CONTENTS 1. SYNOPSIS 2. INTRODUCTION 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6. IC DETAILS 7. PROGRAM 8. COMPONENT DETAILS 9.

POWER SUPPTY 10.ADVANTAGES 11.APPLICATION 12.FUTURE MODIFICATION 13.CONCLUSION 14.BIBLIOGRAPHY

SYNOPSIS

We have two stages for this project. One is a data transmitter section which encodes a data and transmits it using RF modules. This data is encoded by a microcontroller by our program. On the other end there is a receiver stage which receives the transmitted data by a RF receiver module and acts as a trigger signal for a microcontroller to change the speed of a dc motor driven by the microcontroller and the driver components of the circuit. The microcontroller is programmed for PWM process to increase or decrease the speed of the dc motor when it receives the data signal for increment or decrement. That is, on receipt of the increment data the ON time of the PWM waveform is increased and during the slow down process the OFF time of the PWM waveform is increased by our program. ATMEL 89c51 is used as our microcontroller which exists from the family of INTEL 8051 and it is communicated in ASSEMBLY language. The block diagram gives a brief explanation of the project.

INTRODUCTION In school areas we need some kind of automation to bring down the speed of the vehicles. To prove this concept we have to design a data transmitter which transmits a data continuously & this transmitter is kept near the school areas at least 100 meters before. The vehicle is designed with a microcontroller based data receiver which enables a voice circuit to warn the driver that he is entering the school area & he will be slowed down automatically. Then the microcontroller is programmed to slow down the vehicle. In real time applications the carburetor will be set to slow speed setup by controlling the air input by means of a solenoid valve. In this case the manual raising will be disabled. But in our circuit we program the microcontroller to generate a PWM to slow down the motor as per our circuit. That is to say that the off time of the motor is increased & the on time is reduced to predetermined speed. The transmitter stage in our circuit sends a 8 bit digital data continuously using a RF module TX434 with an encoder HT12E & the receiver module has a RF receiver module RX434 with a decoder. Both the stages have been interfaced with a microcontroller for data processing. The receiver end microcontroller has a data base 8bit value, which would be compared with the transmitted 8 bit value, when both the data values happen to be same, the microcontroller will start its automation with voice warning & PWM motor control. Atmel 89c51 is used as our microcontroller which exists from the family of INTEL 8051 & it is programmed in assembly language.

BLOCK DIAGRAM TRANSMITTER:

RECEIVER:

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION: ENCODER: An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. In digital electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multipleinput, multiple-output logic circuit (2n-n). 18 PIN DIP Operating voltage:2.4v~12v Low power and high noise immunity COMS technology Low standby current and minimum transmission word

 Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

Easy interface with and RF or an infrared transmission medium.

RF TRANSMITTER: The design of RF transmitter for wireless applications entails many challenges at both architecture and circuit levels. The number of off-chip components, the restrictions on unwanted emissions and the trade-offs between the output power, the efficiency, and the required linearly directly impact the choice of the transmitter topology and the implementation of each circuit block. Furthermore, the disturbance of the transceivers oscillators and receive path by the transmit path influence planning and the limits the level of integration. TRANSMITTER MODULE:

Functional block of TX section where 1,2,3,4 are the pins 1- Antenna 2- Data input 3- Ground 4- VCC In this transmitting section the 1 st pin is the antenna pin where we can able to fix the antenna for transmitting the data radio frequency, the 2nd pin is the data input pin in which the encoder is given; the 3rd pin is ground and the 4th pin is the VCC which is given to operate the transmitter section.

RECIVER SECTION: RF RECIVER: A low voltage silicon bipolar RF (radio frequency) receiver front end includes a low noise preamplifier and double-balanced mixer. The receiver incorporates monolithic microstrip transformers for significant improvements in performance compared with silicon broadband designs. Reactive feedback and coupling elements are used in place of resistors to lower the front end noise figure through the reduction of resistor thermal noise, and this also both circuits to operate at supply voltages below 2volts.

RF RECEIVER MODULE:

Functional block of Rx section where 1,2,3,4 are the pins 1- Antenna 2- Data input 3- Ground 4- VCC In this receiving section the 1st pin is the antenna pin where we can able to fix the antenna for receiving the data radio frequency, the 2nd pin is the data input pin in which the decoder is given; the 3rd pin is ground and the 4th pin is the VCC. This is given to operate the receiver section.

DECODER: A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, un doing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. In digital electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multiple-input, multipleoutput logic circuit (n-2n). HD12D (Holteks decoder) Decoder:

Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current Capable of decoding 12 bits of information Binary address setting Received codes are checked 3 times Address/Data number combination HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits HT12F: 12 address bits only Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Valid transmission indicator Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium Minimal external components 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package.

ALERT SYSTEM: In this system has one alert. This is used to give the alert to the driver. In here we use the 4ohms speaker. This is producing the sound.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: TRANSMITTER:

RECEIVER:

IC DETAILS: ATMEL89C51 MICROCONTROLLER:

FEATURES:

Compatible with MCS-51TM products.

 4K BYTES of in system programmable flash memory Endurance: 1000 write/erase cycles Fully static operation: 0 HZ to 24 MHz Three-level program memory lock 128* 8-bit internal RAM 32 programmable I/O lines Two 16-bit timer/counters Six interrupt sources Programmable serial channel Low-power idle and power-down modes

DESCRIPTION: The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile

memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16bittimer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM:

PIN DESCRIPTION: VCC

Supply voltage. GND Ground. PORT 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program Verification. PORT 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. PORT 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is

weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12volt VPP. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. IDLE MODE In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the

instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

POWER-DOWN MODE

In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. PROGRAM MEMORY LOCK BITS On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below. When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly. PROGRAMMING THE FLASH The AT89C51 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a lowvoltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low-voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the AT89C51 inside the users

system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third-party Flash or EPROM programmers. The AT89C51 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.

The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode. PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM: Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps. 1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines. 2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.

5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.

DATA POLLING: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated. READY/BUSY: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY. PROGRAMS VERIFY: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled. CHIP ERASE: The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array

is written with all 1s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed. READING THE SIGNATURE BYTES: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows. (030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel (031H) = 51H indicates 89C51 (032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming (032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming PROGRAMMING INTERFACE: Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion. All major programming vendors offer worldwide support for the Atmel microcontroller series. Please contact your local programming vendor for the appropriate software revision.

APR9600:
PINDIAGRAM:

PIN DESCRIPTION: Pin-out of the APR9600 is given in Figure 1. A typical connection of the chip is given in Figure 2 (This is the circuit diagram of the module). Pin functions of the IC are given in Table 1. During sound recording, sound is picked up by the microphone. A microphone preamplifier amplifies the voltage signal from the microphone. An AGC circuit is included in the pre-amplifier, the extent of which is controlled by an external capacitor and resistor. If the voltage level of a sound signal is around 100 mV peak to- peak, the signal can be fed directly into the IC through ANA IN pin (pin 20). The sound signal passes through a filter and a sampling and hold circuit. The Analogue voltage is then written into non-volatile flash analogue RAMs. It has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V. During recording and replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the current drops to 1 mA. During sound replaying, the ICs control circuit reads analogue data from flash RAMs. The signal then passes through a low-pass filter, a power amplifier and output to an 8 to 16 Ohm speaker. There is different sound recording and replaying modes (see Table 2). These modes are selected using MSEL1 (Pin 24), MSEL2 (Pin 25) and M8 (Pin 9). M1 to M7 keys have different functions in different modes.

ULN2003:

DESCRIPTION: The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN darlington pairs that feature highvoltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single darlington pair is 500mA. The darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lampdrivers, display drivers (LED gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW series base resistor for each darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V CMOS devices.

500mA rated collector current(Single output) High-voltage outputs: 50V

Inputs compatible with various types of logic.

Relay driver application

LM7805: DESCRIPTION: The LM7805 monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. The 5V, 12V, and 15V regulator options are available in the steel TO-3 power package. The LM7805 series is available in the TO-220 plastic power package, and the LM7805 is available in the SOT-223 package, as well as the LM340-5.0 and LM340-12 in the surface-mount TO-263 packages.

EATURES:

Complete specifications at 1A load Output voltage tolerances of 2% at Tj = 25C and 4% over the temperature range (LM340A) Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of VIN at 1A load Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A) Internal thermal overload protection Internal short-circuit current limit Output transistor safe area protection P+ Product Enhancement tested

(LM340A)

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FIXED OUTPUT REGULATOR ADJUSTABLE OUTPUT REGULATOR Required if the regulator is located far from the power supply filter. Although no output capacitor is needed for stability, it does help transient Response. (If needed, use 0.1 F, ceramic disc).

LM386: DESCRIPTION: The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the gain to any value from 20 to 200. The inputs are ground referenced while the output automatically biases to one-half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 milliwatts when operating from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation. FEATURES Battery operation Minimum external parts Wide supply voltage range: 4V12V or 5V18V Low quiescent current drain: 4mA Voltage gains from 20 to 200

Ground referenced input

Self-centering output quiescent voltage Low distortion: 0.2% (AV = 20, VS = 6V, RL = 8W, PO = 125mW, f = 1kHz) Available in 8 pin MSOP package

ULN2003:

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

SCHEMATIC (EACH DARLINGTON PAIR):

DESCRIPTION: The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN darlington pairs that feature high-

voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single darlington pair is 500mA. The darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW series base resistor for each darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V CMOS devices.

500mA rated collector current(Single output) High-voltage outputs: 50V Inputs compatible with various types of logic. Relay driver application

CRYSTAL OSILLATOR: A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2109) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are small devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes. RESISTOR: Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED. RESISTOR SYMPOL:

EXAMPLE:

Small value resistors (less than 10 ohm) The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 . To show these small values two special colours are used for the third band: gold which means 0.1 and silver which means 0.01. The first and second bands represent the digits as normal. EXAMPLE:

Red, violet, gold bands represent 27 0.1 = 2.7 green, blue, silver bands represent 56 0.01 = 0.56 Tolerance of resistors (fourth band of colour code)

The tolerance of a resistor is shown by the fourth band of the colour code. Tolerance is the precision of the resistor and it is given as a percentage. For example a 390 resistor with a tolerance of 10% will have a value within 10% of 390 , between 390 - 39 = 351 and 390 + 39 = 429 (39 is 10% of 390). A special colour code is used for the fourth band tolerance: silver 10%, gold 5%, red 2%, brown 1%. If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is 20%. Tolerance may be ignored for almost all circuits because precise resistor values are rarely required.

RESISTOR COLOR CODE:

The Resistor Color Code Color Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

CAPACITOR A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage. The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a highpower system, and many other important aspects. A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive substance is called the dielectric medium, although this may also mean a vacuum or a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from an external electric field. The conductors thus contain equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric contains an electric field. The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR: An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one of its plates. Typically, this is all a lies with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types; they are valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, in rectifier output. They are also widely

used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but DC should not. Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them to have very low corner frequencies.

CERAMIC CAPACITOR: Ceramic capacitors are a two-terminal, non-polar device. The classical ceramic capacitor is the disc capacitor. Ceramic disc capacitors are in widespread use in electronic equipment, providing high capacity & small size at low price compared to other low value capacitor types. Ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and styles. The ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and styles. CAPACITOR SYMBOL:

EXAMPLES:

DIODE: Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric current property. The directionality of current flow most diodes exhibit is sometimes generically called the rectifying property. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the forward biased condition) and to block the current in the opposite direction (the reverse biased condition). Thus, the diode can be through of as an electronic version of a check value. Real diodes do not display such a perfect on-off directionality but have a more complex non-linear electrical characteristic, which depends on the particular type of diode technology. Diodes also have many other functions in which they are not designed to operate in this on-off manner. Today the most common diodes are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.

DIODE SYMBOLS:

EXAMPLES:

RELAY An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right angles to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape, the magnetic field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater the current, the greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being equal. Inductors react again changes in current because of the energy stored in this magnetic field. When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils around a common iron core, we use this field to transfer energy from one coil to the other. However, there are simpler and more direct uses for electromagnets fields than the applications weve seen with inductors and transformers. The magnetic field produced by a coil of current-carrying wire

can be used to exert a mechanical force on any magnetic object, just as we can use a permanent magnet to attract magnetic objects, expect that this magnet (formed by the coil) can be turned on or off by switching the current on or off through the coil. If we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of making that object move when we energize the coil with electric current, we have what is called a solenoid. The movable magnetic object is called an armature, and most armatures can be moved with either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) energizing the coil. The polarity of the magnetic field is irrelevant for the purpose of attracting an iron armature. Solenoids can be used to electrically open door latches, open or shut values, move robotic limbs, and even actuate electric switch mechanisms. However, if a solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contacts, we have a device so useful it deserves its own name: the relay. POWER SUPPLY: Power supply for the complete unit can be derived from the mains using a step-down transformer of 230V AC primary to 12V-0-12V, 500mA secondary. A full-wave rectifier followed by a capacitor filters the output voltage and feeds the following 9-volt regulator whose output is used to the power supply requirement of IR receiver, melody generator and counter modules. It is also used to provide input to a 6-volt regulator IC used for feeding the transmitter circuit.

RECTIFIER: There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a

rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can

pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages). Please see the Diodes page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

OUTPUT:

FILTER: Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.

Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC. C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F) Io = output current from the supply in amps (A) Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK

REGULATOR: The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered and finally regulated. The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of the change in supply variation, load variation and temperature changes. Here we use one fixed voltage regulator namely LM 7805. The regulator IC 7805 is a +5V regulator. TRANSFORMER: Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.

Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage. TRANSFORMER SYMBOL:

EXAMPLE:

ADVANTAGES
This project decreases the rate of accidents in the highways and Ghats areas Low cost and easy to implement. Can cover maximum area in a zone. This can be implemented with other wireless technologies for adding more stuff.

DISADVANTAGES

Difficult in case of failure of RF transmitter. RF Modules are to be protected from environment Hazards.

APPLICATIONS
It can be implemented in automated systems for wireless control. Can be used at heavy traffic areas. Used in school zones and ghat roads. This can be uses in driving guidance systems and automatic navigation system

CODE
;...........speed control of dc motor using RF ............................ ;...........................crystal frequency = 11.0592 mhz............ ;...........................TRANSMITTER SECTION........................ $mod51

sw1 sw2 sw3 sw4 sw5 sw6 RS

bit bit bit bit bit bit BIT

p2.0 p2.1 p2.2 p2.3 p2.4 p2.5 P3.2

RW BIT P3.3 EN BIT P3.4 DAT EQU P0 out equ p1 ;........................................... ORG 00H JMP START ;--------------------------------------ORG 030H START: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV CALL CALL MOV CALL CALL BEGIN: n0: jb mov MOV CALL CALL call call jmp n1: jb mov MOV CALL CALL call call jmp nop nop jb mov mov sw5,n5 out,#5fH dptr,#msg6 SP,#08H P1,#0ffH P2,#0FFH P3,#0FFH P0,#0FFH INIT_LCD CLEAR_LCD DPTR,#MSG1 DISP DEBOUNCE sw1,n1 out,#1fH DPTR,#MSG2 DISP DEBOUNCE delay1 display1 n0 sw2,n2 out,#2fH DPTR,#MSG3 DISP DEBOUNCE delay1 display2 n0

n2: n3: n4:

call disp call debounce n5: jmp n0 ;-------------------------------------DEBOUNCE: MOV R6,#200 DJNZ R6,$ RET ;.......................................................... ............................. ; INITIALIZE THE LCD ;--------------------------------------------------------INIT_LCD: SETB EN ;enable lcd CLR RS ;It is a command MOV DAT ,#32H ;8 Bit data,2line CLR EN LCALL WAIT_LCD SETB EN ;enable lcd CLR RS ;It is a command MOV DAT ,#38H ;8 Bit data,2line CLR EN LCALL WAIT_LCD ;-------------------------------------------------------SETB EN CLR RS MOV DAT ,#0EH ;LCD ON -CURSOR ON CLR EN LCALL WAIT_LCD ;--------------------------------------------------------SETB EN CLR RS MOV DAT ,#06H ;Auto increment cursor CLR EN LCALL WAIT_LCD RET ;---------------------------------------------------------CUR_OFF: SETB EN CLR RS MOV DAT ,#0CH CLR EN LCALL WAIT_LCD RET ;----------------------------------------------------------

CLEAR_LCD: SETB EN CLR RS MOV DAT,#01 CLR EN LCALL WAIT_LCD RET ;---------------------------------------------------------WRITE_TEXT: SETB EN SETB RS MOV DAT,A CLR EN LCALL WAIT_LCD RET ;---------------------------------------------------------WAIT_LCD: SETB EN CLR RS SETB RW MOV DAT ,#0FFH MOV A,DAT JB ACC.7 ,WAIT_LCD CLR EN CLR RW RET ;----------------------------------------------------------; SUB SETS THE CURSOR POSITION. ;--LINE 1 ;----------------------------------------------------------PLACECUR: MOV A, B ADD A,#80H ; CONSTRUCT CONTROL WORD FOR LINE 1-SETCUR: SETB EN CLR RS CLR RW MOV DAT ,A CLR EN CALL WAIT_LCD RET ;----------------------------------------------------------;--CURSOR POSITION LINE2 ;---------------------------------------------------------PLACECUR2:

MOV A,B ADD A,#0C0H SETCUR2: SETB EN CLR RS CLR RW MOV DAT,A CLR EN CALL WAIT_LCD RET ;------------------------------;--DISP sub to display string ;--------------------------------DISP: MOV B,#00 CALL PLACECUR MOV R1, #16 J210: CLR A MOVC A, @A+DPTR CALL WRITE_TEXT INC DPTR DJNZ R1,J210 MOV B,#00 CALL PLACECUR2 MOV R1,#16 J211: CLR A MOVC A, @A+DPTR CALL WRITE_TEXT INC DPTR DJNZ R1,J211 RET ;--------------------------------------display1: back: jnb sw6,gk1 JNB SW5,GK1 jb sw1,back mov out,#6fh mov dptr,#msga call disp call delay1 back1: JNB jb mov mov call jnb sw6,gk1 SW5,GK1 sw1,back1 out,#7fh dptr,#msgb disp

call delay1 back2: JNB jb mov mov call call back3: JNB jb mov mov call call gk1: RET ;...................................................... display2: back0: jnb sw6,gk2 JNB SW5,GK2 jb sw2,back0 mov out,#0afh mov dptr,#msge call disp call delay1 back10: JNB jb mov mov call call back20: JNB jb mov mov call call jnb sw6,gk2 SW5,GK2 sw2,back10 out,#0bfh dptr,#msgf disp delay1 jnb sw6,gk2 SW5,GK2 sw2,back20 out,#0cfh dptr,#msgg disp delay1 jnb sw6,gk1 SW5,GK1 sw1,back2 out,#8fh dptr,#msgc disp delay1 jnb sw6,gk1 SW5,GK1 sw1,back3 out,#9fh dptr,#msgd disp delay1

back30: JNB jb mov mov call call gk2: RET

jnb sw6,gk2 SW5,GK2 sw2,back30 out,#0dfh dptr,#msgh disp delay1

;...................................................... debounce2: mov r2,#25 gg20: mov r3,#255 djnz r3,$ djnz r2,gg20 ret ;..................................................... delay1: mov r1,#7 kk1: mov r2,#255 kk2: mov r3,#255 djnz r3,$ djnz r2,kk2 djnz r1,kk1 ret ;...................................................... MSG1:DB' RF CONTROL OF ',' CAR ',0 MSG2:DB' SPEED ',' INC ',0 MSG3:DB' SPEED ',' DEC ',0 MSG6:DB' ENGINE ',' STOPPED ',0 MSGa:DB' LOW ',' speed ',0 MSGb:DB' 2nd ',' speed ',0 MSGc:DB' 3rd ',' Speed ',0 MSGd:DB' 4th ',' speed ',0 MSGe:DB' HI ',' Speed ',0 MSGf:DB' 2nd ',' Speed ',0 MSGg:DB' LOW ',' speed ',0 MSGh:DB' MOTOR ',' STOPPED ',0 ;---------------------------------------end

;.....RF BASED SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR......... ;...RECEIVER SECTION...... ;............11.0592 MHZ........... $MOD51 RX_DATA EQU P1 OUT EQU P2.0 RELAY_F EQU P2.2 RELAY_R EQU P2.1 ;.............................................. ORG 00H JMP START ORG START: MOV MOV N0: MOV CJNE CALL 030H P1,#0FFH P2,#1fH A,RX_DATA A,#0F1H,N1 RUN

N1: CJNE A,#2fH,N2 CALL SPEED300 N2: CJNE A,#3fH,N3 CALL SPEED600 N3: CJNE A,#4fH,N4 CALL SPEED1200 N4: CJNE A,#5fH,N5 CALL SPEED1400 N5: CJNE A,#6fH,N6 CALL SPEED1200D N6: CJNE A,#7fH,N7 CALL SPEED600D N7: CJNE A,#0cfH,N8 CALL SPEED300D N8: CJNE A,#0dfH,N9 CALL RUND

N9: nop NA: nop NB: CJNE A,#5fH,NC CALL STOP NC: JMP N0 ;.......................................................... ....................... RUN: BACK: CLR OUT CALL DELAY1 SETB OUT CALL DELAY9 MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#6fH,K1 JMP BACK K1: RET ;.......................................................... ....................... SPEED300: BACK2: CLR OUT CALL DELAY2 SETB OUT CALL DELAY8 MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#7fH,K2 JMP BACK2 K2: RET ;.......................................................... ........................ SPEED600: BACK3: CLR OUT CALL DELAY4 SETB OUT CALL DELAY6 MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#8fH,K3 JMP BACK3 K3: RET ;.......................................................... .................. SPEED1200: BACK4: CLR OUT CALL DELAY7 SETB OUT

CALL DELAY3 MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#9fH,K4 JMP BACK4 K4: RET ;.......................................................... ................ SPEED1400: BACK5: CLR OUT MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#1fH,K5 JMP BACK5 K5: RET ;.......................................................... ................ RUND: BACK6: CLR OUT CALL DELAY1 SETB OUT CALL DELAY9 MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#6fH,K10 JMP BACK6 K10: RET ;.......................................................... ....................... SPEED300D: BACK7: CLR OUT CALL DELAY2 SETB OUT CALL DELAY8 MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#0cfH,K20 JMP BACK7 K20: RET ;.......................................................... ........................ SPEED600D: BACK8: CLR OUT CALL DELAY4 SETB OUT CALL DELAY6 MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#0bfH,K30 JMP BACK8 K30: RET

;.......................................................... .................. SPEED1200D: BACK9: CLR OUT CALL DELAY7 SETB OUT CALL DELAY3 MOV A,RX_DATA CJNE A,#0afH,K40 JMP BACK9 K40: RET ;.......................................................... ............... DELAY1: MOV R1,#2 X1: MOV R2,#230 DJNZ R2,$ DJNZ R1,X1 RET ;.......................................................... .............. DELAY2: MOV R7,#2 X2: CALL DELAY1 DJNZ R7,X2 RET ;.......................................................... .............. DELAY3: MOV R7,#3 X3: CALL DELAY1 DJNZ R7,X3 RET ;.......................................................... .............. DELAY4: MOV R7,#4 X4: CALL DELAY1 DJNZ R7,X4 RET ;.......................................................... .............. DELAY5: MOV R7,#5 X5: CALL DELAY1 DJNZ R7,X5 RET

;.......................................................... .............. DELAY6: MOV R7,#6 X6: CALL DELAY1 DJNZ R7,X6 RET ;.......................................................... .............. DELAY7: MOV R7,#7 X7: CALL DELAY1 DJNZ R7,X7 RET ;.......................................................... .............. DELAY8: MOV R7,#8 X8: CALL DELAY1 DJNZ R7,X8 RET ;.......................................................... .............. DELAY9: MOV R7,#9 X9: CALL DELAY1 DJNZ R7,X9 RET ;.......................................................... .............. STOP: clr P2.0 RET ;.......................................................... ............... END

CONCLUSION

The project VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM USING RF COMMUNICATION has been successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Thus the data to be sent is encoded within the transmitted signal so that a well designed receiver can separate the data from the signal upon reception of this signal. The decoded data can then be used to perform specified tasks. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented. This is a very useful technique to control the vehicle speed automatically. By using Microcontroller , we Controlled the speed of the vehicle according to zones It is mainly useful in the areas where high rate of accidents are recorded. As in city traffic control to conserve the fuel and implement the traffic rules.

BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and Practices, second edition,2001 2. Lathi, Digital Communications ,g.k publisher,2003 3. Sklar ,Digital Communications, second edition WEBREFERENCES:

1. www.electronicstutorials.com 2. www.aimglobal.com 3. www.kernel.org 4. ONLamp.com