Dresden International Symposium on Technology and its Integration into Mathematics Education 2006 DES-TIME 2006 DRESDEN 20th-23th

July 2006

BACK

Line_Integrals.mth: Solving problems of Line Integrals with Derive 6

G. Aguilera C. Cielos J. L. Galn M. A. Galn A. Glvez A. J. Jimnez Y. Padilla P. Rodrguez Dpt. Applied Mathematic University of Mlaga (Spain)

Index
Introduction. Line_Integrals.mth. Final conclusions.

Introduction
In most cases, the use of CAS is reduced to using computers as powerful highperformance calculators. It is therefore necessary to change the way people think about information technologies in order to optimise the opportunities they offer and try to encourage mathematical creativity among students.

Introduction
Math teachers that use CAS have to change the traditional uses given to these tools. It is a mistake to use CAS in teaching as simple problem-solving machines. They should be used in ways that maximize the opportunities that these technologies offer: positively affecting student learning, significantly increasing opportunities for experimentation and allowing students to construct their own mathematical knowledge.

Introduction
Math teachers must first set out a series of appropriate activities. The use of CAS in Mathematics has not reached optimum conditions. Mostly are blackbox (showing the result in one step without teaching students how to get there) and should be whitebox (showing intermediate steps).

Combining programming and CAS

When students program, they must read, construct and refine strategies, modify previously written programs and lastly, use the programs to solve problems. This makes them the protagonists of their own learning. The most appropriate approach involves using programming and CAS together to allow students to create the specific necessary functions that will allow them to solve the problems involved in the subject matter under study.

Contents of Line_Integrals.mth
Parametrization of curves. Exact differential forms. Potential function. Line Integrals. Line Integrals with respect to arc length. Applications of Line Integrals.

We prefer to use large names for macros instead of using shorthands because we think it is easier for pupils to remember the full name and, on the other hand, the large name of the macro allows to guess what it solves

Final Conclusions
Our accumulated experience reveals that CAS are computer tools which are easy to use and useful in Mathematics courses for Engineering. The traditional uses given to CAS in the teaching of Mathematics for Engineering must be changed to maximize the opportunities offered by CAS technologies. Optimal use should be aimed at improving student motivation, autonomy and achieving participatory and student-centred learning.

Final Conclusions
One powerful idea involves combining CAS resources with the flexibility of a programming language. There exists reasonable evidence to show that making programs with Derive facilitates learning and improves student motivation. Although it would be desirable to do so, it is not necessary to substantially modify the traditional program of studies of Math courses for Engineering to introduce the innovation of having students make their own programs with Derive.

Dresden International Symposium on Technology and its Integration into Mathematics Education 2006 DES-TIME 2006 DRESDEN 20th-23th July 2006

Line_Integrals.mth: Solving problems of Line Integrals with Derive 6

G. Aguilera C. Cielos J. L. Galn M. A. Galn A. Glvez A. J. Jimnez Y. Padilla P. Rodrguez Dpt. Applied Mathematic University of Mlaga (Spain)

_________________________________________________________ Line Integrals.dfw July, 2006 Jose Luis Galan Garcia Pedro Rodriguez Cielos M. Angeles Galan Garcia Yolanda Padilla Dominguez (jl_galan@uma.es) (prodriguez@uma.es) (magalan@ctima.uma.es) (ypadilla@ctima.uma.es)

Department of Applied Mathematic University of Mlaga http://www.satd.uma.es/matap/ _________________________________________________________

The following functions have been developed in this utility/demo dfw file to deal with line integrals and some of their applications: Parametrization of curves o Segment(p1,p2) o Circumference(x0,y0,r) o Ellipse(x0,y0,a,b) o Lemniscata(a) o Astroid(a) o EllipticalAstroid(a,b) o Cardioid(a) o Catenary(a) o Cicloid(r,h) o Cisoid(a) o DescartesFolium(a) o EightFigure(a) o PascalSnail(a,b) o Rosacea(a,k) o Folium(a,b) o Hipocicloid(a,b) o Trisectriz(a) o Tractriz(a) o ArchimedesSpiral(a) o Astroid3D(a,b,n) o SphericalSpiral(a,n,m) o VivianiCurve(a) o HelicoidalCurve(curve,c)

parametrization of the segment which joins p1 with p2. parametrization of the circumference (x-x0)^2 + (y-y0)^2 = r^2. parametrization of the ellipse (x-x0)^2/a^2 + (y-y0)^2/b^2 = 1. parametrization of the lemniscata (x^2+y^2)^2 = a^2 (x^2-y^2). parametrization of the astroid x^(2/3) + y^(2/3) = a^(2/3). parametrization of the elliptical astroid (x/a)^(2/n) + (y/b)^(2/n) = 1. parametrization of the cardioid (x^2+y^2-2ax)^2 = 4a^2(x^2+y^2). parametrization of the catenary y = a cosh(x/a). parametrization of the cicloid [rt - h sin(t) , r - h cos(t)]. parametrization of the cisoid x^3+xy^2 = 2ay^2. parametrization of Descartes' folium x^3+y^3 = 3axy. parametrization of the eight figure x^4 = a^2(x^2-y^2). parametrization of Pascal's snail (x^2+y^2-2ax)^2 = b^2(x^2+y^2). parametrization of Rosacea [a sin(kt)cos(t), a sin(kt)sin(t)]. parametrization of the folium (x^2+y^2) (x^2+y^2+xb) = 4axy^2. parametrization of the hipocicloid [(a-b)cos(t)+bcos((a-b)t/b),(a-b)sin(t)-bsin((a-b)t/b)]. parametrization of the trisectriz y^2(a+x) = x^2(3a-x). parametrization of the tractriz [a sin(t), a (cos(t) + ln(tan(t/2)))]. parametrization of Archimedes' spiral [at cos(t), at sin(t)]. parametrization of the astroid [a cos^n(t), b sin^n(t), cos(2t)]. parametrization of the spherical spiral [a cos(nt)cos(mt), a cos(nt)sin(mt), a sin(nt)]. parametrization of Viviani's curve [a(1+cos(t)), a sin(t), 2a sin(t/2)]. parametrization of the helicoidal curve [x(t), y(t), ct] where curve=[x(t),y(t)].

 Exact differential o ExactDifferential2(p,q) o ExactDifferential3(p,q,r) o ExactDifferential(F) Potential function o Potential2(p,q) o Potential3(P,Q,R) o Potential(F) Line Integrals o LineIntegral2(p,q,c1,c2,a,b)

to check if Pdx + Qdy is an exact differential. to check if Pdx + Qdy + Rdz is an exact differential. to check if Fd is an exact differential.

to calculate, if there exists, the potential function of P dx + Q dy. to calculate, if there exists, the potential function of P dx + Q dy + R dz. to calculate, if there exists, the potential function of Fd.

o Lineintegral3(p,q,r,c1,c2,c3,a,b) o Lineintegral(F,C,a,b)

to integrate the field (P,Q) along the curve (c1,c2) which parameter t belongs to [a,b]. to integrate the field (P,Q,R) along the curve (c1,c2,c3) which parameter t belongs to [a,b]. to integrate the field F along the curve C which parameter t belongs to [a,b].

Line Integrals with respect to arc length o ArcLineIntegral2(f,c1,c2,a,b) to integrate the scalar field f along the curve (c1,c2) which parameter t belongs to [a,b]. o ArcLineintegral3(f,c1,c2,c3,a,b) to integrate the scalar field f along the curve (c1,c2,c3) which parameter t belongs to [a,b]. o ArcLineintegral(f,C,a,b) to integrate the scalar field f along the curve C which parameter t belongs to [a,b]. Applications of Line Integrals o AreaInsideCurve(C,a,b) o CurveLength(C,a,b) o WireMass(,C,a,b)

to compute the area inside the curve C which parameter t belongs to [a,b]. to compute the length of the curve C which parameter t belongs to [a,b].

to compute the mass of a wire of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b], being its density function. o WireMx(,C,a,b) to compute the static moment with respect to X-axe of a wire of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b], being its density function. o WireMy(,C,a,b) to compute the static moment with respect to Y-axe of a wire of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b], being its density function. o WireMxy(,C,a,b) to compute the static moment with respect to XY-plane of a wire of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b], being its density function. o WireMxz(,C,a,b) to compute the static moment with respect to XZ-plane of a wire of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b], being its density function. o WireMyz(,C,a,b) to compute the static moment with respect to YZ-plane of a wire of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b], being its density function. o WireMassCenter(,C,a,b) to compute the mass of a wire of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b], being its density function. o WireInertiaMoment(,C,a,b)to compute the inertial moment with respect to an axe of distance to the wire of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b] it, being its density function. o MediumValue(f,C,a,b) to compute the medium value of the scalar field f along the curve of equation C which parameter t belongs to [a,b].

Parametrization of curves
Parametrization of a segment o Syntax: o Example: Segment(p1,p2) Segment([a,b],[c,d])

to parametize the segment which join [a,b] with [c,d]

#1: #2: Segment([a, b], [c, d]) [a(1 - t) + ct, b(1 - t) + dt]

Parametrization of a circumference o Syntax: o Example: Circumference(x0,y0,r) Circumference(1,-2,4)

to parametize the circumference (x-1)^2 + (y+2)^2 = 4^2

#3: #4: #5: #6: Circumference(1, -2, 4) [4COS(t) + 1, 4SIN(t) - 2] Circumference(x0, y0, r) [rCOS(t) + x0, rSIN(t) + y0]

Parametrization of an ellipse o Syntax: o Example: Ellipse(x0,y0,a,b) Ellipse(1,-2,2,3)

to parametize the ellipse (x-1)^2/2^2 + (y+2)^2/3^2 = 1

#7: #8: #9: #10: Ellipse(1, -2, 2, 3) [2COS(t) + 1, 3SIN(t) - 2] Ellipse(x0, y0, a, b) [aCOS(t) + x0, bSIN(t) + y0]

Parametrization of a lemniscata o Syntax: o Example: Lemniscata(a) Lemniscata(3)

to parametize the lemniscata (x^2+y^2)^2 = 3^2 (x^2-y^2)

#11: #12: #13: #14:

Lemniscata(3) [3COS(t)(COS(2t)), 3SIN(t)(COS(2t))] Lemniscata(a) [aCOS(t)(COS(2t)), aSIN(t)(COS(2t))]

Parametrization of an astroid o Syntax: o Example: Astroid(a) Astroid(3)

to parametize the astroid x^(2/3) + y^(2/3) = 3^(2/3)

#15: #16: #17: #18: Astroid(a) 3 3 aCOS(t) , aSIN(t) Astroid(3) 3 3 3COS(t) , 3SIN(t)

Parametrization of an elliptical astroid o Syntax: o Example: EllipticalAstroid(a,b,n) EllipticalAstroid(2,1,3)

to parametize the elliptical astroid x^(2/3)/2^2 + y^(2/3)/1^1 = 1^(2/3)

#19: #20: #21: #22: EllipticalAstroid(2, 1, 3) 3 3 2COS(t) , SIN(t) EllipticalAstroid(a, b, n) n n aCOS(t) , bSIN(t)

Parametrization of a cardioid o Syntax: o Example: Cardioid(a) Cardioid(3/4)

to parametize the cardioid (x^2+y^2- 2 * 3/4x)^2 = 4 * (3/4)^2(x^2+y^2)

3 Cardioid 4 2 3COS(t) 3COS(t) 3SIN(t)COS(t) 3SIN(t) + , + 2 2 2 2 Cardioid(a)

#23:

#24: #25:

#26:

2 2aCOS(t) + 2aCOS(t), 2aSIN(t)COS(t) + 2aSIN(t)

Parametrization of a catenary o Syntax: o Example: Catenary(a) Catenary(1)

to parametize the catenary y = 1 * cosh(x/1)

#27: Catenary(1) t -t e e t, + 2 2 Catenary(a) t/a - t/a ae ae t, + 2 2

#28: #29:

#30:

Parametrization of a cicloid o Syntax: o Example: Cicloid(r,h) Cicloid(1,1)

to parametize the cicloid [t - sin(t) , 1 - cos(t)]

#31: #32: #33: #34: Cicloid(r, h) [rt - hSIN(t), r - hCOS(t)] Cicloid(1, 1) [t - SIN(t), 1 - COS(t)]

Parametrization of a cisoid o Syntax: o Example: Cisoid(a) Cisoid(3/4)

to parametize the cisoid x^3+xy^2 = 2 * 3/4 * y^2

3 Cisoid 4 2 3 3SIN(t) 3SIN(t) , 2 2COS(t) Cisoid(a)

#35:

#36: #37:

#38:

3 2 2aSIN(t) 2aSIN(t) , COS(t)

Parametrization of Descartes' folium o Syntax: o Example: DescartesFolium(a) DescartesFolium(1.5)

to parametize the Descartes' folium x^3+y^3 = 3 * 1.5 * xy

#39: DescartesFolium(1.5) 2 9t 9t , 3 3 2(t + 1) 2(t + 1) DescartesFolium(a) 2 3at 3at , 3 3 t + 1 t + 1

#40:

#41:

#42:

Parametrization of EightFigure o Syntax: o Example: EightFigure(a) EightFigure(1.5)

to parametize the eight figure x^4 = 1.5^2(x^2-y^2)

#43: EightFigure(1.5) 3(COS(2t)) 3SIN(t)(COS(2t)) , 2COS(t) 2 2COS(t) EightFigure(a) a(COS(2t)) aSIN(t)(COS(2t)) , COS(t) 2 COS(t)

#44: #45:

#46:

Parametrization of Pascal's Snail o Syntax: o Example: PascalSnail(a,b) PascalSnail(1,3/2)

to parametize the Pascal's snail (x^2+y^2-2*1*x)^2 = (3/2)^2(x^2+y^2)

3 PascalSnail1, 2 2 3COS(t) 3SIN(t) 2COS(t) + , 2SIN(t)COS(t) + 2 2

#47:

#48:

#49: #50:

PascalSnail(a, b) 2 2aCOS(t) + bCOS(t), 2aSIN(t)COS(t) + bSIN(t)

Parametrization of Rosacea o Syntax: o Example: Rosacea(a,k) Rosacea(3,5)

to parametize the rosacea [3 sin(5t)cos(t), 3 sin(5t)sin(t)]

#51: #52: #53: #54: Rosacea(a, k) [aCOS(t)SIN(kt), aSIN(t)SIN(kt)] Rosacea(3, 5) [3COS(t)SIN(5t), 3SIN(t)SIN(5t)]

Parametrization of Folium o Syntax: o Example: Folium(a,b) Folium(1,1)

to parametize the folium (x^2+y^2) (x^2+y^2+x*1) = 4*1*xy^2

#55: #56: #57: #58: Folium(1, 1) 2 2 3 COS(t) (4SIN(t) - 1), COS(t)(4SIN(t) - SIN(t)) Folium(a, b) 2 2 3 COS(t) (4aSIN(t) - b), COS(t)(4aSIN(t) - bSIN(t))

Parametrization of Hipocicloid o Syntax: o Example: Hipocicloid(a,b) Hipocicloid(1,1)

to parametize the hipocicloid [(a-b)cos(t)+bcos((a-b)t/b),(a-b)sin(t)-bsin((a-b)t/b)]

3 Hipocicloid2, 4 5t 5t 3COS 3SIN 3 5COS(t) 5SIN(t) 3 + , - 4 4 4 4 Hipocicloid(a, b)

#59:

#60:

#61:

#62:

at at bCOS - t + (a - b)COS(t), (a - b)SIN(t) - bSIN b b t

Parametrization of Trisectriz o Syntax: o Example: Trisectriz(a) Trisectriz(1)

to parametize the trisectriz y^2(1+x) = x^2(3*1-x)

#63: #64: #65: #66: Trisectriz(a) 2 4aCOS(t) - a, 2aSIN(2t) - aTAN(t) Trisectriz(1) 2 4COS(t) - 1, 2SIN(2t) - TAN(t)

Parametrization of Tractriz o Syntax: o Example: Tractriz(a) Tractriz(3)

to parametize the tractriz [3 sin(t), 3 (cos(t) + ln(tan(t/2)))]

#67: #68: #69: #70: Tractriz(a) t aSIN(t), aLNTAN + aCOS(t) 2 Tractriz(3) t 3SIN(t), 3LNTAN + 3COS(t) 2

Parametrization of Archimedes' spiral o Syntax: o Example: ArchimedesSpiral(a) ArchimedesSpiral(0.03)

to parametize the Archimedes' spiral [at cos(t), at sin(t)]

#71: #72: #73: #74: ArchimedesSpiral(0.03) 3tCOS(t) 3tSIN(t) , 100 100 ArchimedesSpiral(a) [atCOS(t), atSIN(t)]

Parametrization of Astroid in R^3 o Syntax: o Example: Astroid3D(a,n) Astroid3D(1,1,1)

to parametize the astroid [cos(t), sin(t), cos(2t)]

#75: #76: #77: #78: [COS(t), SIN(t), COS(2t)] Astroid3D(a, b, n) n n aCOS(t) , bSIN(t) , COS(2t) Astroid3D(1, 1, 1)

Parametrization of spherical spiral o Syntax: o Example: SphericalSpiral(a,n,m) SphericalSpiral(5,1,25)

to parametize the spherical spiral [5 cos(1*t)cos(25*t), 5 cos(1*t)sin(25*t), 5 sin(1*t)]

#79: #80: #81: #82:

SphericalSpiral(5, 1, 25) [5COS(t)COS(25t), 5COS(t)SIN(25t), 5SIN(t)] SphericalSpiral(a, n, m) [aCOS(mt)COS(nt), aSIN(mt)COS(nt), aSIN(nt)]

Parametrization of Viviani's curve o Syntax: o Example: VivianiCurve(a) VivianiCurve(2)

to parametize the Viviani's curve [2(1+cos(t)), 2 sin(t), 4 sin(t/2)]

#83: #84: #85: #86: VivianiCurve(2) t 2COS(t) + 2, 2SIN(t), 4SIN 2 VivianiCurve(a) t aCOS(t) + a, aSIN(t), 2aSIN 2

Parametrization of helicoidal curve o Syntax: o Example: HelicoidalCurve(curve,c) HelicoidalCurve(Circumference(0,0,r))

to parametize the helicoidal curve [r cos(t), r sin(t), ct]

#87: #88: HelicoidalCurve(Circumference(0, 0, r)) [rCOS(t), rSIN(t), ct]

#89: #90:

HelicoidalCurve(ArchimedesSpiral(a)) [atCOS(t), atSIN(t), ct]

#91: #92:

HelicoidalCurve(Astroid(a)) 3 3 aCOS(t) , aSIN(t) , ct

Exercises Exercise 1
Compute the line integral of [xy^2+x+1, x^2y-2] along curve C given by: The ellipse (x-x_0)^2/a^2+(y-y_0)^2/b^2 = 1. The portion of the curve given by y=(x+2)\ln x + (1-x)^2 which joins the point (1,0) with (-2,9).
2 2 ExactDifferential(xy + x + 1, x y - 2) This is an exact differential 2 2 U(x, y) Potential(xy + x + 1, x y - 2) 2 2 y 1 U(x, y) x + + x - 2y 2 2 U(-2, 9) - U(1, 0) 285 2

#93: #94: #95:

#96: #97: #98:

Exercise 2
Compute the line integral of [e^x+1,x+z,xy+x+y+2 e^z] along the segment which joins (0,1,2) with (2,-1,6).
x z ExactDifferential(e + 1, x + z, xy + x + y + 2e ) This is not an exact differential

#99: #100:

x z #101: LineIntegral(e + 1, x + z, xy + x + y + 2e , Segment([0, 1, 2], [2, -1, 6]), 0, 1) #102: 6 2 19 2e - e - 3

Exercise 3
Compute the area inside the cardiod (x^2+y^2- 2 * 3/4x)^2 = 4 * (3/4)^2(x^2+y^2). Compute its length.
3 #103: AreaInsideCurveCardioid, 0, 2 4 #104: 27 8

3 #105: CurveLengthCardioid, 0, 2 4 #106: 12

Exercise 4
Let H be a wire which shape is the curve (cost,sint,t) ; t in [0,2pi] with density function (x,y,z)=x^2+y^2+z^2. Compute the length, mass, mass center and media density of the wire.
#107: CurveLength([COS(t), SIN(t), t], 0, 2) #108: 22

2 2 2 #109: WireMass(x + y + z , [COS(t), SIN(t), t], 0, 2) 3 82 + 22 3 2 #111: WireMassCenter(x 2 2 + y + z , [COS(t), SIN(t), t], 0, 2)

#110:

#112:

2 6 6 3(2 + 1) , - , 2 2 2 4 + 3 4 + 3 4 + 3 2 2 + y 2 + z , [COS(t), SIN(t), t], 0, 2) 2 4 + 3 3

#113: MediumValue(x

#114: