ; by diffusion ; ref to reabsorption in PCT ; apply once to either glucose or urea

5 max
[5]

46.

ADH / anti diuretic hormone ; reduces blood sugar levels / correct mechanism to achieve this ; increases blood sugar levels / correct mechanism to achieve this ; ABA / abscisic acid ; auxin / IAA ;
[5]

47.

A sinusoid ; B (branch of) bile duct ; C (branch of hepatic) portal vein / HPV ; D (branch of) hepatic artery ;
[4]

48.

bile pigments build up in blood ; (pigments) do not enter gut / AW ; AVP ; e.g. bile, canaliculi / duct, blocked / gall stones

2 max
[2]

49. (ii) (iii)

(i) 2.6 ; 1 2 3 4 5

directly proportional / AW ; 1 high levels of glucose in glomerular filtrate ; unable to reabsorb all glucose (in, PCT / kidney tubule) ; A no more glucose can be reabsorbed ref to glucose carriers / AW ; at threshold value carriers, all saturated / limiting factor ; AVP ; e.g. ref to renal threshold

3 max
[5]

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

17

50.

(i) long loop of Henl or/ deep / wide, medulla ; very low water potential in medulla / AW ; A higher concentration of salts collecting duct more permeable to water ; large number of, water permeable channels / aquaporins, in collecting duct ; more sensitive to ADH / more ADH produced ; AVP ; e.g. other correct ref to kidney histology all loops of Henl are long CD more permeable to urea more capillary loops in medulla (ii) seeds contain, storage molecules / AW ; A named example of storage molecule aerobic ; respiration ; water is produced ; linked to respiration R reference to condensation reactions accurate equation for aerobic respiration can gain 3 marks metabolic water = 2 marks

3 max

3 max
[6]

51. (ii)

(a) (i) noradrenaline / adrenaline / thyroxine / growth hormone / glucocorticosteroid ; R steroid insoluble ; unreactive / stable / inert ; cannot diffuse out of cell / AW ; no effect on water potential ; compact / branched ; lots of glucose in small space / AW ; small space easy to, convert to glucose / hydrolyse ; lots of ends for enzyme action ; 1 increases activity of glycogen synthetase ; slow initial effect / AW ; ref to figures to show an increase ; (overall effect) increases, production of glycogen / glycogenesis ; R storage of glycogen lowers activity of glycogen phosphorylase ; rapid effect ; ref to figures to show a decrease ; prevents / reduces, breakdown of glycogen / glycogenolysis ; (glucose binds to) allosteric site / AW ; (glucose acts as) inhibitor / activator ; competitive inhibitor max 5

R lots of energy in max 3

(b) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(c)

either deamination of amino acids / removal of NH2 from amino acids ; pyruvate / carbon skeleton / AW ; triose phosphate / TP ; condensation / increasing number of carbon atoms ; or breakdown of, lipid / triglyceride ; glycerol ; triose phosphate / TP ; condensation / increasing number of carbon atoms ;

max 3
[12]

52.

(a) ref parasympathetic NS / AW ; sympathetic NS less active / AW ; more impulses in vagus nerve / less impulses in accelerator nerve ; more acetylcholine / less noradrenaline ; effect on SAN ; max 3 (b) any two of fibrinogen ; prothrombin ; albumin ; (named) globulin ; AVP ; e.g. transferrin

R fibrin R thrombin A albumen R immunoglobulin or antibodies max 2

(c) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (d)

similarities production of urea ; urea transported in blood ; urea filtered from blood ; synthesis of proteins from amino acids ; differences (assume refs are to brown bears unless otherwise stated) amino acids synthesised from ammonia ; all urea reabsorbed ; from kidney and bladder ; urea converted to ammonia by bacteria ; AVP ; e.g. (humans) less tolerant to high ammonia (in blood) max 5

component of cell membranes / AW ; ref to, mechanical stability / impermeability / fluidity ; rigidity production of, steroid hormone / named hormone ; production of vitamin D ; production of bile salts ; max 3

ignore

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

19

(e)

increases high density lipoproteins (HDLs) ; reduces low density lipoproteins (LDL) ; prevents, deposition of cholesterol / plaques / atherosclerosis ;

max 2
[15]

53. (ii)

(a)

(i)

chlorophyll; treat refs to a and b as neutral

electron carrier / cytochrome / protein / electron acceptor / ferredoxin / plastoquinone; 1

(b)

hydrogen ions are moved into the thylakoid space by action of electron carriers; higher concentration of / more, hydrogen ions / protons reduces the pH; R hydrogen, H A hydrogen ions produced in lumen hydrogen ions, move / diffuse, down concentration gradient ; across / through, (thylakoid) membrane / from lumen to stroma; through ATP synthetase / synthase / protein channel / stalked particles; generates ATP; AVP; e.g. ref. to by chemiosmosis ref. to an electrochemical gradient / proton motive force max 4
[6]

54.

no photophosphorylation; no ATP produced; no reduced NADP produced; no Calvin cycle / no light-independent stage; no GP to TP / no TP to RuBP; no fixation of carbon dioxide; AVP; e.g. no production of, organic molecules / named molecules A autotrophic nutrition stops R food ref to no respiratory substrate

max 3
[3]

55.

(i) A glycolysis; B fermentaion / anaerobic respiration / reduction of pyruvate; C aerobic respiration / Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation / ETC / electron transport chain;

(ii) (iii)

C; allow ecf from (i) A; allow ecf from (i)

1 1
[5]

56.

(i) (when cyanide absent) complete homogenate can fully respire the glucose/pyruvate to produce carbon dioxide ; (when cyanide is present), pyruvate does not enter the mitochondria ; some carbon dioxide produced when pyruvate is converted to ethanal ; breakdown of the glucose / pyruvate is incomplete ; ref. to anaerobic respiration ; (ii) pyruvate is end product of glycolysis; pyruvate can enter mitochondria ; carbon dioxide produced in the Krebs cycle and link reaction; by, decarboxylation / decarboxylase(s); glucose cannot enter the mitochondria ; AVP ; further detail e.g. no carriers for glucose in mitochondrial membranes glycolytic enzymes not found in mitochondria portion (of homogenate) glycolytic enzymes found in, cytoplasm / cytosol (iii) pyruvate is converted to ethanal in cytoplasm ; ethanal is converted to ethanol ; does not involve, cytochromoes / ETC / oxidative phosphorylation; enzymes in cytoplasm not inhibited by cyanide; max 3

max 3

max 3
[9]

57. (ii)

(i) a biological molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy ; 1 award both marks for correct answer 55/77; 0.7 / 0.71; 2 1.0 ; 1
[4]

(iii)

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

21

58.

ref. to potassium hydroxide / soda lime; ref. to equilibration / use syringe to set manometer fluid (level); leave for suitable length of time (minimum 20 minutes) and measure distance moved by fluid; repeats and calculate mean; calculate volume of oxygen taken up per minute; AVP; e.g. ref to set-up of control tube (e.g. same mass of beads as of fungus) or (same volume of inert substance as substance A) detail of how to calculate volume of oxygen (by multiplying distance moved by fluid in capillary by 2r)

max 4
[4]

59.

(i) light absorbing/AW; ref to excited electrons/AW; used in light dependent stage; ref. to location; e.g. chloroplasts, thylakoids, photosystems, grana, lamellae AVP; e.g. (long) hydrocarbon chains, different pigments absorb different wavelengths. (ii) high absorption of, wavelengths 450 480 nm/ blue region of spectrum; high absorption of, wavelengths 660 710 nm/ red region of spectrum; low absorption of, wavelengths 500 620 nm/ green region of spectrum; for each marking point accept single figure in range. If candidate gives range it must fall within the range on the mark scheme. only penalise lack of units once.

max 3

max 2
[5]

60.

(primary) act as reaction centres/where electrons are excited; (accessory) other part of photosystem/antenna unit/surround reaction centre; (accessory) absorb different wavelengths of light (not absorbed by primary); (accessory pigments) transfer energy to primary pigments; names of primary (chl a, P680, P700) and accessory pigment (chl b, carotenoid);

max 2
[2]

61.

1 non-cyclic photophosphorylation; 2 ref to photosystems 1 and 2 being involved; A PS1 and 2/P700 and P680 3 excited electrons emitted/AW; 4 ref to electron acceptor molecules; 5 (electrons pass along) chain of, electron carriers/ETC/cytochromes; 6 occurs in, thylakoid membranes/grana/lamellae; + 7 sets up a, proton/H /hydrogen ion/pH gradient; A proton pump idea 8 ref to ATP synth(et)ase; A ATPase, stalked particle 9 ref to, proton motive force/flow of protons; 10 chemiosmosis; 11 formation of ATP; 12 movement of electrons from PS2 to PS1; 13 ref to photolysis; 14 movement of electrons from water to PS2; 15 cyclic photophosphorylation; 16 PS1 only; 17 AVP; e.g. named electron acceptors, named electron carriers, ref. to water splitting enzyme, ref to position of photosystems.(PS1 intergranal membrane and PS2 grana) QWC clear well organised using specialist terms;

max 8 1
[9]

62. (ii) (b) (c) 1;

(a) (i) removal of, carbon dioxide/carboxyl group; removal of hydrogen; R H2/hydrogen molecules/hydrogen ions A H/2H P and Q; 1 (i) 1; (ii) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3; 2 inner mitochondrial membrane/cristae; ref to (NADH) dehydrogenase; hydrogen split into protons and electrons; ref to, electron carriers/ETC/cytochromes; energy released from electrons; ref to protons pumped across membrane; protons accumulate in intermembranal space; + proton gradient/pH gradient/H gradient; protons pass through ATPase; A ATPsynthase/ ATP synthetase/stalked particle ref. to oxygen (final) hydrogen/electron acceptor; formation of water; 1

max 4

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(d)

fats/fatty acids, not respired; ref to (-)oxidation (of fatty acids) requires NAD; NAD used in breakdown of alcohol; NAD is, limiting/in short supply/AW; fats formed from fatty acids plus glycerol; AVP; e.g. further detail of alcohol/fat metabolism

max 3
[13]

63.

(i) releases/source of/provides/to give, energy; for germination; for growth/protein synthesis/spindle formation/organelle replication/ DNA replication/active transport/cell division/other named function; (ii) higher energy density/release twice as much energy per, g/unit mass; compared to, glucose/protein; 1 39 kJ g ; higher proportion of, hydrogen atoms/carbon-hydrogen bonds; advantage for dispersal/named advantage; AVP; e.g. ref to coenzyme A formation

2 max

2 max
[4]

64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

heat loss body/blood, temperature rises; may affect/denature, enzymes/proteins; panting cools body; ref. evaporative cooling; fate of lactate (high) lactate concentration needs to be reduced; due to anaerobic respiration; panting provides extra oxygen/ref. oxygen debt; lactate oxidized to pyruvate; respiratory gases myoglobin would be reoxygenated; haemoglobin would be reoxygenated; ATP/CP, resynthesised in muscle tissue; removal of extra carbon dioxide;

4 max
[4]

65.

(a) for, flying/hovering/beating wings; muscle activity/AW; ref. ATP/respiration; AVP; e.g. explanation of energy demand of flight small size qualified; e.g. increases heat loss/ ref. large surface area to volume ratio homeothermic qualified; migration qualified; feather growth qualified; e.g. ref. mitosis/protein synthesis (b) D1 D2 D3 D4 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 (c) description high(est) incidence of torpor/AW; low(est) oxygen consumption/AW; high(est) body mass/AW; data quote; explanation less food used; (for) less respiration/lower BMR/lower body temperature; more food stored; as fat; (food store/fat) for, migration/flight; max 4

3 max

max 4

flying, easier/uses less energy (with incomplete feathers if mass low); can, escape predators/find food, (by flying); food used for feather growth; therefore, fat stores used/less food stored; incomplete/missing feathers may reduce body mass; yes (autumn) high(est) mass birds have low(est) oxygen consumption; (spring) low(est) mass birds have high(est) oxygen consumption; data quote mass plus O2 consumption; only generate heat in proportion to (small) mass; but lose it in proportion to (large) surface area; homeothermic/small birds find it hard to keep warm;

max 2

(d)

max 3
[13]

66.

(a) cut/damage, breaks tonoplast/opens vacuole/mixes enzyme and precursor/ AW; enzyme-substrate collisions/AW; (enzyme-substrate complex) releases, smell/volatile chemicals;

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

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(b)

less precursor chemical; due to, herbivore/fungal/bacterial damage; due to sulphur recycling; due to onion being older; used pyruvate for, link reaction/Krebs cycle/respiration; AVP; max 2 (i) identify mildest/AW; and breed together; detail cross-pollination; idea, repeat/many generations AW; directional selection; AVP; e.g. reference to frequency of alleles (ii) grow in low level of, sulphur/sulphate;

(c)

max 3 1

(d)

method of quantifying onion strength/producing extracts of different concentration; method of measuring, rotting/antibiotic effect of onion extract; replicates/mean; ref. control variable or example; ref. fungi/bacteria; AVP; e.g. reference to timescale AVP; e.g. second controlled variable

max 3
[12]

67. (ii)

(i)

light intensity ;

1 2
[3]

some other factor becomes limiting ; carbon dioxide or temperature (linked to point 1) ;

68.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

denaturing of enzyme ; change in shape of active site ; named photosynthetic enzyme ; less photolysis ; less ATP produced ; named step in Calvin cycle which is affected ; A step described increase in rate of respiration ; respiration occurring at faster rate than photosynthesis ; temperature compensation point ; increased rate of transpiration ; stomatal closure ; less carbon dioxide uptake ; AVP ; e.g. ref to photorespiration 4 max
[4]

69.

less reflection of light ; less transmission of light ; more light absorbed ; more, wavelengths absorbed ; A colours of light more, ATP / red NADP, formed ; increases temperature of leaf ; enzymes work more efficiently ; light intensity / temperature, being limiting ;

3 max
[3]

70.

accept labelled sketch diagram for marking points below nitrogenous base / purine ; adenine ; pentose / 5 carbon, sugar ; ribose ; three, phosphate groups / Pi ; R phosphate molecule phosphorylated nucleotide ; A adenosine as an alternative to adenine plus ribose 4 max
[4]

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

27

71.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

NAD / FAD, involved in respiration ; associated with, dehydrogenase enzymes / dehydrogenation ; 2 molecules of NAD (reduced) in glycolysis ; link reaction producing 1 molecule of NAD (reduced) ; Krebs cycle produces 3 NAD (reduced) (per turn of cycle) ; detail of any one step in respiration where NAD (reduced) is produced ; Krebs cycle produces 1 FAD (reduced) (per turn of cycle) ; carriers / transfers, hydrogen to, inner mitochondrial membrane / cristae / cytochromes / ETC ; mitochondrial shuttle (bringing NAD reduced from glycolysis into matrix) ; NADP involved in photosynthesis ; produced in non-cyclic (photo)phosphorylation ; hydrogen comes from, water / photolysis ; (used in) Calvin cycle / light independent stage ; GP to TP step ; AVP ; e.g. NADP involved in transporting hydrogen from grana to stroma AVP ; e.g. hydrogen split into electrons and protons at ETC 7 max

credit annotated diagrams QWC clear, well organised using specialist terms ; award QWC mark if three of the following are used photophosphorylation cristae glycolysis photolysis Calvin cycle link reaction Krebs cycle dehydrogenase / dehydrogenation

1
[8]

72.

A - stroma ; A ribosome B - (outer/ inner) membrane / (chloroplast) envelope ; R cell membrane C - thylakoid / lamella ; A lamellae D - granum / granal stack ; A grana A thylakoid stack
[4]

73. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 light absorbed by, pigment / bacteriorhodopsin / protein ; ref to electron carriers / change in shape of bacteriorhodopsin ; energy released from electrons ; R produced / created / made protons into cell wall ; create, proton gradient / electrochemical gradient / pH gradient / proton motive force ; protons, diffuse / move down gradient ; through, ATP synth(et)ase complex / stalked particles ; A ATPase (ATP formed from) ADP + P(i) ; AVP ; e.g. ref to chemiosmosis, ref to energy transducing membrane, ref to redox reactions.

4 max
[4]

74.

A;

C; C; B;
[4]

75.

ref to oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production ; needs supply of hydrogen ; to form reduced, NAD / FAD ; lipids have more, hydrogen / hydrogen carbon bonds ; more acetyl coenzyme A generated / more turns of Krebs cycle ;

2 max
[2]

76.

dinitrophenol in body ; ETC still functioning ; less ATP formed in respiration ; food not enough to meet metabolic demands of body / AW ; had to respire, body tissues / food stores ; AVP ; e.g. heat production increasing metabolic rate

3 max
[3]

77.

(a) avoid attracting a mate of a different species ; ora ensure reproductive isolation ; (b) (ii) (i) diffusion ;

1 max 1 1 max

so that they do not receive oxygen constantly ; there are mitochondria between them and the cell surface ;

(c)

mitochondria / aerobic respiration / oxidative phosphorylation, inhibited only briefly ; oxygen concentration decreases again ; preventing, action of luciferase / production of light ; each flash short ; ora e.g. so not continuously lit AVP ; 2 max
+ +

(d)

active transport ; A e.g. Na /K pump protein synthesis ; synthesis of named substance ; movement of organelles ; phosphorylation of glucose ; AVP ; ; ; e.g. transcription, translation, anabolic reaction R respiration, DNA replication, chromosome movement, mitosis 3 max

(e)

cells / membranes, damaged / disrupted ; nitrous oxide released ; mitochondria stop using oxygen ;
29

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

oxygen, allows light production / reaches light-producing organelles ; in unlimited quantities / continuously, so light is brighter ; respiration / oxidative phosphorylation, ceases ; no more, ATP / NADH2 ; luciferin, synthesis / regeneration, stops ; AVP ; 3 max (f) (g) live bacteria, respire / produce ATP ; ora mRNA (coding for luciferase) ; A DNA 1 1
[13]

78.

(i) palisade (mesophyll) ; spongy (mesophyll) ; mesophyll / chlorenchyma 1 mark (ii) (iii) 1.7, 3.1, 4.0, 4.7, 4.9, 5.0 ; selection of two temperatures 10 C apart ; respiration ref to release of carbon dioxide (in dark is measure of respiration) ; state two figures very close to value of 2, therefore supports ; (all steps in) respiration enzyme catalysed ; photosynthesis data quotes must be from true rate of photosynthesis only value between 5 C and 15 C is close ; photosynthesis does not support as (other) values not near 2 ; A data quote to illustrate this / ecf not just enzyme-controlled process / AW ; (iv) light intensity limiting factor ; low rate photosynthesis ; rate respiration increases at higher temperatures ; rate respiration, close to / exceeds, rate of photosynthesis ; A ora net primary productivity is lower / sugars broken down more quickly than formed ; 2 1

4 max

3 max
[10]

79. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Calvin cycle ;

max 4 from marking points 2 to 10 ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase / rubisco ; linked to marking point 3 RuBP + carbon dioxide ; (2 molecules of) GP ; A PGA GP to TP ; A PGAL, GALP uses ATP (from light reaction) ; linked to marking point 5 and red NADP / AW, (from light reaction) ; linked to marking point 5 some TP forms hexose sugars ; (some) TP regenerates RuBP ; AVP ; e.g. (unstable) 6C compound, detail of RuBP regeneration accept an annotated diagram of the cycle
[5]

5 max

80.

(a)

T. sillamontana

thicker / fleshier / succulent ; hairy ; more compact / AW ; ref to different leaf shape ; AVP ; e.g. petiole rolled round stem (b) (ii) (i) T. sillamontana 14, T. fluminensis 19 ;

2 max 1

same magnification / AW ; several leaves ; leaves from similar parts of plants ; same (environmental / light / water / soil / fertiliser) conditions ; AVP ; e.g. same age 2 max 1 T. sillamontana drier / T. fluminensis wetter / AW ;

(c) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (d)

T. sillamontana xerophytic / xeromorphic ; fewer stomata / ora ; hairs ; trap water vapour / water potential gradient lower ; R trap, water / moisture (so) transpiration / evaporation, slower ; white hairs qualified ; fleshy, stem / leaves, store water ; AVP ; ref surface area to volume ratio, ref to rolling qualified T. fluminensis leaves further apart ; so do not, trap air / shade each other ; leaves, darker / have more chlorophyll ; so improved photosynthesis ; smooth / shiny, leaves allow water to drip off ;

5 max

T. fluminensis has, max / optimum, rate at, 7 a.u. / 42 (- 50) % ;

31

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

T. sillamontana rate increases with increasing light intensity ; T. sillamontana data quote (x + y) ; comparative statement re data ; comparative statement re conditions ; AVP ; e.g. T. fluminensis may be damaged by high light intensity 3 max
[13]

81. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 decomposition / decay / rotting (of grass) ; (microbial) respiration ; (releases) heat ; temperature figures ; uses up oxygen / aerobic ; oxygen figures ; produces carbon dioxide ; carbon dioxide figures ; grass cuttings provide insulation ; AVP ; 5 max
[5]

82. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (b)

(a)

1 rate of respiration can equal rate of photosynthesis / CO2 used = CO2 produced / O2 used = O2 produced ; ref to compensation point ; mitochondria use oxygen ; chloroplasts produce oxygen ; mitochondria are always active / respiration continues independently of light ; chloroplasts are inactive in dark / photosynthesis does not take place without light ; oxygen released by, chloroplasts / photosynthesis, can be utilised by mitochondria / respiration ; at high light intensities, chloroplasts produce more oxygen than the mitochondria consume ; AVP ; e.g. valid refs to CO2 exchange max 4

phosphate ions are used to produce ATP ; in oxidative phosphorylation / Krebs cycle / chemiosmosis / electron transport / ATP synth(et)ase ; ATP leaves mitochondria ;

max 2

(c)

carrier protein / transport protein / transmembrane protein involved ; A ref to a specific channel concentration of triose phosphate is higher in the chloroplast (than in the cytoplasm) ; because it is a product of, photosynthesis / light independent reaction / Calvin cycle ; triose phosphate moves, down concentration gradient / from high to low concentration ; ATP not involved / no energy used ; ignore references to chloroplasts or mitochondria being cells, having cytoplasm and reference to free ribosomes free / naked, DNA ; A DNA not surrounded by, membrane / envelope have an inner folded membrane / AW ; ribosomes, smaller than those in cytosol / similar in size to prokaryotic ribosomes ; A ref to 70S and 80S circular DNA ; A loop AVP ; e.g. absence of introns R absence of a nucleus from the chloroplast or mitochondrion R ref to membranous organelles as chloroplasts and mitochondria are these organelles

max 2

(d)

max 2
[10]

83. (b)

(a)

1 : 2 :1 ; 1 ref to, codominant / equally dominant (alleles) ; A incomplete dominance but R genes as alternative to alleles
1 2

2 3 4 5 6 7

appropriate symbols for two codominant alleles ; eg G and G R a capital and a lower case symbol or two different letters such as G and Y parent plant shown or stated to be heterozygous ; A if it is explained that any sunny plant is heterozygous gamete genotypes shown appropriately ; correct offspring genotypes ; the Sunny / yellow-green, were heterozygous / genotype shown by diagram ; the dark green / the yellow, were homozygous / genotype shown by diagram ; max 5

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(c) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (d)

1 ref to, randomness / chance (sampling) ; ref to random fertilisation ; totals are (quite) a large sample, pot B / single pot / six, is a small sample ; if (only) six seeds, there is a greater chance of departing from an expected ratio / AW ; probability of six seedlings all the same is ; with, many seedlings / the totals, the deviations of the individual results cancel out ; some departure from an expected ratio is always likely / idea ; only the yellow number (33) deviates from the expected / 28 is half 56 ; chi squared test could be used ; AVP ; max 3

credit ora here A chloroplast as alternative to chlorophyll yellow seedlings have, no / very little, chlorophyll ; cannot photosynthesise ; die when, energy reserve / carbohydrate (accept food), in seed is exhausted ; dark green grow more because they have more chlorophyll (than the yellow-green) ; so dark green have more, photosynthetic products / named product ; ref to competition between the seedlings ; ref to, selection / selective advantage ;

max 3
[12]

84.

S; R; S; A correct names instead of letters

[3]

85.

FAD / NAD ; A reduced FAD / reduced NAD / AW

[1]

86.

chlorophyll a ; A chlorophyll for one mark as an alternative to chl. a and b chlorophyll b ; xanthophylls ; carotenoids / carotene ;
[2]

87. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 occurs in stroma ; a series of enzyme-controlled reactions ; carbon dioxide fixed by RuBP ; carboxylation ; enzyme is Rubisco ; (unstable) 6C intermediate ; forms (2 molecules) of GP ; forms TP ; using ATP (linked to point 8) ; reduction step ; using reduced NADP ; ref to either ATP or NADP red coming from light dependent reaction ; (most of) TP regenerates RuBP ; rearrangement of carbons to form pentose sugars ; ATP required, for phosphorylation / ribulose phosphate to ribulose bisphosphate ; AVP ; e.g. TP can be used to form, lipids / amino acids / hexose sugars / suitable named example QWC legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar ;

max 7 1
[8]

88.

(i) anaerobic conditions encourage denitrifying bacteria ; convert nitrate ions to (gaseous) nitrogen ; reduces available nitrogen ; sundew does not rely on, soil nitrate / soil nitrogen ; ref to, hydrolysis / digestion / use of enzymes, on insect proteins ; releasing amino acids ; ref to deamination ; max 3 (ii) Reduces amount of air in soil ; roots starved of oxygen ; respiration becomes anaerobic ; insufficient energy released ; not able to absorb (enough), ions / named ion ; via active transport ; max 3
[7]

max 4

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

35

89. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 proteins needed for repair / AW ; more transcription of, DNA / genes ; more translation ; protein synthesis ; named protein ; e.g. actin / myosin / troponin / tropomyosin ignore all refs to muscle contraction more aerobic respiration ; so more, energy released / ATP produced ; (energy required for) condensation / anabolic, reactions ; (energy required for) formation of peptide bonds ; (energy required for) formation of extra mRNA ;

max 5
[5]

90.

(a) ref limiting factor ; not carbon dioxide ; named factor e.g. light / temperature / limited number of chloroplasts ; R water photosynthesis at maximum rate ; explanation of effect of named factor e.g. ref to enzyme action ; (b) ref respiration ; production of carbon dioxide ; R release (at low concentrations, CO2 was) diffusing / moving down a concentration gradient ; respiration faster than photosynthesis / AW ; AVP ; e.g. below compensation point control of variables / light is a variable ; R fair test unqualified accept ora here maintenance of water supply ; xylem / vascular bundles, intact ; water required for, photosynthesis / turgor ; A water prevents wilting stomata might close if the leaf detached ; leaves site of photosynthesis ; AVP ; e.g. ABA, water stress, sugar transport

max 2

max 2 1

(c) (d)

max 2

(e) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 one similarity between barley and sugar cane ; one difference between barley and sugar cane ; temperature ref between or within species ; CO2 concentration ref between or within species ; A ppm for concentration data quote comparison with units ; ref to habitat ; e.g. tropics, named country, biomes (biological zones), climate ref to biochemistry ; e.g. C4 / C3, different enzymes ref to enzymes ; AVP ; e.g. ref compensation point

max 5
[12]

OVERTON GRANGE SCHOOL

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