Calculation of Lightning-Induced Overvoltages On

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Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 1
Calculation of Lightning-Induced Overvoltages on
Overhead Lines Based on DEPACT Macromodel
Using Circuit Simulation Software
Xin Liu, Xiang Cui, Senior Member, IEEE, and Lei Qi
AbstractOne of the simple and accurate methods for calcu-
lating the lightning-induced overvoltages is based on the Agrawal
et al. eld-to-wire model, in which the coupling mechanisms are
presented by distributed voltage sources along the lines. There is
a difculty in calculating the lightning-induced overvoltages with
the built-in transmission line models or other circuit elements of
various circuit simulation software such as the PSCAD/EMTDC,
EMTP/ATP, PSpice, etc., as the distributed voltage sources due
to the horizontal component of the electric eld caused by the
lightning channel are in series with the line and not in between two
transmission-line segments. Inthis paper, a simple circuit approach
for efcient calculation of the lightning-induced overvoltages using
the circuit simulation software is proposed. The delay extraction
passive compact circuit (DEPACT) macromodel is applied and the
transmissionline is dividedinto a cascade of DEPACTsubnetworks
which can be represented by a cascade of two lossless transmission
lines and a lossy network. By assuming the incident eld only cou-
ples with the lossless transmission line sections, the distributed
equivalent voltage sources due to the horizontal component of the
incident electric eld can be lumped at the termination of the lines,
which makes it convenient for the engineering technologist to cal-
culate the lightning-induced overvoltages in various circuit simula-
tion software. Furthermore, in order to treat the nonlinear element
such as metal oxide arrester (MOA) directly, the DEPACT macro-
model is improved and the macromodel of multiconductor trans-
mission lines excited by the external electromagnetic eld can be
solved in the actual phase domain instead of in the modal domain.
Compared with the existing method for calculating the lightning-
induced overvoltages, the benet of the proposed algorithm is that
it can be used to calculate the transients of the transmission line
more efciently. Considering the PSCAD/EMTDC is a powerful
simulation software which providing lots of equipment models in
power system, such as transformer, generator, and protection mod-
ules et al., an implementation procedure in the PSCAD/EMTDC is
provided in this paper, which makes it more convenient for the elec-
trical engineering technologists to analyze the lightning-induced
overvoltages problems in the power system. Several numerical cal-
culations of the line transient responses are provided and the CPU
time is compared, which indicate the validity and efciency of the
Manuscript received December 16, 2010; revised May 3, 2011 and June 8,
2011; accepted June 23, 2011. This work was supported in part by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51177048 and 50707008,
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (11MG36 and
09TG01), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Hebei Province Univer-
sities under Grant No. Z2011220, respectively.
X. Liu is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, North China Electric
Power University, Baoding, China (e-mail: liuxinhust@163.com).
X. Cui and L. Qi are with the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
North China Electric Power University, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China (e-mail:
x.cui@ncepu.edu.cn; qilei@ncepu.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TEMC.2011.2175230
algorithm proposed in the paper. At last, this algorithm is applied
to analyze the inuence of the ground wire and the MOA on the
lightning-induced overvoltages of the overhead lines.
Index TermsDEPACTmacromodel, electromagnetic coupling,
frequency-dependent parameter, lightning-induced overvoltages,
multiconductor transmission line, nonlinear circuits, transient
response.
I. INTRODUCTION
L
IGHTNING induced overvoltages may cause damage to
the insulation of the distribution lines or other power equip-
ments. Eriksson et al. have evidenced that the indirect lightning
return strokes, hitting the ground in the vicinity of overhead
lines, constitute a more dangerous cause of damage than direct
strikes, because of their more frequent occurrence [1].
Several theoretical models have been introduced in order
to estimate the response induced by external electromagnetic
elds [2][6]. One of the most popular, simple, and accu-
rate eld-to-wire coupling models for studying the lightning-
induced overvoltages (LIOV) is presented by Agrawal et al. [4].
In this model, the classical telegraphers equations are modied,
as a consequence, the equivalent distributed voltage sources due
to the external electromagnetic elds caused by the lightning
return stroke channel are added to the voltage telegraphers
equation [4].
Circuit simulation software such as PSCAD/EMTDC,
EMTP/ATP, and PSpice et al. has been widely used by the
electrical engineering technologists to study the transients of
the power system. However, as for the LIOV problem, there is
a difculty in applying the Agrawal et al. model directly with
the built-in transmission line or other circuit models of various
circuit simulation software, as the voltage source due to the
horizontal component of the electric eld caused by the light-
ning return stroke channel in the Agrawal et al. model can not
be inserted in series with the line impedance as the impedance
and admittance parameter of the line are embedded within an
inaccessible multiport network [7].
Several studies have been carried out to calculate the
lightning-induced overvoltages of the overhead line based on
the circuit simulation software. A model of overhead lines ex-
cited by electromagnetic elds froma lightning channel has been
established in the EMTP/ATP [8], [9], using the MODELS lan-
guage in ATP. Another separate lightning-induced overvoltage
code (LIOV-EMTP code) written in a high-level programming
language was used for modeling the coupling phenomena, and
0018-9375/$26.00 2011 IEEE
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.
2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
the calculated output voltages/currents were then linked to the
ATP-EMTP externally [10].
However, compared with the upper methods which require the
engineering technologists to master the complicated MODELS
language or the interface of the high-level programming lan-
guages to the ATP-EMTP, the technologists are more conversant
with using and implementing the built-in circuit models/setups
for transient analysis in the circuit simulation software.
In order to deal with the lightning-induced overvoltages prob-
lem using the built-in circuit models/setups in the circuit sim-
ulation software, a methodology is proposed by Raul Monta no
et al., which allows the technologists to implement the Agrawal
et al. model with the available built-in models/setups [7]. How-
ever, in this approach, the implementation procedure is some-
what complicated, as the distributed voltage source due to the
lightning return stroke channel should be inserted into every
connection node of the transmission lines. When the overhead
lines are as long as several kilometers, the transmission lines
should be divided into many segments to obtain the accurate
results because the rise time of the exciting source is only sev-
eral microsecond. Especially when a local distributed network
containing many lines is studied, inserting a voltage source and
a current source at each connection node of the segments will
result in a tedious work. Shinh et al., presented a SPICE macro-
model for transient analysis of lossy multicondutor transmission
lines in the presence of incident electromagnetic elds [11].
However, the modal presented in [11] is solved in the modal
domain, as for the nonlinear problem, a representation in the
actual phase domain is preferred.
To make a more convenient and efcient method to calcu-
late the lightning-induced overvoltages using the circuit sim-
ulation software, a methodology is presented in this paper.
In this method, the delay extraction passive compact circuit
(DEPACT) macromodel [12] [13] is adopted because it results in
a signicantly lower-order macromodel for long lossy-coupled
lines, leading to a fast transient simulation. Then, the DEPACT
macromodel is extended to calculate the lightning-induced over-
voltages, and is improved to be solved in the phase domain,
which makes the treatment of nonlinear problem directly.
As for a lightning-induced overvoltages problem, the trans-
mission line is divided into a cascade of DEPACT subnetworks
which is represented by a cascade of two lossless transmission
lines and a lossy network, what is important is that only several
segments will provide an accurate result even if a long transmis-
sion line is studied. Different from the method of Raul Montano
et al., the distributed equivalent voltage sources due to the hori-
zontal component of the incident electric eld can be treated and
lumped only at the termination of the segmentations, which pro-
vides a more convenient way to calculate the lightning-induced
overvoltages in the circuit simulation software. Compared with
the method proposed by Shinh et al., the model presented in
this paper can be solved in the phase domain other than the
modal domain, which simplied the treatment of the nonlinear
problems.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II gives
a brief review about the DEPACT macromodel and Agrawal
et al. eld-to-wire coupling model. Section III describes the
Fig. 1. DPEACT macromodel.
Fig. 2. DPEACT cell.
algorithm for calculating the lightning-induced overvoltages
based on the DEPACT macromodel in detail. Section IV pro-
vides three examples to verify the proposed algorithm and two
simulations are implemented and discussed in Section V.
II. REVIEW OF THE DEPACT MACROMODEL AND THE
AGRAWAL et al. MODEL
A. DEPACT Macromodel
DEPACT macromodel [12], [13] is an algorithm proposed
recently for transient analysis of transmission line interconnect
networks. Based on the modied Lie product formula, the expo-
nential stamp which denotes the transfer function of the trans-
mission line can be split into multiple sections, which is shown
as (1)
e
(A+sB)l
k=1
e
(sB/2M)l
e
(A/M)l
e
(sB/2M)l
(1)
where A =
_
0 R
G 0
_
, B =
_
0 L
C 0
_
, R, G, L, and C are
the resistance, conductance, inductance, and capacitance matri-
ces parameters per-unit-length (p.u.l) of the transmission lines.
The product terms of (1) can be viewed as a cascade of M
subnetworks as shown in Fig. 1. These subnetworks are referred
to DEPACT cells, which can be represented by a cascade of two
lossless transmission lines and a lossy network. The structure of
a certain DEPACT cell is shown in Fig. 2, in which the transfer
functions of the lossless transmission line and the lossy network
are e
s B
2 M
l
and e
A
M
l
, respectively.
The precision of this algorithm has been studied in [12],
[13], and a conclusion is obtained that this macromodel of sig-
nicant fewer segmentations compared to the circuit using con-
ventional lumped segmentations can provide accurate results. In
this paper, this macromodel is adopted and improved to calculate
the lightning-induced overvoltages of the overhead transmission
lines.
B. Agrawal et al. Model
One of the simple and accurate eld-to-wire models for
calculating the lightning-induced overvoltages is the Agrawal
LIU et al.: CALCULATION OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGES ON OVERHEAD LINES BASED ON DEPACT MACROMODEL 3
Fig. 3. Geometry of an N + 1 conductor transmission lines system.
et al. model [4]. Consider an N + 1 conductor transmission line
system in Fig. 3, the equations of the Agrawal et al. model [4]
considering the frequency-dependent parameters in the incident
elds are
d
dx
U
s
(x) +R
I(x, s) +sL
I(x) +Z
g
(s)
I(x, s)
=

E
inc
x
(x, h)
d
dx
I(x) +G
U
s
(x)+sC

U
s
(x) = 0
(2)
where

U
s
(x) and

I(x) are N 1 vectors of the line scatter
voltage and total current at location x in the frequency-domain,
E
inc
x
(x, h) is a N 1 vector of the horizontal component of the
incident electric elds along the x axis at the conductors height
h, R, G, L, and Care the resistance, conductance, inductance,
and capacitance matrices parameters p.u.l of the lines, and Z
g
(s)
denotes the frequency-dependent lossy ground impedance ma-
trix [14].
In order to obtain the total voltage

U(x), it is necessary to add
the voltage due to the vertical component of the electric eld
between the reference and the ith conductor to the scattered
voltage, and the equation is given by
U(x) =

U
s
(x)
_
h
0
E
inc
z
(x, z) dz (3)
where

E
inc
z
(x, z) is the vertical component of the incident elec-
tric eld and h is the height of the line.
III. DERIVATION OF AN IMPROVED DEPACT MACROMODEL
FOR LIGHTING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGES CALCULATION IN
CIRCUIT SIMULATION SOFTWARE
A. DEPACT Macromodel Representation of the Agrawal et al.
Model
Based on the DEPACT macromodel, a transmission line can
be divided into M DEPACT cells which can be represented
by a cascade of two lossless transmission lines and a lossy
network [12], [13].
Assuming the incident eld only couples with the lossless
transmission line sections, the equivalent circuit according to
the Agrawal et al. model is shown in Fig. 4. The coupling
Fig. 4. DEPACT macromodel representation of the Agrawal et al. model.
between the horizontal component of the electric elds and
the lines is expressed by a series of distributed voltage sources
along the lossless transmission line. As seen from Fig. 4, the
lossless transmission line sections should be divided into several
segments in order to insert the voltage source at the connection
node of each segment, the procedure is somewhat complicated.
However, this problem is solved in the Section III-C.
It should be mentioned, if the inuence of the nitely conduct-
ing ground is considered, the CoorayRubinstein formula [15],
[16] can be used to calculate the horizontal component of the
electric elds. For the vertical component of the electric eld,
several authors have shown that it can be calculated with rea-
sonable approximation assuming the ground as a perfect con-
ductor [14].
B. Treatment of the Lossless Section of a DEPACT Cell
The telegraphers equations of the lossless transmission line
illuminated by the external eld can be written as
d

U
s
(x)
dx
+jL
I(x) =

E
inc
x
(x, h)
d
I(x)
dx
+jC
U
s
(x) = 0.
(4)
Using the similarity transformation, the scatter voltage and
total current vector

U
s
and

I(x) in the phase domain can be
expressed as
U
s
(x) = T
v

U
s
m
(x),

I(x) = T
i
I
m
(x) (5)
where

U
s
m
and

I
m
(x) are propagating modal scatter voltage and
current vector, respectively, while T
v
and T
i
are voltage and
current transformmatrix, respectively. Correspondingly, (4) can
be decoupled and rewritten as
d

U
s
m
(x)
dx
= jL
m

I
m
(x) +

V
F m
(x)
I
m
(x)
dx
= jC
m

U
m
(x)
(6)
where
_
L
m
= T
1
v
LT
i
C
m
= T
1
i
CT
v
,

V
F m
(x) = T
1
v

E
inc
x
(x). L
m
and
C
m
are both diagonal matrices which indicate that there is no
coupling between every modal variables.
Taking a certain modal for example, the corresponding equa-
tions are
d

U
s
m
(x)
dx
d

I
m
(x)
dx
=
_
0 jL
m
jC
m
0
__

U
s
m
(x)
I
m
(x)
_
+
_

V
F m
(x)
0
_
(7)
and the solution to (7) can be written as
_

U
s
m
(x)
I
m
(x)
_
=
_
11
(x x
1
)
12
(x x
1
)
21
(x x
1
)
22
(x x
1
)
_ _

U
s
m
(x
1
)
I
m
(x
1
)
_
+
_

V
F T m
(x)
I
F T m
(x)
_
(8)
where

U
s
m
(x
1
) and

I
m
(x
1
) denote the modal scatter voltage and
total current at the sending port of the line
11
(x x
1
) = cosh
m
(x x
1
)
12
(x x
1
) = sinh
m
(x x
1
) Z
cm
21
(x x
1
) = sinh
m
(x x
1
) Z
1
cm
22
(x x
1
) = cosh
m
(x x
1
)
_

V
F T m
(x)
I
F T m
(x)
_
=
_
x
x
1
11
(x x
)

V
F m
(x
)dx
_
x
x
1
21
(x x
)

V
F m
(x
)dx
and
m
=
L
m
C
m
is the propagation constant of the mth
modal.
By setting x = x
2
, and = x
2
x
1
, (8) can be modied as
I
m
(x
1
)

U
s
m
(x
1
)/Z
m
= e
_

I
m
(x
2
)

U
m
(x
2
)
Z
m
_
e
_

I
F T m
(x
2
)

V
F T m
(x
2
)
Z
m
_
I
m
(x
2
) +

U
s
m
(x
2
)/Z
m
= e
_

I
m
(x
1
) +

U
m
(x
1
)
Z
m
_
+
_

I
F T m
(x
2
) +

V
F T m
(x
2
)
Z
m
_
(9)
where

U
s
m
(x
2
) and

I
m
(x
2
) denote the modal scatter voltage and
total current at the receiving port of the line.
Converting (9) into the time-domain, we obtain the following:
i
m
(x
1
, t)
u
s
m
(x
1
, t)
Z
m
= i
m
(x
2
, t
m
)
u
s
m
(x
2
, t
m
)
Z
m
+
_
x
2
x
1
V
F m
_
x, t
x x
1
v
m
_
dx/Z
m
i
m
(x
2
, t) +
u
s
m
(x
2
, t)
Z
m
= i
m
(x
1
, t
m
) +
u
s
m
(x
1
, t
m
)
Z
m
+
_
x
2
x
1
V
F m
(x, t (x
2
x/v
m
))dx/Z
m
(10)
where v
m
= 1/
L
m
C
m
,
m
=
x
2
x
1
v
m
, and Z
m
=
_
L
m
/C
m
.
Considering all of the modals, the corresponding equations
can be written as
_
i
mi
(x
1
, t)
i
mi
(x
2
, t)
_
=
_
Z
1
m
0
0 Z
1
m
__
u
s
mi
(x
1
, t)
u
s
mi
(x
2
, t)
_
+
_
0 1
1 0
_
_
i
mi
(x
1
, t
m
)
i
mi
(x
2
, t
m
)
_
+
_
0 Z
1
m
Z
1
m
0
_
_
u
s
mi
(x
1
, t
m
)
u
s
mi
(x
2
, t
m
)
_
+
_
Z
1
m
0
0 Z
1
m
_
_
x
2
x
1
V
F m
_
x, t
x x
1
v
m
_
dx
_
x
2
x
1
V
F m
_
x, t
x
2
x
v
m
_
dx
. (11)
It is should be mentioned that these lossless sections can be
solved in the modal domain using (11) in [12], [13], but as
for the nonlinear problems, a representation in the actual phase
domain is preferred, so that an improved work has been done in
the following.
Using the same transformation matrix T
i
and T
v
, (11) can
be transformed back to the phase domain, correspondingly, the
equations can be written as
_
i(x
1
, t)
i(x
2
, t)
_
=
_
T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
0
0 T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
__
u(x
1
, t)
u(x
2
, t)
_
+
_
0 1
1 0
__
i(x
1
, t
m
)
i(x
2
, t
m
)
_
_
0 T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
0
_
_
u(x
1
, t
m
)
u(x
2
, t
m
)
_
+
_
T
i
Z
1
m
0
0 T
i
Z
1
m
_
_
x
2
x
1
V
F m
_
x, t
x x
1
v
m
_
dx
_
x
2
x
1
V
F m
_
x, t
x
2
x
v
m
_
dx
. (12)
By dening
Y =
_
T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
0
0 T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
_
(13a)
_
i
s
(x
1
, t)
i
s
(x
2
, t)
_
=
_
0 1
1 0
_
_
i(x
1
, t
m
)
i(x
2
, t
m
)
_
_
0 T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
0
_
_
u
s
(x
1
, t
m
)
u
s
(x
2
, t
m
)
_
(13b)
Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of the lossless segment in circuit simulation software
(three conductor transmission line).
_
i
inc
s
(x
1
, t)
i
inc
s
(x
2
, t)
_
=
_
T
i
Z
1
m
0
0 T
i
Z
1
m
_
_
x
2
x
1
V
F m
_
x, t
x x
1
v
m
_
dx
_
x
2
x
1
V
F m
_
x, t
x
2
x
v
m
_
dx
(13c)
(12) can be realized by the Norton representation of an ac-
tive multiport circuit, in which Y is the shunt admittance, and
_
i
s
(x
1
, t)
i
s
(x
2
, t)
_
and
_
i
inc
s
(x
1
, t)
i
inc
s
(x
2
, t)
_
are the equivalent current sources.
As seen from Y, there is no coupling between the sending port
and the receiving port, and the circuit of each port can be re-
alized using the network synthesis technology.
_
i
s
(x
1
, t)
i
s
(x
2
, t)
_
is
the equivalent current source vector related to the voltages and
currents at the opposite end of the line and at a certain time
delay earlier,
_
i
inc
s
(x
1
, t)
i
inc
s
(x
2
, t)
_
is the exciting current source vector
related to the horizontal component of the electric eld caused
by the lightning return stroke channel. What should be men-
tioned is that the inuence of the external electromagnetic eld
is lumped at the end of the lines by the integral in (13c), so the
segmentation of the lossless transmission line is unnecessary,
which is different from the method in [7]. Furthermore, because
the segmentations of the entire line using DEPACT macromodel
are fewer than the circuit using conventional lumped segmen-
tations, the implementation procedure will become much more
convenient and the transient simulation will be efcient.Taking a
three-conductor transmission lines system for example, a mul-
tiport equivalent circuit according to (12) is shown in Fig. 5
where the resistance R
c11
, R
c22
, R
c33
, R
c12
, R
c23
, and R
c13
can be calculated by T
i
Z
1
m
T
1
v
, i
s,i
(x
1
, t) and i
s,i
(x
2
, t) are
controlled current sources whose outputs are related to the volt-
age and current at the opposite end of the line and at a certain
time delay earlier at the sending and receiving port, respectively.
i
inc
s,i
(x
1
, t) and i
inc
s,i
(x
2
, t) are current sources related to horizon-
tal component of the electric elds caused by the lightning
return stroke, which can be calculated by (13c) using numerical
computation.
C. Treatment of the Lossy Section of a DEPACT Cell Consid-
ering the Frequency-Dependent Ground Return Impedance
Because the transfer function of the lossy section in each
DEPACT cell is e
(A/M)l
, the corresponding equations can be
written as
d

U
s
(x)
dx
+R
I(x) +Z
g

I(x) = 0
d
I(x)
dx
+G

U
s
(x) = 0
(14)
where R is the resistance matrix parameter per-unit-length of
the lines, and Z
g
denotes the frequency-dependent lossy ground
impedance matrix which is composed of the self impedance
Z
g,ii
and mutual impedance Z
g,ij
. One of the most simple ap-
proximate expressions for the self ground impedance Z
g,ii
was
proposed by Sunde and is given by the following logarithmic
function [14]
Z
g,ii
=
j
0
2
ln
_
1 +
g
h
i
g
h
i
_
(15)
where
g
=
_
j
0
(
g
+j
rg
0
) in which
g
and
rg
are
respectively the ground conductivity and relative permittivity.
The expression for the mutual ground impedance Z
gij
between
two overhead transmission lines can be derived and is given
by [14]
Z
g,ij
=
j
0
4
ln
_
(1 +
g
(h
i
+h
j
/2))
2
+ (
g
(r
ij
/2))
2
(
g
(h
i
+h
j
/2))
2
+ (
g
(r
ij
/2))
2
_
.
(16)
The p.u.l conductance matrix parameter Gcan be neglected be-
cause the leakage current is very small for the overhead lines,
that is to say, the currents injecting into the sending port are
equal to the currents owing out of the receiving port. Corre-
spondingly, the voltage equations of (14) can be represented
as (17) by replacing the differential terms with the difference
terms.
U
s
(x
1
)

U
s
(x
2
) = (Rx +Z
g
x)
I(x) (17)
where x is the length of the DEPACT cell.
In order to realize the equivalent circuit of (17), vector tting
(VF) method [17], [18] and circuit synthesis technology are both
used. First, the ground impedance is approximated as a rational
function by the VF method and all the elements of Z
g
can be
written as
Z
g,ij
= R
dc,ij
+
N
f =1
sC
ij,f
s P
ij,f
(18)
where R
dc,ij
denotes the direct current resistance and P
ij,f
and C
ij,f
are the pole and numerator polynomial coefcient
of (Z
g,ij
R
dc,ij
). The elements on the diagonal line of Z
g
are related to the self-impedances, which can be modeled by a
series of subnetworks represented by a direct current resistance
in series with several networks with same structure. Each of
these networks is composed of a resistance paralleling with an
inductance, in which the value of the resistance is R
ii,f
= C
ii,f
and the value of the inductance is L
ii,f
= (C
ii,f
/P
ii,f
). The
Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit of the lossy section in circuit simulation software
(three conductor transmission lines). (a) Equivalent circuit representation of the
lossy section. (b) Equivalent circuit to obtain the output of the current controlled
voltage source.
elements on the off-diagonal line of Z
g
denote the coupling
effects between the conductors, which can be modeled by a
current controlled voltage source while the controlling branches
can also be treated as the way of the diagonal elements. The
equivalent circuit of a three-conductor transmission lines system
according to (17) is shown in Fig. 6.
D. Time-Domain Equivalent Circuit for Calculating
the Lightning-Induced Voltage
Connecting the lossless sections and the lossy sections in
accordance with Fig. 4, a cell circuit describing the Agrawal
et al. model can be obtained, which is shown in Fig. 7. Then,
the time-domain equivalent circuit for calculating the lightning-
induced voltage can be realized by connecting this kind of cells
one by one.
E. Determination of the Segmentation Number
It is obvious that the precision will be improved with the
increase of the segmentation number M, however, the compu-
tational amount will be also increased. In order to provide a basis
for the determination of the segmentation number, the relative
error of the DEPACT macromodel can be estimated by [13]
=
_
_
_e
(A+j2f
m a x
B)
M
k=1
k
_
_
_
_
_
e
(A+j2f
m a x
B)
_
_
100% (19)
where
k
= e
s B
2 M
e
A
M
e
s B
2 M
and f
max
is the maximum frequency
considered in the transient simulation, which is dependent on
the shortest rise time t
r
(or decay time t
f
) of the excitations. The
calculating formula of f
max
is given by [13]
f
max
=
0.35
t
r
(t
f
)
. (20)
Using (19), a diagram describing the relation between the rela-
tive error and the segmentation number M can be plotted, and
then the segmentation number can be determined according to
the required accuracy.
IV. METHOD VALIDATION
This section presents numerical examples to demonstrate
the computational aspects of the proposed algorithm. The
PSCAD/EMTDC circuit simulation software is adopted for
calculating the lightning-induced overvoltages of the overhead
transmission line based on the method proposed in this paper.
In order to demonstrate the accuracy and efciency of the pro-
posed method, the methods used in [19][22] is adopted, which
are the most widespread methods for solving the lightning-
induced overvoltages problems, meanwhile, in these methods,
the FDTD scheme is adopted to solve the equations of Agrawal
et al.s model. In the following of this section, three examples are
considered and they are performed on a PC with an INTEL P4
2.4-GHz CPU. The rst example deals a lightning-induced volt-
age calculation with a single transmission line above a perfect
conducting ground. In the second example, a three-conductor
overhead lines systemabove a perfect conducting ground is ana-
lyzed. In the third example, the inuence of the lossy frequency-
dependent ground is considered, and the lightning-induced volt-
ages are calculated. The methods for calculating the electric
elds are the same as the existing methods in [15], [16], [20]
for each example (analytical formula for the perfect conduct-
ing ground case [20] and Cooray-Rubinstein formula for the
loosy ground case [15], [16]), then the lumped current sources
can be obtained by the numerical computation of the integral in
(13c), in which only some summation, time delay, and loworder
matrix multiplication operation are used, so their CPU time is
not considered. In a word, the CPU time for the electric elds
and lumped sources calculation is not considered and only the
transient computation time is compared.
A. Example 1
In this example, the line is 1 km long, 10 m high and is ter-
minated by its characteristic impedance, which is shown in
Fig. 8. A perfect conducting ground is assumed. The return-
stroke model adopted for the presented study is the modied
transmission line model, proposed and tested by the authors
in [14], [20][22], in which the lightning current is allowed to
decrease with the height while propagating the channel upward,
the current distribution along the channel can be expressed by
i(z
, t) = i
_
0,
t z
v
_
exp
_
z
_
t z
v
i(z
, t) = 0
t z
v
(21)
where v is the return stroke velocity and is assumed to be 1.3
10
8
m/s, and is the decay constant which takes into account the
effect of the vertical distribution of charge stored in the corona
sheath of the leader and subsequently discharge during the return
stroke phase, its value has been determined to be in the range
of 1-2 km [20], assumed to be 1.7 km in this paper. The striking
Fig. 7. Equivalent circuit representation for the calculation of lightning-induced voltage.
Fig. 8. Vertically congured three-phase line for analysis.
point is considered equidistant from the line terminations and a
distance of 50 m from the line center. The channel-base return
stroke current has a peak value of 12 kA and a maximum time-
derivative of 40 kA/s [20], typical of subsequent return strokes.
The horizontal component of the electric elds at the location
of 50-300 m from the line center caused by the lightning return
stroke channel are calculated, which is shown in Fig. 9. The
shortest rise time of the result is about 1 s, so a 0-1 MHz
frequency band should be considered. Using (19), the relative
error diagram can be plotted, which is shown in Fig. 10. We
will nd out that the relative error is about 0.66% when the line
is divided into four segments, that is to say, the length of each
segment shorter than 250 m will give a good accuracy. In this
example, the 1-km-long transmission line is divided into four
segments. But as for the existing methods, the length of each
segment should be shorter than 10 m according to the rule of
wave propagation, so that the 1-km-long line will be split into
as least 100 sections, which is much larger than the proposed
method. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper is more
efcient and convenient.
In this example, the electric elds along the transmission line
are calculated with an interval x of 10 m, and the time step
t is adopted as 0.01 s according to their rise time, as a result,
the segmentation for the electric eld calculation along a 1-km
transmission line is 100 while the segmentation for the induced
Fig. 9. Horizontal component of the electric elds at different locations caused
by the lightning return stroke channel.
Fig. 10. Relative error of DEPACT model.
voltage calculation is 4. The current sources according to the ex-
ternal elds can be calculated and lumped at the terminations of
the lossless lines in each section, with a numerical computation
of the integral in (13c).The transient voltages at the terminal end
of the line using the proposed method are shown in Fig. 11 and
the result obtained from [20] is also provided with the dotted
line of blue color. As we can see, the results are in excellent
agreement. The transient computation time is compared, and
the FDTD method adopted in [20] to solve the Agrawal et al.
model takes 0.347 s while the proposed method takes 0.115 s,
thus providing a speed-up of 3.
Fig. 11. Comparison of lightning-induced voltage of line at terminal end.
Fig. 12. Geometry used for calculation of voltages induced by a lightning
return stroke on multiconductor overhead lines.
B. Example 2
In this example, three transmission lines are placed at the dif-
ferent heights above a perfect conducting ground which has been
used in other studies on the subject [21], as shown in Fig. 12.
The radius of each conductor is 9.14 mm and the length of the
lines is assumed to be 1 km. Each conductor is terminated with
a resistance equal to its characteristic impedance determined in
the absence of the other conductors. The return-stroke model
and the peak of the channel-base current adopted are the same
as example 1.
The lightning induced electric elds along the transmission
line are calculated by the method in [20] with x = 10 m and
t = 0.01 s. Using the rectangular numerical integral, time de-
lay and low order matrix operations, the lumped current sources
describing by (13c) can be obtained. Based on the proposed
method, by dividing all of the three 1-km-long lines divided
into four segments and connecting the lumped current sources
at the corresponding port terminations as Fig. 7, the lightning
induced overvoltages can be calculated. Fig. 13 shows the in-
duced voltages calculated using the proposed method at the
line extremities for a stroke location 50 m from the line center
Fig. 13. Lightning-induced voltage at the terminal end of three-line conductors
of a vertically congured three-phase line (solid lines: proposed method; dotted
lines: from [21]).
Fig. 14. Three-phase overhead line conguration for the calculation of
lightning-induced voltages.
and equidistant to the line terminations, while the correspond-
ing results obtained from [21] are the dotted lines shown in
the same gure. The max deviation of the peak value of all
phases voltage is 0.72 kV, about 0.75% of the highest lines
voltages peak value, which demonstrates the accuracy of the
proposed method for dealing with multiconductor transmission
lines (MTLs). In addition, simulating the eld-to-circuit model
using FDTD method adopted in [21] takes 6.28 s (only the tran-
sient computation time), while the propose method takes only
0.38 s, which indicates that the proposed method becomes more
efcient when MTLs are considered.
C. Example 3
In this example, the lightning-induced voltage of a 1 km-long
horizontally-congured three-phase line is studied, whose con-
guration is the same as [22], which is shown in Fig. 14. The
conductors are located at the same height above ground h =
10 m and each conductor is terminated on a resistance equal to
its characteristic impedance determined in absence of the other
conductors. The inuence of the lossy ground is considered, the
ground conductivity is 0.001 S/m and ground relative permittiv-
ity is assumed to be equal to 10. The return-stroke model and
TABLE I
CONSTANTS, NUMERATOR POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS OF THE ELEMENTS OF
THE GROUND IMPEDANCE
the peak of the channel-base current adopted are the same as
example 1 and 2. The lighting stroke is located at 50 m from
phase B and equidistant to the line terminations.
Taking advantage of the VF method, the self and mutual
ground impedances can be approximated by the following ex-
pression with the same poles
Z
g,ij
= R
dc,ij
+
N
f =1
sC
ij,f
s P
ij,f
(22)
where s is the complex frequency variable of Laplace trans-
formation, R
dc,ij
is the constant term, C
ij,f
and P
ij,f
are the
fth numerator polynomial coefcient and pole, respectively.
In this example, all of the elements of the ground impedance
matrix are approximated by (22) with N = 8, and the corre-
sponding coefcients of (22) are listed in Table I. Taking the
self ground impedance of phase A (Z
g,AA
) for example, the
magnitude-frequency characteristics and the phase-frequency
characteristics are shown in Fig. 15, using both (15) and the
approximation expression (22). As we can see, they represent
an excellent agreement.
It should be mentioned, for a certain MTL system, all of the
elements of the ground impedance matrix should have the same
poles, so the poles are listed in a specic table individually.
Furthermore, because the height of the three phase lines are the
same with each other, we will get Z
g,AA
= Z
g,BB
= Z
g,CC
and their constant term R
dc,ij
, numerator polynomial coef-
cients C
ij,f
are same with each other, that is why we have listed
the R
dc,ii
and C
ii,f
in the same column of Z
g,AA
, Z
g,BB
and
Z
g,CC
. As for Z
g,AB
, Z
g,BA
, Z
g,BC
, Z
g,CB
and Z
g,AC
, Z
g,CA
,
because the symmetry of the ground impedance matrix, the
mutual impedance of every two lines are equal to each other
(Z
g,AB
= Z
g,BA
, Z
g,BC
= Z
g,CB
, Z
g,AC
= Z
g,CA
), so their
corresponding constant term R
dc,ij
, numerator polynomial co-
efcients C
ij,f
are listed in the same column of Z
g,ij
.
Using the method described in Section III-C, the equivalent
circuit can be obtained whose network structure is the same as
Fig. 15. Magnitude-frequency characteristics and phase-frequency charac-
teristics of the self-ground impedance (Z
g , AA
) of phase A. (a) Magnitude-
frequency characteristics. (b) Phase-frequency characteristics.
Fig. 6 and the corresponding p.u.l circuit parameters are shown
in Table II.
The CoorayRubinstein formula [15], [16] is used to calculate
the electric elds along the lines in order to consider the effect
of loosy ground, and the space interval and the time step are
10 m and 0.01 s, respectively. The current source exciting the
transmission lines in each section is calculated using (13c), in the
same way as example 2. By setting the length of each segment
equal to 250 m, the 1 km long transmission lines are all divided
into 4 segments, while the segmentations of the existing method
are 100. The induced voltage at the terminal end of phase A
is calculated using the proposed method and shown in Fig. 16
together with the result from [22]. The deviation between their
peak values is about 1 kV, about 2.8%of the voltages peak value,
which indicates the applicability of the proposed method in the
paper. The simulation CPUtime (only the transient computation
time) of the proposed method and the FDTD method adopted
in [22] are 0.52 s and 12.88 s, the proposed method provides a
speed-up 24.77.
TABLE II
PER-UNIT-LENGTH CIRCUIT PARAMETERS OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR
THE GROUND IMPEDANCE ACCORDING TO FIG. 6
Fig. 16. Lightning-induced voltage at the termination of phase A considering
the lossy ground ( = 0.001 S/m,
r
= 10).
V. SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
In this section, a 35 kV overhead line over a lossy ground
is studied. The inuence of the ground wire and the metal-
oxide arrester (MOA) to the lightning induced voltages are both
discussed.
A. Inuence of Ground Wire
Two typical 35 kV overhead line congurations are shown in
Fig. 17(a) and (b). The only difference between these two con-
gurations is that two ground wires are placed on the top of the
pole, shown as Fig. 16(b). The model type of the phase conduc-
tors and ground wires are LGJ-70/35 and GJ-25, respectively.
There are nine poles along the 1-km lines and the distance be-
tween each other is 100 m. The conductors are terminated with
their chararcteristic impedance in order to eliminate reections.
The lossy ground is considerate, and the ground conductivity
and relative permittivity are 0.01 S/m and 10, respectively. The
lightning return stroke eld is calculated using the modied
Fig. 17. Two 35 kV power line congurations. (a) Conguration I: Without
ground wire. (b) Conguration II: With ground wire.
transmission line return-stroke model and the horizental com-
ponent of the electric eld above the imperfectly conducting
ground is calculated by the CoorayRubinstein formula [15],
[16]. The striking point is considered equidistant from the line
terminations and at a distance of 50 m from the line centre. The
return-stroke model and the peak of the channel-base current
adopted are the same as example 1. The impedance of each pole
is ignored which means that the potential of the ground wires at
every pole location is equal to that of ground potential.
Fig. 18(a) and (b) shows the lightning induced voltages at the
line center of the three conductors for the two congurations and
the corresponding peaks are listed in Table III. It can be seen
that because of the presence of the ground wires, the peaks of
the induced voltages are reduced signicantly. That is because
the potential of the ground wire is close to the ground potential
and there is a coupling effect between the ground wire and each
phase conductor.
B. Inuence of Arrester
The metal oxide arrester (MOA) protects the insulation of
equipment or overhead lines in electrical systems against in-
ternal and external overvoltages. In China, MOAs have been
adopted to 35 kV overhead transmission lines in some areas
to reduce the damage caused by lightning. They exhibit an ex-
tremely high resistance during normal operation and a very low
resistance during transient overvoltages [23][26]. That is, the
VI characteristic of the device is nonlinear. In this paper, the
MOA is considered as a nonlinear resistor whose VI character-
istic can be represented by an arbitrary number of exponential
segments, where each segment has a constraint equation dened
by (23)
u = Ai
. (23)
In our analysis, the simulated system consists of three-phase
overhead lines with a length of 1 km, and matched at both
ends. Nine poles were assumed, resulting in a span length of
100 m. The MOAs are equiped on every pole. We chose three
Fig. 18. Comparison of voltage induced on the three line conductors of the two
congurations. (a) Voltage induced on the three line conductors of conguration
I (without ground wire). (b) Voltage induced on the three line conductors of
conguration II (with ground wire).
TABLE III
PEAK VALUES AND PROTECTIVE RATIO OF THE INDUCED VOLTAGES ON THREE
LINE CONDUCTORS
congurations to study the inuence of the MOA to the light-
ning induced overvoltages. In the rst conguration, there is no
MOA placed on any phase, which is same as Fig. 17(a); in the
second conguration, the MOAs are placed on Phase Aand Bon
each pole, while in the third conguration, the MOAs are placed
on the all the phases on each pole; the latter two congurations
are shown in Fig. 19. The parameters of the overhead lines are
the same as the conguration of Fig. 17(a). The striking point
is considered equidistant from the line terminations and at a
distance of 50 m from the pole, assuming a typical channel-base
return stroke current has a peak value of 35 kA, which is shown
in Fig. 20, and a maximum time-derivative of 120 kA/s. The
MOA is considered as a nonlinear resistance which is described
by three exponential segments and the corresponding equation
Fig. 19. Two 35 kV power line congurations. (a) Conguration II (MOA
placed on Phase B). (b) Conguration III (MOA placed on Phase A).
Fig. 20. Channel-base return stroke current for a typical negative subsequent
return stroke.
TABLE IV
PEAK VALUES OF INDUCED VOLTAGE WITH AND WITHOUT MOA FOR
CONFIGURATION I, II, AND III
is shown in (24).
u =
146.46 10
3
i
0.2
0 mA u < 1 mA
51.97 10
3
i
0.05
1 mA u < 1 A
51.97 10
3
i
0.06
1 A u < 6 kA.
(24)
The lightning-induced voltages at the middle point of the line
are presented in Fig. 20 and their peaks are listed in Tables IV.
As seen form Fig. 21(b), it indicates that the placement of MOA
can not only limit the voltage of the phases with MOA but also
reduce the voltage of other phases. The reason is the same as
the shielding effect of the ground wire. Due to the coupling ef-
fect between each conductor, any phases voltage reduction will
result in the voltage reduction of other phases. However, only
Fig. 21. Comparison of voltage induced on a three-phase line with and without
MOA. (a) Without MOA. (b) MOAon phase Aand C. (c) MOAon three phases.
equiping MOAs on two phases can not give reliable protection,
as a insulation ashover will occur on the phase without MOA
under a large lightning current. So the equipment of MOAs on
all the three phases is necessary, as seen from Fig. 21(c).
VI. CONCLUSION
The DEPACT macromodel is applied to calculate the
lightning-induced overvoltages considering the frequency-
dependent ground impedance. The frequency-dependent ground
impedance is approximated by the vector tting method and a
equivalent circuit is realized by the circuit synthesis technology.
By assuming the incident eld only couples with the lossless
transmission line sections, the distributed equivalent voltage
sources along the line due to the horizontal component of the
incident electric eld are lumped at the termination of the lines,
which makes it convenient for the engineering technologist to
calculate the lightning-induced voltage in the circuit simulation
software. Furthermore, in order to treat the nonlinear element
directly, the DEPACT macromodel is improved and solved in
the actual phase domain instead of in the modal domain.
Compared with existing methods, the proposed algorithm
provides a conveninet and efcient way for the calculation the
lightning-induced ovrevoltages of the overhead transmission
line in the circuit simulation software.
Using the proposed algorithm, a 1-km 35 kV overhead line
above an imperfectly conducting ground is studied, the inu-
ence of the ground wire and the MOA to the lightning induced
overvoltages are both discussed. We nd that because of the
coupling effect between the ground wires to the other conduc-
tors, the voltage of the phase conductors can be reduced; the
placement of the MOA is an effective way to reduce the over-
voltages of the overhead lines, and the equipment of MOAs on
the three phases is necessary.
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Xin Liu was born in Tianjin, China, in 1980. He
received the B.S. degree from North China Electric
Power University (NCEPU), Baoding, Hebei, China,
in 2003, and M.S degree from Huazhong University
of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei,
China, in 2006.
He is currently a Lecturer of electrical and
electronic engineering at NCEPU, Baoding, Heibei,
China, and working toward the Ph.D. degree at
NCEPU, Beijing, China. His research interests in-
clude electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) on power
systems, electromagnetic pulse (EMP) interaction with transmission lines, and
high-voltage equipment modeling.
Xiang Cui (M97SM98) was born in Baoding,
China, in 1960. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
degrees in electrical engineering from North China
Electric Power University (NCEPU), China, in 1982
and 1984, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in accel-
erator physics fromChina Institute of Atomic Energy,
China, in 1988.
He is currently a Professor and the Head of the
Electromagnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Com-
patibility Laboratory at NCEPU. He is the author or
coauthor of more than 200 journal articles. His cur-
rent research interests include computational electromagnetics, electromagnetic
environment and electromagnetic compatibility in power systems, and insula-
tion and magnetic problems in high voltage apparatus.
Prof. Cui is a standing council member of the China Electrotechnical Society,
a fellow of the IET, and a member of CIGRE C4.02.01 Working Group (Elec-
tromagnetic Compatibility in power systems). He is also an Associate Editor of
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY and a member of
the Editorial Advisory Board of the International Journal for Computation and
Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (COMPEL).
Lei Qi was born in Henan, China, in 1978. He re-
ceived the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
engineering from North China Electric Power Uni-
versity, Baoding, Hebei, China, in 2000, 2003, and
2006, respectively.
He is currently an Associate Professor of elec-
trical and electronic engineering at North China
Electric Power University, Beijing, China. His re-
search interests include electromagnetic (EM) eld
numerical computation, EM compatibility on power
systems, and ultrahigh-voltage power transmission
technology.

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