Air Filtration, ASHRAE 52.2 2007-B - App J Fine vs.

course fiber How filters are tested Energy Impact LCC

John German April 20, 2012

Respirable Particles
Are those that penetrate in to and are deposited in the non-ciliated portion of the lung. Particles larger than 10 microns aerodynamically are not respirable.
ASHRAE 62-2004

Urban Environment 200,000 to over 2 million particles

Typical Offices 100,000 to over 1 million

Hospital Surgery Room 50,000 to 500,000

Semiconductor Cleanroom 10 to 100

State of the Art Cleanroom 0.1 to 1

Dr. Ken Goldstein, Lockwood Greene

Why we filter the Air Fine Particles

an underestimated health risk Ultra-, Nano- or Fine- Particles:
Clear connection between fine particles and health effects (mortality and respiratory problems) Underestimated risk (long term studies) WHO No harmless concentration limit JAMA Vol 287 # 9, March 6, 2002
Provides the strongest evidence to date that long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution common to many metropolitan areas is an important risk factor for cardiopulmonary mortality.

Official requirements under review Europe and U.S.A. PM10 to PM2.5

Particles In Outdoor Air

Clean Air

(magnification 5,000x)

Dirty Air

> 99 % of the number < 1 m

70 % of weight comes from >1 m

wet laid media

at 500X magnification
M 11 ASHRAE

M14 ASHRAE HEPA 99.97%

ULPA 99.999

Is Fiber Size an Issue?

MV 13 glass media
MV 13 synthetic media

Glass Fibers Fine Fibers

Synthetic coarse fibers

What is a filter used filter (SEM slide)

Fine fibers catch all Large fibers
Support structure They do little for efficiency

Small particles
Grow into large Coagulation in the air

particle clusters

In-Situ Testing per ASHRAE Guideline 26-2008

Measurements Air Velocity Temperature/RH Resistance to Airflow Filter Efficiency Particle Counting Consistent Repeatable Setup, eliminates questions Calibrated Met-One 237B
6 Channel laser counter 0.3m-3.0m 2,000,000c/ft3 coincidence

Upstream Verification 10:1 Dilution system it needed

CAMFIL FARR 2012-05-14

Field Study Data Large office building

MERV 14 Filters

Office Building
35 Filters (100% Outdoor air) Manufacturer Type Media P (inWG) 0.4m Eff. (%) P (inWG) 0.4m Eff. (%)

16 Weeks
4V fine 0.15 73 0.17 74 Syn Box coarse 0.20 72 0.41 25/19*

Initial performance

Final performance

* 16 week /52 week Tested AHU next to test AHUs common intake 12 months in use

MERV 14 Filter

Penetration 420,000 Particles/ft3

Fine Fiber Media

72% @ 0.3 Outside Air 1,500,000 Particles/ft3 72% @ 0.3

Coarse Fiber Media

25% @ 0.3

1,125,000 Particles/ft3

What is MERV?
MMinimum EEfficiency RReporting VValue
MERV is a single number value for the engineering community by which to select an air filter. It indicates how a filter performs at its lowest point of particle capture efficiency.

ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007-B With Appendix J

This standard establishes a test procedure for evaluating the performance of aircleaning devices as a function of particle size.

 Non Mandatory App J

SPECIFIABLE MERV-A The filter should be tested per ASHRAE 52.2 (including Appendix J) The resulting MERV-A must have the same (or higher) numerical value when compared to the MERV value.

Also Added to 52.2

Dust Holding Capacity Dust Weight Arrestance

ASHRAE 52.2 2007-B with appendix J

Two filters will be tested
One per the current method MERV One per the Appendix J MERV-A

The MERV is still based on the E1, E2 and E3 values and Table 12.1 in the current standard The MERV-A is based on the E1-A, E2-A, E3-A values and uses the same table only with the discharged efficiency values

ASHRAE 52.2 B appendix J

Range
Size Range Lower Limit Upper Limit

Geometric Mean Particle Size (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0.30 0.40 0.55 0.70 1.00 1.30 1.60 2.20 3.00 4.00 5.50 7.00

.40 .55 .70 1.00 1.30 1.60 2.20 3.00 4.00 5.50 7.00 10.00

.35 .47 .62 .84 1.14 1.44 1.88 2.57 3.46 4.69 6.20 8.37

Allows the evaluation of a filters efficiency on respirable size particles

Allows selection of a filter based upon the most common particle size of a contaminate.

Typical Minimum Efficiency Curves

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.30 0.47 0.84 1.44 2.57 4.69 8.37

52.2 Equivalent
M 14 M 13 M 11 M8 M4

Efficiency, %

Particle Size, m

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Does Lower Resistance Compromise Air Quality?

Coarse Fiber Media - Declining Performance - Higher Resistance

Fine Fiber Media - Maintained Performance - Maintained Low Resistance

Coarse Fiber vs. Fine Fiber

Filter Pressure Drop
1

Pressure Drop

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

Time

Filter Pressure Drop

1

Presuure Drop

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

Time

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23

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Note:CO2Emi s s i ons ba s edGCO2a ndTreeCa na da webs i tes

Energy Usage Calculation

Energy (E) = (CFM) x (Average Pressure Drop) x (Operating Hrs.)

Fan Efficiency % * 8515

x PC (Cost/Kwh.)

KwhCost 0.076 Enter(CFM) 2000

Hrs.

8760

CO2/100Kwh

90.0 EnterFanEffic.(Indecimal)
Kg/CO2 /Yr. in/w.g. Cost/Yr. $229.35 $231.95 $234.56 $237.17 $239.77 $242.38 $244.99 $247.59 $250.20 $252.80 $255.41 $258.02 $260.62 $263.23 $265.83 $268.44 $271.05 $273.65 $276.26 $278.87 $281.47 2,716 2,747 2,778 2,809 2,839 2,870 2,901 2,932 2,963 2,994 3,025 3,055 3,086 3,117 3,148 3,179 3,210 3,241 3,271 3,302 3,333 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.3 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.4 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47

0.60
Kg/CO2 /Yr. 3,920 3,950 3,981 4,012 4,043 4,074 4,105 4,136 4,167 4,197 4,228 4,259 4,290 4,321 4,352 4,383 4,413 4,444 4,475 4,506 4,537

ListofSelections Prov./State CO2/100Kwh Alabama 60 Alaska 50 Alberta 98 Arizona 60 Arkansas 60 BritishColumbia 3 California 30 Colorado 90 Connecticut 30 Delaware 80 DistrictofColum 160 Florida 60 Georgia 60 Hawaii 80 Idaho 10 Illinois 50 Indiana 100 Iowa 90 Kansas 80 Kentucky 90 Louisiana 50 KwhCost 0.071 0.128 0.121 0.082 0.069 0.072 0.128 0.076 0.148 0.101 0.111 0.105 0.076 0.207 0.049 0.071 0.065 0.069 0.069 25 0.054 0.083
CAMFIL FARR 2012-05-14

Kg/CO2 Kg/CO2 /Yr. /Yr. in/w.g. Cost/Yr. in/w.g. in/w.g. Cost/Yr. 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 $26.06 $28.67 $31.27 $33.88 $36.49 $39.09 $41.70 $44.31 $46.91 $49.52 $52.12 $54.73 $57.34 $59.94 $62.55 $65.16 $67.76 $70.37 $72.97 $75.58 $78.19 309 339 370 401 432 463 494 525 556 586 617 648 679 710 741 772 802 833 864 895 926 0.49 0.5 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 $127.70 1,512 $130.31 1,543 $132.92 1,574 $135.52 1,605 $138.13 1,636 $140.74 1,667 $143.34 1,697 $145.95 1,728 $148.55 1,759 $151.16 1,790 $153.77 1,821 $156.37 1,852 $158.98 1,883 $161.59 1,914 $164.19 1,944 $166.80 1,975 $169.40 2,006 $172.01 2,037 $174.62 2,068 $177.22 2,099 $179.83 2,130 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08

Cost/Yr. $330.99 $333.60 $336.20 $338.81 $341.42 $344.02 $346.63 $349.23 $351.84 $354.45 $357.05 $359.66 $362.27 $364.87 $367.48 $370.08 $372.69 $375.30 $377.90 $380.51 $383.11

Apparent Expense
Filter First Cost

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP

1st Cost
Maintenance Costs
Waste Rem oval

Hidden Costs

sts rgy Co Ene

Performance Problems
Labor Co sts

Inventory Control
Adminis tration C

osts

ues Compliance Iss

ir Qu door A In

ality

Total Cost of Ownership of Air Filters

Energy 70%

Labor & Waste 10%

What does this mean for your facility?

$25,000 toFacility Average $30,000 in 300,000 Energy Savings Potentialto 400,000 CFM

Filters 20%

What is your philosophy on Energy consumption/conservation and how can HVAC filters help to achieve savings on Energy Cost?

Life Cycle Costing (LCC)

Why? The HVAC system is typically the largest energy consumer What? Optimizing filter selection at a given level of efficiency Maximize IAQ, minimize total cost How? Analyzing the cost of a system over its entire life span Goal? minimize total cost of ownership make knowledgeable choices (i.e., first cost shouldnt be the only consideration)

components of Life-Cycle Cost

LCC = Investment + PCenergy + PCmaint. + PCcleaning + PCdisposal
Investment capital cost of filters, frames, installation PCenergy present total cost of power PCmaintenance present total cost of maintenance including filter replacement, etc. PCcleaning present cost of duct cleaning PCdisposal present total cost for removal and disposal of the used filters

lab P vs. real life P

PI = 0.40 WG (100 Pa) PF = 1.20 WG (300 Pa)
1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Simple averaging (Lab) P)

PF

Lab (Average) Life (Actual)

(PI+PF)/2 = 0.8 WG (200 Pa) Actual (Real Life) P PF

Resistance

PI

Dx = 0.67 WG (167 Pa)

PI
time

LCC - the increased cost of energy in USA

LCC Software Analysis

Provides documentation of system design scenarios for up to 3 stages of filtration, includes report, graphs, bar charts Provides ability to run multiple scenarios with same global parameters and different filter selections Offers an optimized solution to you and your client

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Life Cycle Cost analysis

# of filter stages 2 Fan operating hours p/yr. 8760 LCC period 2 years Total CFM 400,000 % return air 70% Outdoor air environment Mod AQ PM 2.5 = 51 to 65 Indoor environment Typical Fan efficiency 60% CO2 emissions 1.323 Lb/kwh

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Example LCC on 3 different options

SOLUTIONONE SCPLEAT SYNBOXM14 ACTUALMA=11 QUANTITY200 INITIALDP.88" FINALDP4.63 AVERAGEDP1.9" #CHANGES9&2 MLE37.6% ECI11.29 SOLUTIONTWO HCPLEAT 4VCARTRIDGEM14 ACTUALMA=14 QUANTITY200 INITIALDP.60 FINALDP1.42 AVERAGEDP.92" #CHANGES4&1 MLE78.7% ECI2.60
SOLUTIONTHREE NOPREFILTER POCKETFILTERM14 ACTUALMA=14 QUANTITY200 INITIALDP.45" FINALDP1.31 AVERAGEDP.76 #OFCHANGES0&2 MLE75% ECI4.52
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CAMFIL FARR 2012-05-14

Results of Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Solution 1 Solution 2 Energy Cost $169,803 $81,942 Filter Cost $30,000 $31,800 Labor Cost $8,400 $3,600 Waste Cost $1,300 $600 CO2 Impact 3,456,146 1,667,845 Landfill Impact 116 yd3 54 yd3 Total Cost TCO $209,503 $117,942 Solution 3 $67,820 $26,000 $2,400 $400 1,380,402 19 yd3 $96,620

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The best LCC solution for filtration will

Meet Leed Reduce waste and disposal Reduce labor Reduce energy cost Reduce your CO2 foot print Reduce your product cost Have a written guarantee Deliver the correct required efficiency Be a Five Star energy product Will be Green

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In Conclusion
Not all filters deliver advertised MERV-A Not all filters last as long DHC Not all filters have the same pressure curves Efficiency on sub micron particles is critical ASHRAE has a standard that when full test reports are viewed will help you select the best filter for your application TCO & LCC will offer the best value to you and your customers

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Thank You