3G Basics and Overview of Few Questionnaires

Difference in GSM & WCDMA

FDD Technical summary-WCDMA

Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz (Frequency Division Duplex) UL and DL Minimum frequency band required: ~ 2x5MHz Frequency re-use: 1 Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: ~196 (spreading factor 256 UL, AMR 7.95kbps) / ~98 (spreading factor 128 UL, AMR 12.2kbps) Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8 kHz) Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data Duplexer needed (190MHz separation), Asymmetric connection supported Receiver sensitivity: Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm at BER of 10-3 Data type: Packet and circuit switch Modulation: QPSK Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22 Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps Channel raster: 200 kHz Maximum user data rate (Physical channel): ~ 2.3Mbps (spreading factor 4, parallel codes (3 DL / 6 UL), 1/2 rate coding), but interference limited. Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( ~ 2 Mbps) in the near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) Channel bit rate: 5.76Mbps Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips) Number of slots / frame: 15 Number of chips / slot: 2560 chips Handovers: Soft, Softer, (interfrequency: Hard)

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Power control period: Time slot = 1500 Hz rate Power control step size: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable) Power control range: UL 80dB, DL 30dB Mobile peak power: Power class 1: +33 dBm (+1dB/-3dB) = 2W; class 2 +27 dBm, class 3 +24 dBm, class 4 +21 dBm Number of unique base station identification codes: 512 / frequency Physical layer spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 D

What is difference between RSSI and RSCP?

RSSI It is the combination of all signals received on the downlink frequency ( in fdd mode ) of the WCDMA system. As such it is also referred to as the total noise on the downlink . It is the equivalent of rtwp on the uplink. However RSCP is the code power of the cpich after dE-coding.

Case Study on 3G?

Case: What happen when 2G voice call is going on and 3G Video Incoming In that case If UE is on 2G then 3G video call cannot terminate. Mobile must latch on 3G for video call. And Caller party of 3G Video call get answer that the video call is not supported by the mobile terminating subscriber. The reason can be that the UE is not supporting it or the network whereon the UE is connected is not supporting it. In this case it is the network.

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Analysis of WCDMA dropped calls

General reception will be some of the data reported to OSS, when the user dropped calls, will be the latest signaling and wireless environment (such as the CPICH Ec / No, the load cell) is stored in OSS or any reporting suite. Analysis as follows: 1.first analysis of signaling, see signaling has not been completed, such as the UE did not back the response, leading to RNC release the connection, it is a passive release; or may RNC internal link failure, AAL2 out chain, RNC initiate release; 2, if a passive release condition in check was the wireless, UE reception quality and residential status, if the CPICH Ec / No is too small and out of step; 3, analyzing individual users, to classify, because if a larger proportion accounted for, we must analyze the specific, such as AAL2 link fails, then transfer to check whether there are problems; If a cell appears UE as Ec / No too small to dropped calls, it may be a bad cell coverage. 4, short, summary by category to find the reasons are given solutions.

Power control is achieved through which Channel in WCDMA?

Uplink : RACH, CPCH in used for open loop power control. Downlink: DPCCH is used for closed loop Power Control.

What are the Measurement Reports in UMTS?

Reports are of 7 types in general. 1) Intra frequency Reports 2) Inter Frequency Reports 3) Inter RAT frequency Reports 4) UE Positioning requirements Reports 5) Traffic Volume measurements Reports 6) Quality measurements Reports 7) UE-Internal measurements Reports

Idea about Capacity of the UMTS Node B?

Depends on five things: 1. Capacity: If the subscriber near, no noise, each subscriber uses less power> increase capacity. Large areas can reduce the capacity. 2. Signal quality (EC / No, RxQuality): If the service quality requirements are high, the cell size decreases. Cell interference (including interference with cell, interference from other cells, and interference from other sources) also reduces capacity. This capacity is not related to each other should be split into two children. 3. OVFS code: this is a hard limit of 3G. OVFS not fully upgraded. (Now you want to understand it, to understand). Only adding the cell. 4. Channel Element: Baseband processor components. This shared the same cell of a node B. That is 3-cell (or 4, 5, 6-cell) can use them. 5. Iub bandwidth: bandwidth from Node B to RNC. There are also other restrictions from the device as: License, limitations of equipment, ... but this does not affect much too.

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In the 5th: Power is the most important components of capacity decisions. OVFS is the code, the limit of the WCDMA 3G technology (WCDMA, which is the code.) Channel Element is a hardware limitation.

UMTS Interview Question:Range of Spreading Factors

Range of Spreading Factors: Downlink : 4 to 512 Uplink: 4 to 256

Uplink vs. Downlink modulation tech

UMTS Modulation Technique: Uplink vs. Downlink modulation: Downlink uses QPSK Uplink uses Dual BPSK

One liner facts about 3G,WCDMA,UMTS

UMTS supports two modes TDD and FDD. DPCCH has fixed Spreading Factor of 256. Spreading Factor 256 is equals to 15 kbps data rate. CPCH channel only available in FDD mode. Uplink RACH, CPCH in the transmission of the initialization process for open loop power control. Closed loop up and down the line DPDCH power control, power control commands sent in the corresponding DPCCH.

THE SPREADING PROCESS WCDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading, where spreading process is done by directly combining the baseband information to high chip rate binary code. The Spreading Factor is the ratio of the chips (UMTS = 3.84Mchips/s) to baseband information rate. Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS. Spreading process gain can in expressed in dBs (Spreading factor 128 = 21dB gain). See spreading page for more details.

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WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition

Logical Channel = information container Defined by <What type of information> is transferred Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission Described by <How> and with <What characteristics> data is transmitted over the radio interface Physical Channel = specification of the information global content providing the real transmission resource, maybe a specific set of codes and phase

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Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel, Common Traffic Channel (CTCH): a point-to-multipoint downlink channel
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): a downlink channel that broadcasts all system Paging Control Channel (PCCH): a downlink channel that transfers paging information. Common Control Channel (CCCH): a bi-directional channel Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel

Broadcast Channel (BCH): a downlink channel Paging Channel (PCH): a downlink channel Random Access Channel (RACH): a contention based uplink channel Forward Access Channel (FACH): a common downlink channel Dedicated Channel (DCH): a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or Downlink.

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SIB(System Information Block) and their Details

SIB1: NAS Information. UE Timers and counters to be used in RRC Idle & Connected State SIB2: List of URA Identities SIB3: Parameters for Cell Selection and Reselection SIB4: Same as SIB3 but used in Connected State SIB5: Configuration parameters of common physical channels in a cell. PCH and PICH Info (CPCH) SIB6: Configuration of Common and Shared physical channel SIB7: Contains fast changing UL interface params and dynamic. As this is changes often so controlled by timer SIB8: Used in FDD. Static CPCH info of cell. Used in Connected mode only SIB9: CPCH info. As it changed often, controlled by timers connected mode only. SIB10: DRAC Procedure, used when CELL_DCH controlled by timer SIB11: Measurement control information to be used in CELL SIB12: Same as SIB11 but used in connected mode only SIB13: For ANSI-41. It also has 4 associated SIBS 13.1 to 13.4. Reference to sub blocks. Used when System is ANSI-41. SIB14: Parameters for common and dedicated physical DPCH UL outer loop power control info for TDD SIB15: Assistance info for UE positioning. Used to reduce signaling by position. 15.1 to 15.5 sub sibs. SIB16: Predefined channel conf. used while hand over. Radio Bearer transport channel, physical channel params to be stored by UE in idle/connected mode. Several occurrences but UE does not bother. SIB17: Shared channel info for TDD only SIB18: PLMN Identities of neighboring cells. Used in Shared Access N/w with the cell reselection process

Why We have Different AMR Source rates?

Why We have Different AMR Source rates: 12.2 (GSM-EFR), 10.2, 7.95, 7.40 (IS-641), 6.70 (PDC-EFR), 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75 kbps?Is there any benefit to keep 7.95 and 7.40? We have different Source rates to compitable with current technology. For example:7.4 kbps is equal to the US-TDMA speech codec. 6.7 kbps is equal to the Japanese PDC codec.

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WCDMA AIR INTERFACE PROTOCOL STACKS

The Media Access Control (MAC) data communication protocol sub-layer, also known as the Medium Access Control, is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the seven-layer OSI model (layer 2). It provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multi-point network, typically a local area network (LAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN). The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a Medium Access Controller.
Many functions are managed by the RRC layer. Here is the list of the most important:

Establishment, re-establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection

between the UE and UTRAN: it includes an optional cell re-selection, an admission control, and a layer 2 signaling link establishment. When a RNC is in charge of a specific connection towards a UE, it acts as the Serving RNC.

Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers: a number of Radio Bearers

can be established for a UE at the same time. These bearers are configured depending on the requested QoS. The RNC is also in charge of ensuring that the requested QoS can be met.

Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection: it
handles the assignment of radio resources (e.g. codes, shared channels). RRC

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communicates with the UE to indicate new resources allocation when handovers are managed.

Paging/Notification: it broadcasts paging information from network to UEs.

Broadcasting of information provided by the non-access stratum (Core Network) or access Stratum. This corresponds to system information regularly repeated.

UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting: RRC indicates what to measure,
when and how to report.

Outer loop power control: controls setting of the target values. Control of ciphering: provides procedures for setting of ciphering.
The RRC layer is defined in the 25.331 specification from 3GPP. The RLCs main function is the transfer of data from either the user or the control plane over the Radio interface. Two different transfer modes are used: transparent and non-transparent. In non-transparent mode, 2 sub-modes are used: acknowledged or unacknowledged. RLC provides services to upper layers:

data transfer (transparent, acknowledged and unacknowledged modes), QoS setting: the retransmission protocol (for AM only) shall be configurable by layer 3 to
provide different QoS, notification of unrecoverable errors: RLC notifies the upper layers of errors that cannot be resolved by RLC. The RLC functions are:

Mapping between higher layer PDUs and logical channels, Ciphering: prevents unauthorized acquisition of data; performed in RLC layer for nontransparent RLC mode, Segmentation/reassembly: this function performs segmentation/reassembly of variablelength higher layer PDUs into/from smaller RLC Payload Units. The RLC size is adjustable to the actual set of transport formats (decided when service is established). Concatenation and padding may also be used,

Error correction: done by retransmission (acknowledged data transfer mode only),

Flow control: allows the RLC receiver to control the rate at which the peer RLC transmitting entity may send information. RLC provides 3 different mode: 1. transparent

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2. unacknowledged 3. acknowledged mode Each mode provides a different set of services to the higher layers.

Some of them are segmentation and reassembly concatenation reliable transfering data flow control in-sequence delivery Error correction by ARQ(automatic repeat request)

The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol belongs to the UMTS WCDMA protocol stack and handles the control plane signalling of Layer 3 between the UEs (User Equipment) and the UTRAN. It includes: Functions for connection establishment and release, Broadcast of system information, Radio bearer establishment/reconfiguration and release, RRC connection mobility procedures, Paging notification and release, Outer loop power control.

There can only be one RRC connection open to a UE at any one time

Name the 4 RRC Connected Modes (states) and describe the characteristics of each.
Cell-DCH: UE has been allocated a dedicated physical channel in Uplink and downlink. Cell-FACH: UE listens to RACH channel (DL) and is allocated a FACH channel (UL). Small amounts of UL/DL data can be transfers in this state. The RNC tracks the UE down to the cell level and cell reselections are possible with the CELL UPDATE message. Cell-PCH: UE monitors (using discontinuous reception) a PCH channel (PCH) indicated by the PICH channel. The RNC tracks the UE down to the cell level and cell reselections are possible with the CELL UPDATE message. No data can be transferred in the UL in this state. URA-PCH: UE monitors (using discontinuous reception) a PCH channel (PCH) indicated by the PICH channel. The RNC tracks the UE down to the URA level.

Whats advantage of 64 Scrambling Code Group in WCDMA?

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There are in all 512 Scrambling codes in Downlink, they are divided in 64 groups with each group containing 8 codes. When UE does the initial access to the cell, it first finds out the correct group out of 64 groups by using Primary and Secondary synchronizations channels, once it finds the correct group then it applies all the 8 PSC of that group to pilot bits of CPICH to get the correct PSC. Thus the overall process becomes quicker in comparison to applying all the 512 codes to find the correct PSC.

If a UE is on a data call (CELL-DCH state) and there is in no activity for awhile what would you expect to see occur?
UE should go from CELL-DCH to CELL-FACH then if still no activity to either CELL-PCH or URA-PCH (via CELL-FACH). If they talk about inactivity timers and mention that the state goes from CELL-DCH straight to CELL-PCH or URA-PCH that is also possible. Bonus they say they would see RADIO BEARER RECONFIGURATION messages when the states are changing

What is Difference between ARQ and HARQ?

ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request), which is used in UMTS, a package received in error will be discarded and a retransmission will be requested. If the retransmission is also erroneous, another retransmission will be requested. Using HARQ, an erroneous package will be stored at the receiver and a retransmission will be requested. Even if the retransmission is faulty, the receiver attempts to combine the two erroneous packages to reproduce the original package. The 3GPP selected HARQ for retransmissions due to its Ability to quickly retransmit packets. HARQ functionality Is implemented at the MAC layer to decrease delays.

What is benefit of shorter TTI in HSDPA?

1) After every TTI the resources can be redistributed among the users. Therefore, the resource usage is more efficient. 2) Each UE reports about the channel quality after every TTI by sending the CQI. 3) CQI is sent after the very short period of time of 2 ms, it is possible to effectively perform link adaptation even in rapidly changing conditions.

What is Latency in HSDPA?

Latency is the time a packet needs to travel from sender to receiver. While UMTS typically features an end-to-end latency of approximately 200ms, HSDPA manages to lower the delay times in transmission to around 100ms.

What is Link Adaption?

HSDPA uses link adaptation, which means the way of transmission is changed according to the quality of the channel conditions. If a user is in favorable conditions, for example close to the nearest antenna tower, this user will be assigned a high data rate. When the user moves into worse channel conditions, for example far away from the antenna tower, the transmission parameters will be changed accordingly and thus the data rate will be decreased.

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If my MS is on Video Call & it takes Handover from UMTS Cell to GSM Cell. So would my Video Call Services Terminated or Converted to circuit switch speech call ?
As far I am concern I believe that after handover to GSM The video call will stop... Bcoz there UMTS is a separate technology and hence GSM will not support the RAB assignment process used for data rates. Only the speech will go to GSM as an Speech voice call. Bcoz the The Video call is an CS data call hence it can't go the GPRS with low data rates. In my opinion, if handover between UMTS and GSM is successful, and if there is HSCSD feature enabled as the pool type on the target cell, voice call will continue, although it will be useless to use due to insufficient data speed. The speed of the transfer itself is not a parameter for a call drop, so the voice call cant be dropped as long as there is HSCSD enabled and sufficient TCH on A interface. Voice call would be maintained in either case.

Call Setup

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Basic Mobile Originating Call Diagram

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Paging
The Paging Channel (PCH) is a downlink transport channel. The PCH is always transmitted over the entire cell. The transmission of the PCH is associated with the transmission of physical-layer generated Paging Indicators, to support efficient sleep-mode procedures. Paging Channel selection System information block type 5 (SIB 5) defines common channels to be employed in Idle mode. In a cell, a single or several PCHs may be established. Each Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH) indicated to the UE in system information may carry up to one PCH. Thus, for each defined PCH there is one uniquely associated PICH also indicated. In case that more than a single PCH and associated PICH are defined in SIB 5, the UE shall perform a selection according to the following rule: The UE shall select a SCCPCH from the ones listed in SIB 5 based on IMSI as follows: "Index of selected SCCPCH" = IMSI mod K, where K is equal to the number of listed SCCPCHs which carry a PCH (i.e. SCCPCHs carrying FACH only shall not be counted). These SCCPCHs shall be indexed in the order of their occurrence in SIB 5 from 0 to K-1. "Index of selected SCCPCH" identifies the selected SCCPCH with the PCH and the uniquely associated PICH to be used by the UE. If the UE has no IMSI, for instance when making an emergency call without USIM, the UE shall use as default number IMSI = 0. The UE may use Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in idle mode in order to reduce power consumption. When DRX is used the UE needs only to monitor one Page Indicator, PI, in one Paging Occasion per DRX cycle. The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the paging indicators. The PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped. Picture below illustrates the frame structure of the PICH. One PICH radio frame of length 10 ms consists of 300 bits. Of these, 288 bits are used to carry paging indicators. The remaining 12 bits are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted (DTX). The part of the frame with no transmission is reserved for possible future use.

Structure of Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

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Two Paging Procedures: Paging procedure is used to transmit paging information to selected UEs in idle mode, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state using the paging control channel (PCCH). Upper layers in the network may request paging, to e.g. establish a signaling connection. UTRAN may initiate paging for UEs in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state to trigger a cell update procedure. In addition, UTRAN may initiate paging for UEs in idle mode, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH state to trigger reading of updated system information. UTRAN initiates the paging procedure by transmitting a PAGING TYPE 1 message on an appropriate paging occasion on the PCCH. UE dedicated paging procedure is used to transmit dedicated paging information to one UE in connected mode in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state. Upper layers in the network may request initiation of paging. For a UE in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state, UTRAN initiates the procedure by transmitting a PAGING TYPE 2 message on the DCCH using AM RLC. Two Paging Message Types: PAGING TYPE 1 message is used to send information on the paging channel. One or several UEs, in idle or connected mode, can be paged in one message, which also can contain other information PAGING TYPE 2 message is used to page an UE in connected mode (CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state), when using the DCCH for CN originated paging. PICH / S-CCPCH timing relation Picture below illustrates the timing between a PICH frame and its associated single S-CCPCH frame, i.e. the S-CCPCH frame that carries the paging information related to the paging indicators in the PICH frame. A paging indicator set in a PICH frame means that the paging message is transmitted on the PCH in the S-CCPCH frame starting tPICH chips after the transmitted PICH frame.

Timing relation between PICH frame and associated S-CCPCH frame tPICH = 7680 chips (3 slots)

Paging Block Periodicity (PBP): Period of the occurrence of Paging Blocks. (For FDD, PBP = 1).

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Paging occasion: (FDD) The SFN of the PICH frame where the UE monitors its paging indicator (i.e. the SFN of the PCCPCH frame in which the PICH frame begins).

Compressed Mode:During inter-frequency handover the UEs must be given time to make the necessary measurements on the different WCDMA carrier frequency. 1 to 7 slots per frame can be allocated for the UE to perform this intra frequency (hard handover). These slots can either be in the middle of the single frame or spread over two frames. This compressed mode operation can be achieved in three different methods: Decreasing the spreading factor by 2:1. This will increase the data rate so bits will get sent twice as fast. Puncturing bits. This will remove various bits from the original data and hence reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted. The higher layer scheduling could also be changed to use less timeslots for user traffic.

What is compressed mode, what is it's function, and what impact does it have on the network?
Compressed mode is when the mobile goes into a slotted transmit mode whereby it opens up an idle period (transmission gap) where it can monitor another carrier or technology (GSM). The impact is that to maintain the same bit rate, it halves the SF, and therefore increases power level causing higher interference to the network. If the SF cannot be halved then the bit rate of the bearer decreases. If they seem knowledgably, ask them if they know what messages and events trigger and configure compressed mode on/off. 2D event for on, 2F for off. Messages would for configuration would be RADIO BEARER RECONFIGURATION, TRANSPORT CHANNEL RECONFIGFURATION or PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION.

UMTS Handover
There are following categories of handover (also referred to as handoff): Hard Handover Hard handover means that all the old radio links in the UE are removed before the new radio links are established. Hard handover can be seamless or non-seamless. Seamless hard handover means that the handover is not perceptible to the user. In practice a handover that requires a change of the carrier frequency (inter-frequency handover) is always performed as hard handover. Soft Handover Soft handover means that the radio links are added and removed in a way that the UE always keeps at least one radio link to the UTRAN. Soft handover is performed by means of macro diversity, which refers to the condition that several radio links are active at the same time. Normally soft handover can be used when cells operated on the same frequency are changed. Softer handover

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Softer handover is a special case of soft handover where the radio links that are added and removed belong to the same Node B (i.e. the site of co-located base stations from which several sector-cells are served. In softer handover, macro diversity with maximum ratio combining can be performed in the Node B, whereas generally in soft handover on the downlink, macro diversity with selection combining is applied. Generally we can distinguish between intra-cell handover and inter-cell handover. For UMTS the following types of handover are specified: Handover 3G -3G (i.e. between UMTS and other 3G systems) FDD soft/softer handover FDD inter-frequency hard handover FDD/TDD handover (change of cell) TDD/FDD handover (change of cell) TDD/TDD handover Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. handover to GSM) Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. handover from GSM)

The most obvious cause for performing a handover is that due to its movement a user can be served in another cell more efficiently (like less power emission, less interference). It may however also be performed for other reasons such as system load control. Active Set is defined as the set of Node-Bs the UE is simultaneously connected to (i.e., the UTRA cells currently assigning a downlink DPCH to the UE constitute the active set). Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the CELL_INFO_LIST belong to the Monitored Set. Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in the active set belong to the Detected Set. Reporting of measurements of the detected set is only applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state. The different types of air interface measurements are: Intra-frequency measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels at the same frequency as the active set. A measurement object corresponds to one cell. Inter-frequency measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels at frequencies that differ from the frequency of the active set. A measurement object corresponds to one cell. Inter-RAT measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels belonging to another radio access technology than UTRAN, e.g. GSM. A measurement object corresponds to one cell. Traffic volume measurements: measurements on uplink traffic volume. A measurement object corresponds to one cell. Quality measurements: Measurements of downlink quality parameters, e.g. downlink transport block error rate. A measurement object corresponds to one transport channel in case of BLER. A measurement object corresponds to one timeslot in case of SIR (TDD only). UE-internal measurements: Measurements of UE transmission power and UE received signal level. UE positioning measurements: Measurements of UE position. The UE supports a number of measurements running in parallel. The UE also supports that each measurement is controlled and reported independently of every other measurement. What is an active set, monitor set and detected set? What is an active set, monitor set and detected set? Active Set: the set of cells with which the UE is currently connected/communicating with; DriveTT usually show them as SC or Pilots but they are actually cells; Monitored Set: Cells that the UE has detected and is monitoring and are known to the network, they either don't meet the criteria or the active set is full;

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Detected Set - Cells that the UE has detected but are not known to the network as yet (missing neighbor likely).

What is typically the requirements (criteria) for a cell to be added/removed/replaced to/from/in the active set? For addition (Event 1a), candidate cell needs to have an Ec/Io value that is within a T_ADD threshold of the primary/reference (usually the best) cell for a specify time hysteresis. For removal (event 1b), cell needs to have Ec/Io lower than T_DROP margin for a specific time hysteresis. For replacement (event 1c), cell needs to have an Ec/Io better than the worst cell in the active set by the T_REPLACE and for a specific time hysteresis. What is the typical maximum active set size and what needs to be consider when setting this? 3 to 4 cells, the larger the active set size the more likely it is that Iub link efficiency is reduced (more than one resource for a single connection due to SHO) SHO Overhead High SHO overhead means you have high SHO/single serving cell ratio. This is caused by insufficient down tilt on the antennas or not optimized network design. Also is quite likely you have higher pilot pollution in the network. Solution: analyze the cell coverage and try to limit the cell coverage to it's designated area. The smaller the overlapping areas between the cells - the smaller SHO overhead. Or else you can check "reportingrange1a" window for neighbor addition. If too small can incrs SHO

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What would you define as a pilot polluter? Many definitions: A cell that has high signal strength at a location but is not part of the active set. A cell that meets the criteria for addition into the Active Set but cannot enter because the active set is full.

UMTS Power Control

Open loop power control is the ability of the UE transmitter to sets its output power to a specific value. It is used for setting initial uplink and downlink transmission powers when a UE is accessing the network. The open loop power control tolerance is 9 dB (normal conditions) or 12 dB (extreme conditions) Inner loop power control (also called fast closed loop power control) in the uplink is the ability of the UE transmitter to adjust its output power in accordance with one or more Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands received in the downlink, in order to keep the received uplink Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) at a given SIR target. The UE transmitter is capable of changing the output power with a step size of 1, 2 and 3 dB, in the slot immediately after the TPC_cmd can be derived. Inner loop power control frequency is 1500Hz. The serving cells estimate SIR of the received uplink DPCH, generate TPC commands (TPC_cmd) and transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIRest > SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "0", while if SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "1". Upon reception of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE derives a single TPC command for each slot, combining multiple TPC commands if more than one is received in a slot. Two algorithms are supported by the UE for deriving a TPC_cmd. Which of these two algorithms is used, is determined by a UE-specific higher-layer parameter, "PowerControlAlgorithm". Algorithm 1: The power control step is the change in the UE transmitter output power in response to a single TPC command Algorithm 2: If all five estimated TPC command are "down" the transmit power is reduced by 1 dB If all five estimated TPC command are "up" the transmit power is increased by 1 dB Otherwise the transmit power is not changed

Transmitter power control range

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The transmit power of the downlink channels is determined by the network. The power control step size can take four values: 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 dB. It is mandatory for UTRAN to support step size of 1 dB, while support of other step sizes is optional. The UE generates TPC commands to control the network transmit power and send them in the TPC field of the uplink DPCCH. Upon receiving the TPC commands UTRAN adjusts its downlink DPCCH/DPDCH power accordingly. Outer loop power control is used to maintain the quality of communication at the level of bearer service quality requirement, while using as low power as possible. The uplink outer loop power control is responsible for setting a target SIR in the Node B for each individual uplink inner loop power control. This target SIR is updated for each UE according to the estimated uplink quality (BLock Error Ration, Bit Error Ratio) for each Radio Resource Control connection. The downlink outer loop power control is the ability of the UE receiver to converge to required link quality (BLER) set by the network (RNC) in downlink. Power control of the downlink common channels are determined by the network. In general the ratio of the transmit power between different downlink channels is not specified in 3GPP specifications and may change with time, even dynamically. Additional special situations of power control are Power control in compressed mode andDownlink power during handover. HSDPA in W-CDMA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations includes Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast cell search, and advanced receiver design. In 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards, Release 4 specifications provide efficient IP support enabling provision of services through an all-IP core network and Release 5 specifications focus on HSDPA to provide data rates up to approximately 10 Mbps to support packet-based multimedia services. MIMO systems are the work item in Release 6 specifications, which will support even higher data transmission rates up to 20 Mbps. HSDPA is evolved from and backward compatible with Release 99 WCDMA systems.

Currently (2002) 3GPP is undertaking a feasibility study on high-speed downlink packet access.

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HSPDA and CDMA2000 1xEV-DV Comparison Random Access The Random Access Channel (RACH) is an uplink transport channel. The RACH is always received from the entire cell. The RACH is characterized by a collision risk and by being transmitted using open loop power control.

RACH access slot numbers and their spacing

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RACH preamble is of length 4096 chips and consists of 256 repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips. There are a maximum of 16 available signatures. All 16 preamble signature codes available in every cells. The 10 ms RACH message part radio frame is split into 15 slots, each of length Tslot = 2560 chips. Each slot consists of two parts, a data part to which the RACH transport channel is mapped and a control part that carries Layer 1 control information. The data and control parts are transmitted in parallel. A 10 ms message part consists of one message part radio frame, while a 20 ms message part consists of two consecutive 10 ms message part radio frames. The data part consists of 10*2k bits, where k=0,1,2,3. This corresponds to a spreading factor of 256, 128, 64, and 32 respectively for the message data part.

Structure of the random-access message part radio frame The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry Acquisition Indicators (AI). Acquisition Indicator AIs corresponds to signature s on the PRACH.

Structure of Acquisition Indicator Channel

The Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator channel (AP-AICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry AP acquisition indicators (API) of CPCH. AP acquisition indicator APIs corresponds to AP signature s transmitted by UE. The Collision Detection Channel Assignment Indicator channel (CD/CA-ICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry CD Indicator (CDI) only if the CA is not active, or CD Indicator/CA Indicator (CDI/CAI) at the same time if the CA is active. The structure of CD/CA-ICH is shown in figure 25. CD/CA-

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ICH and AP-AICH may use the same or different channelisation codes. The CD/CA-ICH has a part of duration of 4096chips where the CDI/CAI is transmitted, followed by a part of duration 1024chips with no transmission that is not formally part of the CD/CA-ICH. The part of the slot with no transmission is reserved for possible use by CSICH or possible future use by other physical channels. Uplink Common Packet channel (CPCH) is an extension to the RACH channel for packet-based user data.

PCPCH Access Example:

PCPCH (similar to RACH) and AICH transmission as seen by the UE

DPCCH PCPCH AP-AICH CD/CA-ICH AP CD/CA

Dedicated Physical Control Channel Physical Common Packet Channel Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel Access Preamble Collision Detection/Channel Assignment

Indicators are means of fast low-level signalling entities which are transmitted without using information blocks sent over transport channels. The meaning of indicators is specific to the type of indicator. The indicators defined in the current version of the specifications are: Acquisition Indicator (AI) Access Preamble Indicator (API) Channel Assignment Indicator (CAI) Collision Detection Indicator (CDI) Page Indicator (PI) Status Indicator (SI)

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Indicators may be either boolean (two-valued) or three-valued. Their mapping to indicator channels is channel specific. Indicators are transmitted on those physical channels that are indicator channels (ICH).

WCDMA Spreading
TDD WCDMA uses spreading factors 4 - 512 to spread the base band data over ~5MHz band. Spreading factor in dBs indicates the process gain. Spreading factor 128 = 21 dB process gain). Interference margin is calculated from that: Interference Margin = Process Gain - (Required SNR + System Losses) Required Signal to Noise Ration is typically about 5 dB System losses are defined as losses in receiver path. System losses are typically 4 6 dBs

Overview of Spreading Process

ANKURStop Following

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2G-3G CELL RESELCTION IS NOT HAPPENING EVEN THOUGH THE PARAMETER AT BSC LEVEL AND CELL LEVEL ARE PROPERLY DEFINED(QMIN.=12,RSCPMin=-102),SO WHAT CAN BE THE PROBABLE REASON FOR THIS??
When planning a re-selection from GSM to WCDMA RAN in idle mode and packet idle mode, the following must be taken into account: A WCDMA base station (WBTS) must be defined as a neighbour WCDMA RAN cell for the BTS in the BSC. The following BTS parameters must have appropriate values before mobile-originated cell re-selection to WCDMA RAN is possible: o threshold to search WCDMA RAN cells(Qsearch_I) o fdd and tdd cell reselect offset(fddQoffset) o minimum fdd threshold(fddQmin) CPICH RSCP Based Criterion for 2G to 3G Cell Re-selection introduces two additional parameters for cell re-selection: minimum RSCP threshold(FDR) minimum FDD threshold offset(FDMO) These all parameters are based on NSN Solutions. I think u defined EcNo threshold(Qmin) and RSCP Based Threshold(RSCPmin) but you haven't defined the threshold for searching WCDMA RAN Cells(Qsearch_I). By default its setting is such that No measurement is done for WCDMA Cells. so Please check whether u have enabled the threshold for WCDMA Measurements untill it will not measure the 3G cells and no cell reselection happen.

How to increase CS traffic usage on 3G with Huawei equipment

1). Make Mobile cell reselection more easily from 2G to 3G, check the below parameters: qsearch_i: normally set to 7 (always search 3G in 2G idle mode) qsearch_C_Initial: 0-use qsearch_i to decide, 1-always search fdd_qoffset: decide how many DBs the 3G cell should above or below 2G cell for cell reselection fdd_rep_quant: decide Mobile measure CPICP's RSCP or Ec/No, 0 for RSCP, 1 - Ec/No fdd_multirat_reporting: Number of 3G cells should be reported in the measurement report fdd_qmin: decide how much the target 3G cell's Ec/No should be above this threshold when MS does cell reselection to 3G 2). Make sure that MSC allows 2G to 3G handover Check SERVICE HANDOVER IE in ASSIGNMENT REQUEST message and HANDOVER REQUEST message allow 2G to 3G handover if MSC enalbes this option 3). Make 2G to 3G handover more easier a). Reduce umts_cpich_ec_no_min or umts_cpich_rscp_min b). Increase the HO margin value of 2G cells, then the 2G cells will be harder to become HO candidate.

3G RRC Connection Failure -No Reply

RRC failures due to No Reply is usually due to No acknowledgement from UE back to Node B during RRC connection process.If the issue is in one or two cells may be we need to verify the coverage in that area and check the CHR logs.In our network we had faced the same problem in a cell and later analysed

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and found the cell can't camp in the cell. And if the problem is there in many cells may be its due to weak uplink coverage ,need to install the TMA for better results.

I'm looking for help for a throughput problem relating to HSDSCH powershortage, any ideas on techniques to resolve other than expansions.
Can you tell me what power allocation technique you are using now? Static or dynamic If you are using static power allocation then you can use the dynamic power allocation for the HSDPA Power allocation by this you can use the max DL Power for HSDPA Throughput. and if you are using the dynamic power allocation then go for adding the new carrier for HSDPA.

Soft HO Failure.What parameters should be checked?Time To Trigger? Hysteresis? Signal degrades too much,but the UE doesn't a add a better cell from its monitored set. There's no active set update.
SHO tuning is done mainly with Parameters like FMSC: Addition Window (2.5 dB) FMCS: Drop Window (4 dB) FMSC: Addition Time (100ms) ADJS: Cell Individual offset (neighbour based info) Different sets could mprove the SHO performance 1) city area: lot of overlapping/capacity problems- > smaller add/drop window 2)rural area: poor coverage area -> reliable settings with cost of SHO OH rapid field drop-> special settings 3)In Dense City area (with good CPICH EcNo levels in Active set) Small SHO overhead could be done with low Add/Drop window (2/4 dB) In Rural area/Highways (with low CPICH EcNo 13-16 in active set) more loose add/drop window (4/6 dB) could be used to have more reliability for SHO synchronisation Individual Cell Offset (ADJSEcNoOffset) value could be used for earlier SHO timing for targeted cells to avoid drop due to rapid field drop There are some settings for different clutter you can try them also For Rural Clutter Addition window-------4db(Default is 2.5db) Drop Window-----------6db(Default is 4db) That setting will give you More reliability, time for SHO synchronization in low traffic, average coverage area. For Urban Clutter default setting works ok. For Rapid field drop you can adjust the parameter AdjsEcNoOffset (Default 0db) to -10 or +10 for locations like Gate, Round-the-corner, tunnel orIn case of poor HO success rate for a given adj.

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For early cell reselection in poor coverage are you cal also modify the parameter Qhyst2 (Default value 4db) to 2db.

Impact of HSDPA transmit power on UEs camping in idle mode

Ec/No deterioration at cell edge, ping pong 3G <=> 2G cell reselections, study case: MPO reduction of 2 dB and CPICH power increase of 2 dB => reduced IRAT cell reselections RSCP (Received Signal Code Power): received power on one code measured on the pilot bits of the primary CPICH. The reference point for the RSCP is the antenna connector at the mobile station; - RSSI (Received signal strength indicator): the wideband received power within the relevant channel bandwidth. Measurement shall be performed on downlink carrier. The reference point for the RSSI is the antenna connector at the mobile station; - CPICH Ec/No: The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band. The Ec/No is identical to RSCP/RSSI. Measurement shall be performed on the primary CPICH. The reference point for Ec/No is the antenna connector at the mobile station. How you can see from the last parameter definition, I need almost two of these three parameters to make my job. I can extract the third parameter from them. EcNo: energy per chip over the noise, a measure of the quality of the signal RSCP: Energy after processing ie with gain from coding etc RSSI: A dB measure of the signal arriving at the antenna before gain from processing CPICH: Pilot Channel of the cell. So you have to measure two parameter on pilot ch (Ec/No & RSCP)to verify P-CPICH detection to minimise coverage holes, Ex (RSCP >-100dBm (sufficient) & Ec/No > -14 (suuficient)) & by correlation between low Ec/No & high RSCP you can find the interference & pilot pollution. EcNo :energy per chip over noise destiny. RSCP: carrier power RSSI : signal strength. CPICH : common pilot channel.

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RSCP = RSSI + EcNo

How to Solve Uplink power Congestion in Huawei

Solution for power congestion Summary
Power congestion will cause low CSSR of both CS and PS service. We can check counters as below to find power congestion:

VS.RRC.Rej.Power.Cong+VS.RAB.FailEstPs.Power.Cong+VS.RAB.FailEstCs.Power.Cong

To check whether UL or DL congestion, we have many methods: Method1

Check the Downlink power congestion counters as below. VS.RAC.R99.Power.Cong VS.RAC.HSDPA.Power.Cong VS.RAC.Total.Power.Cong

Method2 Check the MeanTCP and MeanRTWP: 1. Check the Max Tx power of the congested cell Add cellsetup:cellid=1111, maxtxpower=430 2. Check counter VS.MeanTCP and VS.MeanTCP.NonHS and calculate the utility ratio to check whether
3. the utility ratio is very high. Monitor the RTWP to check whether RTWP is very high.

By this check then we can know the uplink and downlink power status.
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Method3
Open both uplink and downlink LDR then through the counters as below to check. VS.LCC.LDR.Time.ULPower VS.LCC.LDR.Time.DLPower VS.LCC.LDR.Num.ULPower VS.LCC.LDR.Num.DLPower

Currently for uplink we use Equivalent Number of User to do CAC; for downlink we use TCP to do CAC. According to our CAC strategy, first make sure some basic parameters should be configured as follows:
ADD CELLALGOSWITCH: CellId=0, NBMDlCacAlgoSelSwitch=ALGORITHM_FIRST; ADD CELLCAC: CellId=0, UlTotalEqUserNum=150; NBMUlCacAlgoSelSwitch=ALGORITHM_SECOND,

Solution
If the configuration is correct and power congestion still happen, we recommend solutions as follows: Uplink power congestion:

If RTWP is always very high (more than -90dBm), most probability it was caused by uplink interference. Then first check whether interference problem, if uplink interference problem, then solving interference is the recommended method.

If not interference problem. We can:

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1. For single carrier cells or F1 cells, use LDR algorithm: Switch on the LDR switch:
MOD CELLALGOSWITCH: CellId=0, NBMLdcAlgoSwitch=UL_UU_LDR-1;

Setting LDR action:

MOD CELLLDR: CellId=0, UlLdrBERateReductionRabNum=1; GoldUserLoadControlSwitch=ON; UlLdrFirstAction=BERateRed,

Downlink power congestion: If TCP ratio is very high, it means downlink power congestion. Then we can:

2. For single carrier cells, we can use downlink LDR:

MOD CELLALGOSWITCH: CellId=0, NBMLdcAlgoSwitch=DL_UU_LDR-1; MOD CELLLDR: CellId=0, DlLdrFirstAction=BERateRed, DlLdrBERateReductionRabNum=1; GoldUserLoadControlSwitch=ON;

3. For F1 cell, Setting LDR as follows:

MOD CELLALGOSWITCH: CellId=0, NBMLdcAlgoSwitch=DL_UU_LDR-1; MOD CELLLDR: CellId=0, DlLdrFirstAction=BERateRed, DlLdrSecondAction=InterFreqLDHO, DlLdrBERateReductionRabNum=1, GoldUserLoadControlSwitch=ON;

Then we can monitor the counters as follows to check the effect of LDR action: VS.LCC.LDR.InterFreq VS.LCC.LDR.BERateDL VS.LCC.LDR.BERateUL

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For downlink power congestion, if LDR cant solve the problem, we can reconfigure the related congestion threshold: 1. Start DL LDR algorithm earlier MOD CELLLDM: DlLdrTrigThd=55, DlLdrRelThd=45;

2. Raise the power congestion threshold MOD CELLCAC: CellId=0, DlConvAMRThd=85, DlConvNonAMRThd=85, DlOtherThd=83, DlHOThd=87, DlCellTotalThd=93;

Abbreviations
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project (produces WCDMA standard) 3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (produced cdma2000 standard) AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer type 5 ACELP Algebraic code excitation linear prediction ACIR Adjacent channel interference ratio, caused by the transmitter non-idealities and imperfect receiver filtering ACK Acknowledgement ACIR Adjacent channel interference ratio ACLR Adjacent channel leakage ratio, caused by the transmitter non-idealities, the effect of receiver filtering is not included ACTS Advanced communication technologies and systems, EU research projects framework ADC Analogue-to-Digital Converter AGC Adaptive Gain Control A-GW Access gateway AICH Acquisition indication channel ALCAP Access link control application part AM Acknowledged mode AM Amplitude modulation AMD Acknowledged mode data AMR Adaptive Multirate (speech codec) AMR-NB Narrowband AMR AMR-WB Wideband AMR ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan) AOL America On-line APN Access point name ARP Allocation and retention priority ARQ Automatic repeat request

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ASC Access service class ASN.1 Abstract syntax notation one ATM Asynchronous transfer mode AWGN Additive white Gaussian noise BB Baseband BB SS7 Broad band signalling system #7 BCCH Broadcast channel (logical channel) BCH Broadcast channel (transport channel) BCFE Broadcast control functional entity BCH Broadcast channel (transport channel) BER Bit error rate BLER Block error rate BMC Broadcast/multicast control protocol BM-SC Broadcast multicast service centre BoD Bandwidth on demand BPF Band-pass Filter BPSK Binary phase shift keying BS Base station BSS Base station subsystem BSC Base station controller CA-ICH Channel assignment indication channel CB Cell broadcast CBC Cell broadcast centre CBS Cell broadcast service CCCH Common control channel (logical channel) CCH Common transport channel CCH Control channel CCSA China Communications Standards Association CD-ICH Collision detection indication channel CDF Cumulative distribution function CDMA Code division multiple access CFN Connection frame number CIF Common intermediate format CIR Carrier to interference ratio CM Connection management CM Cubic metric CMOS Complementary metaloxidesemiconductor CN Core network C-NBAP Common NBAP CODIT Code division test bed, EU research project CP Compression point CPC Continuous packet connectivity CPCH Common packet channel CPICH Common pilot channel CQI Channel quality indicator CRC Cyclic redundancy check CRNC Controlling RNC C-RNTI Cell-RNTI, radio network temporary identity CS Circuit Switched CSCF Call state control function CSICH CPCH status indication channel CTCH Common traffic channel CWTS China wireless telecommunications standard group DAB Digital audio broadcastingDAC Digital-to-Analogue Converter DC Direct Current DCA Dynamic channel allocation

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DCA Direct Conversion Architecture DCCH Dedicated control channel (logical channel) DCFE Dedicated control functional entity DCH Dedicated channel (transport channel) DCR Direct conversion receiver DCS Digital cellular system (GSM 1800) DECT Digital enhanced cordless telephone DF Decision feedback DL Downlink DMB Digital multimedia broadcasting D-NBAP Dedicated NBAP DNS Domain name system DPCCH Dedicated physical control channel DPDCH Dedicated physical data channel DRM Digital Radio Mondiale DRNC Drift RNC DRX Discontinuous reception DS-CDMA Direct spread code division multiple access DSCH Downlink shared channel DSL Digital subscriber line DSP Digital Signal Processing DTCH Dedicated traffic channel DTX Discontinuous transmission DVB-T/H Digital video broadcast terrestrial / handheld E-AGCH E-DCH absolute grant channel E-DCH Enhanced uplink DCH E-DPCCH Enhanced dedicated physical control channel E-DPDCH Enhanced dedicated physical data channel EDGE Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution EFR Enhance full rate EGSM Extended GSM E-HICH E-DCH hybrid ARQ indicator channel EIRP Equivalent isotropic radiated power EP Elementary Procedure E-RGCH E-DCH relative grant channel ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN EVM Error Vector Magnitude FACH Forward access channel FBI Feedback information FCC Federal communication commission FCS Fast cell selection FDD Frequency division duplex FDMA Frequency division multiple accessFDPCH Fractional DPCH FER Frame error ratio FFT Fast Fourier transform FM Frequency modulation FP Frame protocol FRAMES Future radio wideband multiple access system, EU research project FTP File transfer protocol GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying GGSN Gateway GPRS support node GMSC Gateway MSC GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

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GPRS General packet radio system GPS Global positioning system GSIC Groupwise serial interference cancellation GSM Global system for mobile communications GTP-U User-plane part of GPRS tunnelling protocol GW Gateway HARQ Hybrid automatic repeat request HLR Home location register HP High Power HPF High pass filter HPSK Hybrid PSK H-RNTI HS-DSCH Radio Network Temporary Identity HSDPA High-speed downlink packet access HS-DPCCH Uplink High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel HS-DSCH High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel HS-SCCH High-Speed Shared Control Channel HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet access HSS Home subscriber server HTTP Hypertext transfer protocol HW Hardware IC Interference cancellation IC Integrated Circuit ID Identity IETF Internet engineering task force IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier transform IL Insertion loss IMD Inter-modulation distortion IMEISV International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software Version IMS IP multimedia subsystem IMSI International mobile subscriber identity IMT-2000 International mobile telephony, third-generation networks are referred to as IMT-2000 within ITU IN Intelligent network IP Internet protocol IPDL Idle periods in downlink IPI Inter-path interferenceIRC Interference rejection combining IS-2000 IS-95 evolution standard, (cdma2000) IS-136 US-TDMA, one of the second-generation systems, mainly in Americas IS-95 cdmaOne, one of the second-generation systems, mainly in Americas and in Korea ISDN Integrated services digital network ISI Inter-symbol interference ITU International telecommunications union ITUN SS7 ISUP Tunnelling Iu BC Iu broadcast L2 Layer 2 LAI Location area identity LAN Local area network LCS Location services LCD Liquid crystal display LO Local oscillator LP Low pass LPF Low-pass filter LTE Long-Term Evolution MAC Medium access control MAI Multiple access interference

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MAP Maximum a posteriori MBMS Multimedia broadcast multicast service MCCH MBMS point-to-multipoint control channel MCS Modulation and coding scheme MCU Multipoint control unit ME Mobile equipment MF Matched filter MGCF Media gateway control function MGW Media gateway MHA Mast head amplifier MIMO Multiple input multiple output MLSD Maximum likelihood sequence detection MM Mobility management MME Mobility management entity MMS Multimedia message MMSE Minimum mean square error MOS Mean opinion score MPEG Motion picture experts group MR-ACELP Multirate ACELP MRF Media resource function MS Mobile station MSC/VLR Mobile services switching centre/visitor location register MSCH MBMS scheduling channel MSN Microsoft network MT Mobile termination MTCH MBMS point-to-multipoint control channel MTP3b Message transfer part (broadband) MUD Multiuser detectionNADC North American Digital Cellular NAS Non access stratum NBAP Node B application part NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone NRT Non-real time OCNS Orthogonal channel noise simulator ODMA Opportunity driven multiple access OFDMA Orthogonal frequency division multiple access O&M Operation and maintenance OSS Operations support system OTDOA Observed time difference of arrival OVSF Orthogonal variable spreading factor PA Power Amplifier PAD Padding PAE Power added efficiency PAR Peak-to-average ratio PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel PC Power control PCB Printed Circuit Board PCCC Parallel concatenated convolutional coder PCCCH Physical common control channel PCCH Paging channel (logical channel) PCCPCH Primary common control physical channel PCH Paging channel (transport channel) PCPCH Physical common packet channel PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function PCS Persona communication systems, second-generation cellular systems mainly in Americas, operating partly on IMT-2000 band

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PDC Personal digital cellular, second-generation system in Japan PDCP Packet data converge protocol PDN Public data network PDP Packet data protocol PDSCH Physical downlink shared channel PDU Protocol data unit PEP Performance enhancement proxy PER Packed encoding rules PF Proportional fair PHY Physical layer PI Page indicator PIC Parallel interference cancellation PICH Paging indicator channel PLL Phase Locked Loop PLMN Public land mobile network PM Phase Modulation PNFE Paging and notification control function entity POC Push-to-talk over cellular PRACH Physical random access channel PS Packet switchedPSCH Physical shared channel PSTN Public switched telephone network P-TMSI Packet-TMSI PU Payload unit PUCCH Physical uplink control channel PUSCH Physical uplink shared channel PDCCH Physical downlink control channel PVC Predefined Virtual Connection QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation QCIF Quarter common intermediate format QoS Quality of service QPSK Quadrature phase shift keying QVGA Quarter video graphics array RAB Radio access bearer RACH Random access channel RAI Routing area identity RAN Radio access network RANAP RAN application part RB Radio bearer RF Radio frequency RLC Radio link control RMC Reference measurement channel RNC Radio network controller RNS Radio network subsystem RNSAP RNS application part RNTI Radio network temporary identity ROHC Robust header compression RR Round robin RRC Radio resource control RRC Root-raised cosine RRM Radio resource management RSN Retransmission sequence number RSSI Received signal strength indicator RSVP Resource reservation protocol RT Real time RTCP Real-time transport control protocol

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RTP Real-time protocol RTSP Real-time streaming protocol RU Resource unit SAAL-NNI Signalling ATM adaptation layer for network to network interfaces SAAL-UNI Signalling ATM adaptation layer for user to network interfaces SABP Service Area Broadcast Protocol SAE System architecture evolution SAP Service access point SAP Session announcement protocol SAS Stand-alone SMLC SAW Surface Acoustic Wave SCCP Signalling connection control partSCCPCH Secondary common control physical channel SC-FDMA Single carrier frequency division multiple access SCH Synchronisation channel SCTP Simple control transmission protocol SDD Space division duplex SDP Session description protocol SDU Service data unit SEQ Sequence SF Spreading Factor SFN System frame number SGSN Serving GPRS support node SIP Session initiation protocol SHO Soft handover SIB System information block SIC Successive interference cancellation SID Silence indicator SINR Signal-to-noise ratio where noise includes both thermal noise and interference SIP Session initiation protocol SIR Signal-to-interference ratio SM Session management SMS Short message service SMLC Serving mobile location centre SN Sequence number SNR Signal-to-noise ratio SPDT Single pole double throw SQ-PIC Soft quantised parallel interference cancellation SRB Signalling radio bearer SRNC Serving RNC SRNS Serving RNS SS7 Signalling System #7 SSCF Service-specific coordination function SSCOP Service-specific connection oriented protocol SSDT Site selection diversity transmission STD Switched transmit diversity STTD Space time transmit diversity TCH Traffic channel TCP Transport control protocol TCTF Target channel type field TD/CDMA Time division CDMA, combined TDMA and CDMA TDD Time division duplex TDMA Time division multiple access TD-SCDMA Time division synchronous CDMA, 1.28 Mcps TDD TE Terminal equipment TF Transport format

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TFCI Transport format combination indicator TFCS Transport format combination set TFI Transport format indicatorTFRC Transport format and resource combination THP Traffic handling priority TMGI Temporary mobile group identity TMSI Temporary mobile subscriber identity TPC Transmission power control TR Transparent mode TS Technical specification TSTD Time switched transmit diversity TTA Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea) TTC Telecommunication Technology Commission (Japan) TTI Transmission time interval TxAA Transmit adaptive antennas UDP User datagram protocol UE User equipment UHF Ultra High Frequency UL Uplink UM Unacknowledged mode UMD Unacknowledged mode data UMTS Universal mobile telecommunication services URA UTRAN registration area URL Universal resource locator U-RNTI UTRAN RNTI USCH Uplink shared channel USIM UMTS subscriber identity module US-TDMA IS-136, one of the second-generation systems mainly in USA UTRA UMTS Terrestrial radio access (ETSI) UTRA Universal Terrestrial radio access (3GPP) UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial radio access network UWB Ultrawideband VAD Voice activation detection VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator VoIP Voice over IP VPN Virtual private network WAP Wireless application protocol WARC World administrative radio conference WCDMA Wideband CDMA, Code division multiple access WiFi Wireless fidelity (WLAN based on IEEE 802.11) WiMAX World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLAN Wireless local area network WLL Wireless local loop WML Wireless markup language WPAN Wireless personal area network WWW World Wide Web XHTML Extensible hypertext markup language ZF Zero forcing

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