Academic Phrases:

Table of Contents (English-Spanish)

Table of Contents ndice / ndice General / Tabla de Contenido A list of the sections or chapters of the thesis organized in chronological order A list of figures in the thesis organized in chronological order A list of tables in the thesis organized in chronological order

List of Figures

Lista de Figuras

List of Tables

Lista de Tablas

Appendix

Apndice

Glossary

Glosario

Bibliography

Bibliografa

Supplementary material that is collected and attached at the end of the thesis An alphabetical list of technical terms with their definitions A systematic list of books and other works cited A list of words or phrases at the end of the thesis with pointers to where related material can be found in a document

Index

ndice Alfabtico

Opening
Introduction
In this essay/paper/thesis I En este ensayo/tesis General opening for an shall analizar/investigar/evaluar essay/thesis examine/investigate/evaluate ... /analyze

To answer this question, we Para responder esta begin by taking a closer look pregunta, nos enfocaremos at en...

To introduce a specific area of a subject on which you shall focus

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The question, whetherhas La idea de... ha preocupado General opening to been preoccupying the a los expertos desde hace introduce a subject experts for some time. algn tiempo.

It is a well-known fact that

Ya es bien sabido que...

General opening to introduce a subject that is well-known

A great deal is being written Mucho se ha escrito sobre... General opening to and said about introduce a subject

It is generally agreed today Actualmente se concuerda General opening to that en trminos generales con... introduce a subject that is generally agreed upon, but which you would like to question We then review the Examinaremos los factores... Developing your opening to factors describe exactly what your thesis involves We build on this analysis to Nos basaremos en este identify anlisis para identificar... Developing your opening to describe exactly what your thesis involves Introducing the main themes

A persistent theme in...is Un tema persistente en... es...

As an empirical phenomenon ... has been observed repeatedly.

Como fenmeno emprico,... To emphasize the ha sido observado importance of your study repetidamente.

Against this background, the En este contexto, la central question that interrogante central que da motivates this paper is: ... pie a este trabajo es...

Specific statement saying what your study is about, comes after general background information Specific statement of intention for your research

This research explores the causes of

Esta investigacin explora las causas de...

The authors of more recent Los autores de los ms studies have proposed that recientes estudios han propuesto que...
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Used to present the current academic thinking around your chosen subject

Our purpose is to

Tenemos como propsito...

Used to state the main aims of the study

By empirically examining..., Al analizar empricamente..., Used to describe your we hope to produce a more esperamos generar un mejor method and introduce the complete understanding entendimiento de... central aspect of the study of

Definition
By definition means ...es por definicin... Used to define a certain word

For the purposes of this essay, the term will be taken to mean

Para efectos de este ensayo, Used to define a certain el trmino... se definir word como...

It is important to be clear about the definition of

Es importante entender correctamente la definicin de...

Used to define a certain word

The term refers to

El trmino... se refiere a...

Used to define a certain word

The standard model suggests El modelo estndar sugiere Used to describe a word, for that can be defined as que... podra ser definido(a) which a definition has been como... suggested, but leaves the possibility for personal interpretation According to..., is defined De acuerdo con..., ... se as define como... Used to describe a word, for which a definition has been suggested, but leaves the possibility for personal interpretation Used to describe a word, for which a definition has been suggested, but leaves the possibility for personal interpretation Used to describe a word, for which a definition has been

may be defined in many ways. Some people argue that the term denotes

... puede ser definido(a) de muchas formas. Algunos sostienen que el trmino denota...

is commonly understood ... se entiende como... to mean

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suggested, but leaves the possibility for personal interpretation What we usually have in Cuando hablamos de... Used to describe a word, for mind when we talk about generalmente pensamos en... which a definition has been is suggested, but leaves the possibility for personal interpretation Two brief examples might Dos cortos ejemplos podran A statement, after which you clarify this concept. aclarar este concepto. can use examples to define an idea It is important to emphasize Es importante enfatizar... Used when wanting to draw attention to your definition

Our focus is on

Nuestro punto de enfoque ser...

A casual way to define a certain word

Finally, we should clarify our definition of

Finalmente, quisiramos aclarar la definicin de...

Used towards the end of a paragraph, in order to define a certain word Used to further explain a definition or give examples of that definition A statement, after which you can further explain your definition

What we mean is that

Queremos decir...

Several explanations have been offered.

Se han ofrecido varias explicaciones...

We can characterize these Podemos decir que estas Used to clarify the basis for explanations as being rooted explicaciones tienen su base your definition in en...

These explanations Estas explicaciones se complement each other and complementan y ayudan a help to illuminate the aclarar el fenmeno de... phenomenon of

Used after having given two similar examples, which together can be used to define a word

Following..., scholars have argued that

Basados en las afirmaciones Used when there is one clear de X, los expertos han expert in your field, but alegado que... others have contributed towards his definition

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Hypothesis
The central question then becomes: how might affect? La principal interrogante sera: Cmo podra afectar... Used to present the main hypothesis

Given this evidence for..., an examination of the factors that impact upon seems warranted.

Dada la evidencia en el caso Used to present the main de..., parece dar lugar a un hypothesis anlisis de los factores que tienen efecto en...

Over a decade ago, and Hace ms de una dcada, ... Used to present the main started a debate centering on y... comenzaron un debate hypothesis this question: whether centrndose en la interrogante de si...

This research addresses by developing and testing a series of hypotheses indicating how affects...

Esta investigacin se ocupa Used to present the main de... por medio del hypothesis desarrollo y la experimentacin con una serie de hiptesis que indican cmo... afecta...

Thus, following the Siguiendo los argumentos Used to present the main reasoning set forth by..., we establecidos por X, podemos hypothesis hypothesize that suponer que...

Some of these arguments have been formalized by..., but none have been tested.

Algunos de estos Used to introduce the argumentos han sido hypothesis and state that formalizados por X, pero your study is unique ninguno ha sido an puesto a prueba.

The evidence from these La evidencia arrojada por studies suggests a variety of estos estudios sugiere una factors related to variedad de factores relacionados con...

Used to present the factors relevant to your study and your hypothesis

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...found a significant X encontr una relacin correlation between and significativa entre... y ...

Used to point out someone else's work, which has relevance to your own

Main Body
Agreeing
Broadly speaking, I agree with because En trminos generales, coincido con X porque... Used when in general agreement with someone else's point of view

One is very much inclined to Uno tiende a concordar con Used when in general agree with because X ya que... agreement with someone else's point of view I can see his/her point. Comprendo su planteamiento... Used when you believe someone else's point of view is valid, but you do not fully agree Used when in complete agreement with someone else's point of view

I entirely agree that

Coincido totalmente en que...

I endorse wholeheartedly the Respaldo completamente la Used when in complete opinion that idea de que... agreement with someone else's point of view

Disagreeing
Broadly speaking, I disagree En trminos generales, no with because concuerdo con X ya que... Used when in general disagreement with someone else's point of view

One is very much inclined to Tiendo a diferir en gran Used when in general disagree with because medida de X debido a que... disagreement with someone else's point of view I can see his point, but disagree with it entirely. Entiendo su planteamiento, Used when you understand pero difiero completamente. someone else's point of view, but you do not agree with it at all Difiero completamente en Used when in complete relacin a... disagreement with someone else's point of view

I strongly disagree that

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I am firmly opposed to the idea that

Me opongo firmemente a la Used when in complete idea de que... opposition to someone else's point of view

Comparisons
andare similar/different as ... y... son regards to similares/diferentes en cuanto a... An informal way of stating specific similarities or comparisons between two things Used when wanting to emphasize the difference between two things Used when wanting to emphasize the difference between two things

In contrast to, shows En contraste con..., ... muestra...

by contrast with is/are

... en contraste con... es/son...

is similar to in respect of

Used when wanting to emphasize and explain a similarity between two things and differ in terms of... ... y... difieren en relacin Used when wanting to a... emphasize and explain a difference between two things The first, by contrast, the El primero/La primera..., en Used when wanting to second contraste, el segundo/la emphasize the difference segunda... between two things

... es similar a... en lo referente a...

One of the main similarities/differences between and is that

Una de las principales similitudes/diferencias entre... y... es que...

Used when stating specific similarities or comparisons between two things

One difference between Una de las diferencias Used to highlight a and is that, whereas entre... y... es que... mientras difference between two que... things, can be the start of a long list of differences

Opinions
I would say that
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Podra decir que...

Used to give a personal

It seems to me that

A mi parecer...

In my opinion

En mi opinin...

opinion, of which you are not fully confident Used to give a personal opinion, of which you are not fully confident Used to give a personal opinion Used to give a personal opinion Used to give a personal opinion

From my point of view

Desde mi punto de vista...

I am of the opinion that

Soy de la opinin de que...

I believe that there are several reasons. Firstly, Secondly

Considero que existen varias Used when wanting to list razones, en primer lugar,... many reasons for something en segundo lugar,...

It is my belief that because

A mi parecer... debido a que...

Used to give a personal opinion that you are sure of and an explanation of said opinion

Connecting Elements
Let us now analyze/turn to/examine Ahora analicemos/enfoqumonos en/revisemos... Used when changing subject and to start a new paragraph

It is now clear that . Let us turn our attention to

No queda claro si... . Enfoquemos nuestra atencin en...

Used when changing subject and to start a new paragraph

Moreover, one argument against this cannot be ignored:

Adicionalmente, no se puede Used when adding important ignorar la idea de que... information to an already developed argument

Admittedly, but

Es cierto que..., pero...

It is true that, yet the fact Es cierto que..., pero los remains that hechos demuestran que...
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Used when conceding a counter-argument, but wanting to suggest further analysis of your own Used when conceding a counter-argument, but

Granted, , nevertheless Se acepta la idea de que..., sin embargo...,

On the contrary,

Por el contrario,...

On the one hand

Por una parte...

wanting to suggest further analysis of your own Used when conceding a counter-argument, but wanting to suggest further analysis of your own Used when correcting a mistaken belief, after said belief has been stated Used to introduce one side of an argument Used to show another side of an argument. Always used after "on the one hand" Used when making an argument, which goes against certain data or beliefs Used when making an argument, which goes against certain data or beliefs Used when referring to science or past events in history Used when an additional point is thought of that can support your analysis Used when developing a point to a high analytical level

On the other hand

Por otra parte...

In spite of

A pesar de...

Despite the fact that

A pesar de que...

Scientifically/Historically speaking

Desde el punto de vista cientfico / histrico...

Incidentally

Cabe acotar...

Furthermore

Adems,...

Statistical data
Empirical Data
It can be seen from that A partir de... se puede observar que... Used to describe raw data

As can be seen from,

Como se puede ver en...

Used to describe raw data

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The data would seem to suggest that

Los datos parecen sugerir que...

Used to describe raw data

The figures reveal that

La figuras revelan que...

Used to describe raw data

From the figures it is apparent that

Con base en las figuras se puede notar que...

Used to describe raw data

Several noteworthy results were

Varios resultados relevantes Used to describe raw data fueron... that is especially important

The results of the present study demonstrate that

Los resultados del presente estudio demuestran que...

Used to describe raw data

Presenting
The number of has increased/decreased/stayed the same. El nmero de... ha Used to further describe aumentado/disminuido/se ha data, and any relevant trends mantenido.

The statistics show that the number of between and has doubled/halved.

Las estadsticas muestran que el nmero de... entre... y... se ha duplicado/ha disminuido a la mitad.

Used to further describe data, and any relevant trends between a certain time period

The numbers show a steady Los nmeros muestran un Used to further describe increase/decrease from aumento/una reduccin de... data, and any relevant trends to a...

The number of has risen/fallen in correlation to

El nmero de... ha aumentado/descendido en correlacin con...

Used to further describe data, and any relevant trends

Between and one can clearly see that the number of has increased/decreased/stayed the same.

Entre... y... podemos ver claramente que el nmero de... se ha incrementado/ha disminuido/se ha mantenido.

Used to further describe data, and any relevant trends between a certain time period

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...was positively correlated with

... fue asociado positivamente con...

Used to describe the relationship between two sets of data

As predicted,

Como se predijo...

This finding is consistent with X's contention that

Used to further describe data, and confirm your original predictions Este hallazgo es consistente Used to compare your con el argumento de X que results with someone else's expone

This finding reinforces X's assertion that

Este hallazgo afianza la afirmacin de X de que...

Used to show that your results are consistent with someone else's Used to show that your results are consistent with someone else's

Consistent with X's findings, En concordancia con los ...is positively related to hallazgos de X, ... se relaciona positivamente con...

Concluding
The statistics show that Las estadsticas muestran que... Used to develop your ideas and to infer what the statistics mean in a broader sense Used to develop your ideas and to infer what the statistics mean in a broader sense Used to develop your ideas and to infer what the statistics mean in a broader sense

According to the statistics Segn las estadsticas,...

When one looks at the Cuando observamos las statistics, one can see that estadsticas podemos ver que...

Statistically speaking

Desde el punto de vista estadstico...

Taking into account the statistical data, we can surmise that

Used to develop your ideas and to infer what the statistics mean in a broader sense Tomando en cuenta los datos Used to develop your ideas estadsticos, podemos inferir and to infer what the que... statistics mean in a broader sense

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The implications of this Las implicaciones de esta Used to develop your ideas research are manifold. First, investigacin son mltiples. and give several conclusions is critical because Primero,... es crucial of your results porque...

The current study has practical implications as well. First, ...is intuitively appealing and is easily understood by strategists.

El estudio actual tiene implicaciones prcticas tambin. Primero,... es interesante y es fcilmente comprendido por los estrategas.

Used to develop your ideas and give several conclusions of your results

Graphs, Pictures and Diagrams

Description
The graph shows thatstarted climbing steadily, peaking at, and flattened out at a level of El grfico muestra que... Used when describing a comenz su ascenso trend in a graph constantemente, alcanzando su punto mximo en... y luego se mantuvo al nivel de...

According to the diagram, the number ofrose sharply betweenand, before plunging back down to its original level.

De acuerdo al diagrama, el Used when describing a nmero de... aument de trend in a graph forma importante entre... y..., antes de caer a su nivel original.

The graphs show a plateau at the level of

Los grficos muestran un aplanamiento a nivel de...

Used when a graph levels out

Within the picture is contained

Dentro de la figura se encuentra...

Used when describing a picture

The diagram depicts that El diagrama delinea que Used when describing the there were hubo ms... que... entre... y... information in diagram morethanbetweenand

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Interpretation
This diagram representsand therefore shows that Este diagrama representa... y Used for deeper por ello muestra que... interpretation of a diagram and to explain it

The shape of the graph demonstrates that

La forma del grfico demuestra que...

Used for deeper interpretation of a graph and to explain it

There is a clearly defined El grfico muestra un patrn Used for deeper pattern to the graph, and this claramente definido y a interpretation of a graph and can be taken to mean that partir de esto se puede to explain it suponer que...

The graph can thus be used As, con el grfico podemos Used when a future trend in to predict predecir... a graph can be assumed

One can interpret the graph Uno podra interpretar un in several ways. Firstly it grfico de muchas formas. shows En primer lugar muestra...

Used when there are several ways of explaining a graph

Legends
Figurerepresenting La figura... representa... Used as text below a diagram Used as text below a diagram Used as text below a diagram Used as text below a diagram

Figureshowing

La figura... muestra...

Diagramexamining

El diagrama... analiza...

Diagramdepicting

El diagrama... representa...

Closing
Summarizing
We opened this paper by noting
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En la introduccin de este trabajo mencionamos...

Used to begin a summary of the thesis

The foregoing discussion has attempted to

La discusin anterior ha tenido la intencin de...

Used to describe what you have tried to achieve in the thesis Used to describe the data you used and how it aided your arguments

The hypotheses were tested Las hiptesis fueron with data covering examinadas con los datos relacionados con...

To sum up

En resumen,...

In summary,

En sntesis,...

Used as a general opening to describe what you have tried to achieve in the thesis Used as a general opening to describe the what you have tried to achieve in the thesis

Concluding
We feel that our study enhances academic understanding of the factors Creemos que nuestro estudio Used to give an overview of contribuye a mejorar el the thesis and to state the entendimiento acadmico de main outcome of the thesis los factores...

All in all

En definitiva,...

Used to give a general assessment of the thesis

By and large

En trminos generales,...

Used to give a general assessment of the thesis Used to give a definite conclusion with solid arguments to support it

leads us to the conclusion ... nos lleva a la conclusin that de que...

The arguments given above Los argumentos antes Used to give a definite prove that mencionados prueban que... conclusion with solid arguments to support it We can see then, that Podemos evidenciar que... Used to give a definite conclusion after having written your supporting

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All of this points to the fact Todo esto apunta a... that

Understanding...can help reveal

Tener un mejor entendimiento de... puede ayudar a develar...

arguments Used to give a definite conclusion after having written your supporting arguments Used to give evidence, which further supports your conclusion

On balance

En resumen...

Used to give an unbiased assessment of your findings

A number of restrictions of our study and areas for future research should be mentioned

Debemos mencionar ciertas Comes in the conclusion of restricciones que tuvo the thesis to acknowledge nuestro estudio y algunas any limiting factors reas que pueden ser analizadas en el futuro...

Thus, our thesis is that there As, nuestra tesis establece are a number of factors que hay cierto nmero de that factores...

Used to give a definite conclusion

Clearly, some of propositions that we have offered are not entirely unique

Sin duda, algunas de las proposiciones que hemos ofrecido no son totalmente nuevas...

Used to acknowledge borrowed ideas

However, we submit that the Sin embargo, planteamos contribution of our paper que la contribucin de rests on three areas nuestro trabajo se basa en tres reas...

Used to emphasize the main conclusions of the thesis

Our study serves as a Nuestro estudio da pie a un Used to express what the window to an understanding proceso de entendimiento... thesis aimed to explain of the process

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Citation
Academic Citation
Author's surname, author's initials. (Year of publication). Title of book. Place of publication: name of publisher. Apellido del autor, iniciales del autor. (Ao de publicacin). Ttulo del libro. Lugar de publicacin: nombre de la editorial. Harvard Style: a very common citation method for many types of academic papers, and the standard method used in the UK

Author's surname, Author's first name. Title of book. Place of publication: name of publisher, year of publication.

Apellido del autor, Primer nombre del autor. Ttulo del libro. Lugar de la publicacin: nombre de la editorial, ao de la publicacin.

MLA Style: commonly used in the US and Canada for language, literature and media publications

Author's surname and initials. Title of book. # ed.[if not 1st] Place of publication: publisher's name; year of publication.

Apellido del autor e Vancouver System: used for iniciales. Ttulo del libro. physical science and nro. de edicin [a excepcin medicine papers de la primera]. Lugar de publicacin: nombre de la editorial; ao de publicacin.

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Abbreviations
Academic Abbreviations
app. (appendix) ap. (apndice) Used when there are relevant files added to the work Used when quantity is unknown List of sources used

approx. (approximately)

aprox. (aproximadamente)

bibliog. (bibliography)

bibl. (bibliografa)

ca. (circa)

circ. (circa)

Used when estimating a quantity A defined section of the work The vertical part of a table

ch. (chapter)

cap. (captulo)

col. (column)

col. (columna)

diss. (dissertation)

disertacin

A complete work on a specific subject Used when the work has been altered by a third party Used when giving an example Used when trying to define something more clearly Used when stating an infinite list, literally meaning 'and so forth' A diagram that accompanies part of the work Used when developing an idea, literally meaning 'therefore' or 'that is' Used when adding something to a list Used when a person is required to take note of

ed. (edited by)

editado por

e.g. (exempli gratia)

p. ej. (por ejemplo)

esp. (especially)

especialmente

etc. (et cetera)

etc. (etctera)

fig. (figure)

fig. (figura)

i.e. (id est)

es decir,...

incl. (including)

incl.

N.B. (nota bene)

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N.B. (nota bene)

p. (page)

p. (pgina)

something important Each individual side of paper in a manuscript Several sides of paper in a manuscript A short paragraph that provides a background to a study Used to name the person who has published the work Used when the work has been altered slightly by someone to make it more relevant to the current audience Used when the work is not an original, but a direct copy

pp. (pages)

pp. (pginas)

pref. (preface)

Prefacio

pub. (published by)

publicado por

rev. (revised by)

revisado por

rpt. (reprint)

reedicin / nueva edicin / reimpresin

trans. (translated by)

traducido por

vol. (volume)

t.

Used when the work has been translated into another language Indicates a specific volume or section of work

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