Active grammar

Ability in the present To talk about ability in the present, we use can/can't. 1 Ben 2 He _ swim very well. speak any other languages.

Ability in the past To talk about general ability in the past in positive sentences, we use could or was/were able to. 3 The candidates needed to show what they __________/were able to do. To talk about general ability in the past in negative sentences, we use couldn't or wasn't/weren't able to. 4 He__________/ wasn't able to imagine being in this beautiful place. To talk about ability in the past on one specific occasion in positive sentences, we use was/were able to only (NOT could). 5 He__________ convince the interviewers that he was the best person for the job.

To talk about ability in the past on one specific occasion in negative sentences, we use couldn't or wasn't/weren't able to. 6 He__________/wasn't able to do everything they asked him in the interview.

Active grammar
1. adverbs of manner tell us about verbs. They describe how somebody does something or how something happens. 2. Adjectives (not adverbs) tell us about nouns. 1. Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to the adjective, e.g. q u i c k _____ 2. When the adjective ends in -y, we change the y to iand add -/y, e.g. angry,_____ 3. There are some irregular adverbs, e.g. good ____________________________ 1. Adverbs of manner generally come at the end of a clause. 2. To emphasise the meaning, we can also put adverbs of manner (a) directly before the main

verb or (b) at the beginning of the sentence. 3. We cannot put an adverb of manner between the main verb and the object.

Active grammar
We use the active form to say what the subject did. 1 Over a period of months, he_ _ _ (clean) thirty-six cars. (he = subject) We use the passive to say what happened to the subject. 2 He__________ (send) to prison for six years. (he = subject) When we want to use the passive form and also include the agent (who/what caused the action), we use by. 3 A description of the thief was given to police by_______________ passive subject + was/were (not) + past participle (+ by ...)

can, could, be able to: ability

Ability in the present

Cant + infinitive To talk about ability in the present, we use can /can't. She can't speak any other languages. Can you see the river? Ability in the past Could(n't) + infinitive was(n't) I were(n't) able to + infinitive To talk about general ability in the past in positive sentences, we use could or was/were able to. could swim when I was five years old. She was able to speak three languages fluently when she was a child. To talk about general ability in the past in negative sentences, we use couldn't or wasn't/weren't able to. I couldn't ride a bicycle uritill was twelve years aid. He wasn't able to play the guitar when he was younger. To talk about ability in the past on one specific occasion in positive sentences, we use

was/ were able to only (NOT could). I was able to finish the race in less than an hour yesterday. NOT I could finish the race in les than an hour yesterday To talk about ability in the past on one specific occasion in negative sentences, we use couldn't or wasn't/weren't able to. The lights went out and I couldn't see anything. They weren't able to see the film because there were no tickets left.

Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner tell us about verbs. They describe how somebody does something or how something happens. He answered the phone quickly. She sang beautifully in the concert Adjectives (not adverbs) tell us about nouns. They had a quick conversation. Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to the adjective. quick - quickly; nervous- nervously; careful -

carefully There are also some adjectives which end in -ly (friendly, lively lonely, lovely, silly). In these cases, we usually use a phrase instead of an adverb: in a friendly way, in a lively way... When the adjective ends in -y, we change the y to land add -1y. angry - angrily; happy- happily; noisynoisily There are some irregular adverbs. good - well; fast - fast; late - late; hard hard

Position of adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner generally come at the end of a clause. She spoke about the topic very intelligently. To emphasise the meaning, we can also put adverbs of manner... 1 directly before the main verb. I slowly turned round and then I saw him. 2 at the beginning of the sentence. Silently, she moved towards the

door. We cannot put an adverb of manner between the main verb and the object. You speak English well. NOT You speak well English .

Past Simple Passive

We use the active form to say what the subject did. Sarah made a beautiful mirror for Sam's birthday. subject active verb We use the passive form to say what happened to the subject. This camera was made in China. subject passive verb When we want to use the passive form and also include the agent (who/what caused the action), we use by. We were greeted warmly by the receptionist.

Key vocabulary

Work flexible/long hours high/low salary a lot of training uniform shift work working outside apply for a job be offered a job get promoted have an interview prepare a CV resign run your own company take a job an application form a bonus commission a CV an employee an employer experience an interviewee an interviewer a managing director a marketing director qualifications a receptionist a salary a sales assistant a sales rep a secretary a wage Crime arrest commit a crime community service a criminal a fine guilty innocent a judge a jury a police officer a prison sentence a punishment steal a suspended sentence a thief a victim a witness