Fungi: -decompose dead plant matter/recycle elements -use cellulase to decompose hard parts of plants -plants depend on mycorrhizae

from symbiotic fungi to absorb minerals/water from soil -produce bread,citric acid,alcohol,penicillin -are chemohetertrophs(require organic compound for energy and carbon) -classififed on basis of : colony charateristic, apperance,spores -dimorphism: two forms of growth(mold25degree or yeast37degree) -asexual spores: conidiospore conidio fungi: grow better in low ph, are aerobic(yeast faculatative),resistant to osmotic pressure(can grow in high sugar/salt),can grow on low moisture, -medically important phyla of pungi: 1. zygomycota(conjugation fungi) 2.Ascomycota (sacs called ascus)include mold with separate hyphae asexual 3. Basidomycota(club fungi/anamorph/asexual) also separate hyphae Fungal disease(mycosis) are chronic and grow slow: systemic,subcutaneous,cutaneous(hairkinnails),superficial(hairshaft),opportunistic (aspergillus/suppressed immune) Lichen(alga and fungus):mutualistic relationship.secrete organic acid.slowest growing.form rhizines(aka holdfast) Algie:aquatic simple ,photoautotrophs, lack tissue of plants,found in ocean. They fix co2 into organic molecules so they can be consumed by chemoheterothroph Brown alga:in costal water;red algie:deep in ocean;green algie:contain chlorophyll and store starch Plankton:dinoflagellates;produce neurotoxin;red tide Protoza:unicell:asexual;schizogony(multiple fission)some do conjugation;produce cyst under adverse conditions(encystment), are aerobic heterophs Types protoza: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. archaezoa: lack mitochondria(have mitisome instead)ex: t.vaginalis microspora:lack mitochondria;obligate intracellular paricytes Amoeboza:have pseudopods(lobe projections)e.histolytica only amoeba found in human intestine Apicomplexa:parasites ex:plasmodium(maleria) Ciliphora:have cilia Euglenoza:no sexual reproduction;photoautotrophhave red eyespot at anterior end Slime molds: fungal and amobal charteristic. Cellular(resembal amoeba)and Plasmodial(mass of protpplasm with many nuclei_) Helminths: Platy(flatworm) and Nematoda(roundworm/pinworm) May:lack digestive;reduced nervous sys;locomotion;have complexer reproduction sys Adult may be dioecious(M+F) or hermaphroditic(monoecious) Arthropods: segmented body;largest phylum in animals; carry vectors(pathogenic microbs) Chapter 13 Virus:nucleaic acid become active in host cell;they are filterable;have DNA OR RNA;protein coat;can transfer viral nucleic acid to other cell;have few enzymes of their own.virion is a complete developed virus. -nucleaic acid can be linear or circular

-protected by capsid(composed of protein subunit/capsomere -some covered by envelope(lipid protein carb) and spikes(spikes bind to RBC) Types: Helical: long rods;cause rabies Polyhedral:many animal,plant,bacterial are this.shape of icosahederon Enveloped:spherical Complex:usually bacterial viruses.bacteriophage Grow bacterialphage in lab: 1.plaque method to detect and count animal virus:in embryonated eggs and cell structure(use animal tissue) virus cannot be seen without electronmicroscope serological method: used to identify by reaction with antibodies multiplication is measured with one step growth curve Lytic cycle:death of cell Lysogenic cycle: incorporate DNA into host cell DNA(prophage). Phage remains inactive. Makes SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCTION(only certain bacteria can be transferred) Biosynthesis DNA virus: Replicate DNA in nucleus of host using enzymes,synthesize capsid in cytoplasm,proteins go to nucleus and join with new DNA to form virion. Viron go to ER ,then cell membrane to release Replicating RNA: multiply in host cell cytoplasm. 1.picornaviridae(polio) single strand ,form RNA dependant and RNA polymerase 2.togavirus: single strand,two types mRNA transcribed one is short (protein) other long(capsid) 3.rhabdoviridae:same as above 4.reoviridae:respiratory and digestive of humans;double strand rna digested upon entering host cell(only rna virus causing cancer) 5.Retroviridae:HIV;cancer causing;carry reverse transcription! Genome called Oncogenes cancer causeing.(oncogenic viruses) Oncogenic virus found in adeno/herpes/pox/papo/hepad PRIONS : cause disease bu converting PrPc to PrPsc