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VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER
Internal circuit of LM331 IC
+Vcc VOLTAGE REFERENCE
LM331
OP AMP
+
3
RS
CURRENT MIRROR Q5 R1 Q4 IS
+Vcc
+Vcc
IS 1,89V
RP
CL 1 RL RB
+Vi n +Vcc
3 R1 Fout
6 7 8
+
1 VOLT COMP R VOLT COMP 5 CT 2R Q1 4 2
S R Q Q
Q2 Q3 15
RT
In direct transmission of an analog signal (below), VAN will be more easily corrupted by noise. TEM PERA TURE SEN SO R SI GNA L I N TERFA CE SI GN A L
FI LTER
V AN
V AN
NOI SE
By converting VAN to a large signal whose frequency is proportional to VAN, the transmission of the signal becomes much less corruptible by external noise. TEM PERA TURE SEN SO R F to V CO NV ERTER
V AN
V AN
I N TERFA CE
V to F CO NVERTER
SI GNA L
SI GNA L
+
NOI SE
C. Sauriol
Rev. 1/17/2003
V to F Converter
V to F Converter
Timing Diagram
m += I s -(V ave/R L) C L V in V ave m - = V ave R L CL
V CL
V CL = V 6 m += I s C
L
RIPPLE VOLTAGE
in + V L
FIXED PW
1,1 CT RT
I1 0 V cc 2/3 V V CT = V 5 0 V cc V out 0 cc
SET
RESET
The DC current, or average current, through capacitor CL is 0A once the VCL waveform has settled.
TIMER
ISW ( ave )
= I RL ( ave ) + IC L ( ave )
I SW IS RL Vi n 0 A ave CL
V + 0, 5 VC L PW V IS = in + 0 in if Vin VC L T RL RL
F out =
V to F Converter
Page 2-
V to F Converter
NOTE: To obtain good linearity at low values of Vin, the ripple voltage VL must be very small which means that the time constant RLCL must be very large and this makes the converter very slow to react to changes of Vin. When ripple is very small, the frequency of the V to F depends on a very small signal easily corruptible with noise or spurious signals which may result in an erratic O/P frequency. For small values of Vin, the equation derived for Fout is not accurate because ripple must be factored in and Fout becomes a non-linear function of Vin. Basic V-F Converter
Cin CBY
Vcc
0, 1 F 0, 1 F
+1 5 V
Vi n
RBAL
6 2
RL RHYS
CL RS
8 Vcc
RP
RT Fout
+1 0 mV to +1 0 V
Vi n 100K
7 6
8 Vcc in
10K 3
6, 8K Fout 1 0 Hz to 1 0 kHz
100K
1 F 5K
12K
CT
47 Fmax adj ust
0, 01 F
From
F out =
Vin RS 2,09 RL RT CT
we find that Rs = 14212 will produce a 10 kHz full scale output given the
standard values on the diagram. The 5k pot will have to be adjusted to some other value because of component tolerance. PW = 1,1 RTCT = 1,1*6800*0,01 = 74,8 s fixed Is = 1,89V/14212 = 133 A For F = 10 Hz to 10 kHz, duty Cycle = 74,8/(0,1 to 100) * 100 = 0,0748% to 74,8% NOTE: PW and duty cycle refer to the switched current source Isw(pin#1). The duty cycle of the output waveform is inverted, that is D/Cout = 99,925% to 25,2%. Vo+ +15V and Vo- 0V
Ripple Voltage
+ VL = PW m = PW
NOTE: Those small ripple values make the V to F vulnerable to noise and unreliable operation may result. At 10 Hz the discharge of CL is not linear (it is exponential) because RLCL = 0,1s = T SW. The speed of the V-F converter is determine by the time constant RLCL. For the above circuit, the rise time of Vthr is : tr = 0,35/(Fc) = 0,35* 2*RLCL = 0,22s which is rather slow. For a faster response of Vthr (and Fout) RLCL should be made smaller but this will entail more ripple voltage across CL and therefore less accuracy at low Vin and Fout values. Hysteresis The amount of hysteresis of the input comparator, for clean and faster switching (no crossover oscillations), is VHYS = IsRHYS = 133 * 47 = 6,25 mV - this will impair low Vin operation. C. Sauriol Rev. 1/17/2003
V to F Converter
Page 3-
V to F Converter
Choice of RinCin The input RC low-pass filter produces a cutoff frequency of Fc = (2*100k*0,1)-1 = 15,9 Hz. It is used to filter down any HF noise that contaminates the DC input voltage. If the input DC voltage is changed abruptly to a new value, the LM331 input (Vin at pin 7) will settle to its new value in about 5RinCin=5*100K*0,1 = 50 ms. Therefore the response time of the output frequency will the compounded value of tr of Vin + tr of Vthr. Choice of RTCT Maximum duty cycle (PW/T)*100 = 1,1 RTCT * Fmax < 95% and should leave enough time for the internal circuit to reset when SW = T-PW becomes very small. PW should not be too small either. Choice of RLCL Select RLCL for desired maximum ripple
I Vin RL = (T PW ) Vin VL = PW S CL RL CL
and for desired rise time of Vthr : tr = 0,35*2*RLCL Waveforms showing effect of hysteresis provided by RHYS on V6 waveform. When Vin is detected by the comparator, V6 pulls up abruptly to prevent oscillations (chattering) at the internal comparator output.
V CL V RHYS V6 V in HYST
IMPROVED V to F CONVERTER
I NTEGRATOR V t o F CONVERTER Vo1
-ve V in1
RE
IE
0 A av e
CF
+1 5 V
A1
7 6
I sw Is
2
8 Vcc
RT
Rp
Fout
Ps Rs
CT
C. Sauriol
Rev. 1/17/2003
V to F Converter
Page 4-
The above converter has a very linear V to F characteristic because its output frequency is totally independant of the ripple voltage present at Vin (pin 7) of the LM331. For fast and reliable operation of the V to F converter, CF can be made very small in order to get subtantial ripple - 1Vpp recommended Converter equations
V to F Converter
ISW = IS PW = IE + IC F ave = I E = T IS
PW T
Vin RE
Vref RS + PS
F out =
Vin =
m += I E/C F
m - = -(I sw -I E)/C
V in
V in V thr V thr - 0,5
V in
The output frequency can be made to respond very rapidly to an abrupt change in Vin by selecting a small value for CF which entails a large ripple voltage for Vin of LM331.
C. Sauriol
Rev. 1/17/2003
V to F Converter
Page 5-
V to F Converter
BASIC F TO V CONVERTER
+1 5 V
10k 7 3k 6 in
12K
8 Vcc
0, 1 F 6, 8K
100k
+
1 0 0 k 0, 1 F 0, 1 F DC OUTPUT +1 0 mV to +1 0 V
5K
15k
10k
+5V
V in
0V
V THR V in(IC)
+7,5V +2,5V +9V
+12,5V
SET
PW
SET
+10V
V CT
0V
0A
PW
V to F Converter
Page 6-
V to F Converter
( ) R
PW Tin 2
Vref RS
1, 1 RT CT Fin RL =
The above TF allows us to determine the rise and fall times of Vout in response to an input frequency jump. The approximate value can be determined from the first cutoff frequency:
tr = t f
The internal latch SET pulsewidth (PW set) must be less than the current pulsewidth PW T = 1,1 RTCT , otherwise the circuit will not work properly. PW set is determined by the input coupling capacitor and the input resistance
10 K 10 K . V VF = 5 K 470 p Ln 12.5 7.5 = 2.83 s PWSET = Rin Cin Ln 1 9 7.5 V2 VF PWT = 1,1 RT CT = 1,1 6.8 K 0.01 = 74.8 s
NOTE: PW set = 2.83 s may not be long enough to set the internal RS latch - minimum time not specified.
NOTE: If the input square wave has a large amplitude, the protection diodes will turn on and the exponential pulses at the junction of the two 10K resistors will have two time constants, that is:
(10 K 10 K + 3 K ) 470 p
(10 K
C. Sauriol
Rev. 1/17/2003
V to F Converter
Page 7-
V to F Converter
APPENDIX 1 Derivation Of Output Ripple Voltage
N O RTO N
THEVENI N V C1
R2
V C2
R1
V C1
R2
V C2
I SW
R1
C1
C2
I R SW 1
V TH
C1
C2
I R SW 1 V TH
0V
PW
V O U T (D C )
V C1 V O U T (D C ) V C2
VC1 ( PP )
1 = R1C1
t2
V
t1
TH ( AC)
dt =
( ))
PW T
VC1 ( PP ) = VC 2 ( PP ) = VC 2 ( PP )
1 PW IS R1 1 R1C1 1 R2 C2
t2
( ( ))= R1C PW
1 1
IS R1
1 1 PW T
)
( )
2
VC1 ( AC ) dt =
t1
1 R1 C1
1 2
VC 1 ( PP ) T 1 = 2 2
1 VC1 ( PP ) T 8 R1C1
1 T 1 = PW 2 IS R1 R1C1 8 R1 C1
1 1 PW T
PW T IS R1 = 1 PW 8 R1C1
C. Sauriol
Rev. 1/17/2003
V to F Converter
Page 8-