MANCHESTER CODING/DECODONG

Line coding is important in digital communications for the following reasons: 1. For ease of timing recovery at the receiver. 2. To shape the spectrum of the signal as required by various elements in the communication systems Most line coding techniques introduce extra transitions, and in the process increase the overall bandwidth of the signal. The simplest of line coding schemes used in optical communications is MANCHESTER CODING. Here each ZERO is transmitted as a ONE followed by a ZERO and each ONE is transmitted as a ZERO followed by a ONE as shown below. Thus a transition is introduced at the middle of each data bit, which can be used to recover the clock at the receiver. The price paid is the doubling of the effective bit rate on the communication system.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to study the Manchester Coding/Decoding used in the OFT Trainer. The circuits used for Manchester coding and decoding, as well as their functioning at different bit rates is examined.

EQUIPMENT: 1. Optical Fibre Trainer kit (Benchmark) 2. Oscilloscope

PROCEDURE: Set up:- The interfaces used in this experiment are summarized in the OFT manual which you can find in the lab. Before starting the actual procedure, try to read the interface details. The block diagrams of the circuit used in the experiment are given in the manual. The experiment requires the setting up of an 850 nm digital link.

Note that the mux-demux will not work in this experiment at several steps. Use Tx frame clock(TXFCO [P9]) as external trigger (with negative slope) to the CRO for the following steps. Manchester Coding:- After making necessary connections observe the signals of Tx data (the data input of the Manchester coder), and coded data (the data output of coder) on channels 1 & 2 of the oscilloscope[1]. Sketch the two signals and note the Manchester coded signal for each data bit . Manchester Decoding:Observe the signals Rx coded data ( the data input to the decoder), and Rx data ( the output of decoder).Sketch the two signals [2]. Note the bit-bybit decoding. Coder-Decoder:- Observe the signals, the data input of the Manchester coder and the data output of the decoder ,simultaneously on channels of the oscilloscope. Sketch the two signals [3]. Note that data output matches the data input except for a one bit delay, plus the transmission delay of the fibre link. Clock Recovery:- The clock recovery circuit recovers the clock used for transmission of data[4]. Sketch the Transmit clock and receive clock

Manchester Coder Circuit:- Wire the Manchester coder circuit on the bread board as shown in Fig above. Tie the data input to either HIGH or LOW. Feed a TTL signal from the function generator as the clock input to the Manchester coder. Observe on the oscilloscope the clock signal and the Manchester coded data. Vary the clock and see the data being coded. Note that the coder works at all frequencies.

Feed the TxBCLK and TxDATA to the coder circuit on the bread board from the OFT kit[5]. Observe the signals at the points marked A, B, C, and D in the circuit using the CRO . Decoder & Clock Recovery Circuit:- Remove the coder circuit from the bread board and use the coder in OFT. Wire the Decoder & Clock recovery circuit as shown in the Fig above. Use R=27 k and C= 47 pF. Feed the TTL signal from the function generator with the data input tied HIGH. Remove the shorting links to disconnect the on-board Manchester Decoder unit. Feed the normal received Manchester coded data in the decoder circuit [5]. Observe the input clock and the recovered clock in the circuit on the channels of the scope. Vary the frequency range of the function generator and find the frequency range over which the clock recovery unit works. Note that the ON time of the recovered clock again remains constant but now on a new value. Repeat with R=27 k and C=33 pF. Note the ON time value of the recovered clock. The ON time value of the clock is obtained from the negative edge triggered multivibrator and is equal to 0.69RC. Explain the relationship between the frequency range for which the decoder circuit works and the values of R and C used with the monostable multivibrator. With the on-board TxBCLK and TxDATA and Manchester coder, observe the signals at points D, E, F and G [6].

Expected Observations In Report: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Multiplexing is the process where multiple signals are combined together for transmission over a common transmission path. There are two predominant ways to multiplex information from different sources viz. 1. Time Division Multiplexing 2. Frequency Division multiplexing Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of putting multiple data streams in a single channel by separating the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration. Each individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing. The circuit that combines signals at the source (transmitting) end of a communications link is known as a multiplexer. It accepts the input from each individual end user, breaks each signal into segments, and assigns the segments in a repeating sequence in a single channel. At the receiver side, the individual signals are separated by the demultiplexer using proper timing and control signals.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to learn to set up the multiplexer and demultiplexer, and to observe the simultaneous transmission of several signals (two voice and eight data channels) using TDM.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. OFT kit (Benchmark, block diagram is given below) 2. Oscilloscope.

PROCEDURE: Set-Up:- The interfaces used in this experiment are summarized in the OFT manual which you can find in the lab. Before starting the actual procedure, try to read the interface details. The block diagrams of the circuit used in the experiment are given in the manual. Set the jumpers and switches, and short the shorting links as mentioned in the interface details. The experiment requires the setting up of an 850 nm or 650 nm digital link. A schematic of the different blocks in the Benchmark OFT kit is given below. Marker Programming:- Do the marker programming ( even marker/odd marker) as explained in the manual. Time switching Of Voice:- For this you need to make some connections on the kit as per the manual and find out the Voice band width.

Asynchronous Data Transmission Using Over-sampling:- This can be done by providing TTL signals from a function generator at the appropriate slots in the kit. And find the jitter in the transmission.

FRAMING IN TDM:
OBJECTIVE: To examine the generation of frame clock, slot clock and bit clocks and the method of insertion and removal of data from each slot.

PROCEDURE :
Identification of Frames: The Tx Bit clock (TxBCLK) is available at S5. Observe it on oscilloscope and find its frequency and bit rate. Now observe the signal Tx frame clock (TxFCO) available at post P9. The HIGH as well as LOW of TxFCO each correspond to one frame. Find the number of bits in a frame and number of frames per second. Data Insertion in Slots: With TxSC3 at P8 on channel 1, observe the enable signals at S7, S8, S9 and S10 of the timing and control block on the oscilloscope and sketch them. Note that these are eight bit active low slot enable signals, which enable slots 1, 2, 3 and 11 respectively in every frame. The frame structure is as shown in the previous page. Connect S9 to channel 1 of the oscilloscope and observe the Tx data signal at S4 on channel 2. See if the eight bits of data in slot 3 correspond to the switch position settings of SW0-SW7. Toggle any of the switches SW0-SW7 and note the change in data on the scope. Slot Interchange: Remove the shorting plugs from S8 and S9. Connect post A of S8 to post B of S9 and vice-versa. Now slot select 2 is being given to the data mux taking input from SW0-SW7. Observe the eight bits of SW0-SW7 now occupying the slot 2 position. Digitized voice from phone now occupies slot 3. This interchanging of slots is called TIME SWITCHNG.

EXPECTED OBSERVATIONS IN REPORT: 1. Observe frame structure 2. Frequency and bit rate of TxBCLK 3. Number of bits in a frame and number of frames per second