Profa. Terezinha M. F.

Benevides Lobianco
benevides-lobianco@vm.uff.br

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE Escola de Cincias Humanas e Sociais - PUVR Departamento de Administrao 2010-2

O Ingls Instrumental tem como objetivo tornar o processo de leitura e interpretao de textos mais eficiente. Ele utilizado para o ensino da Lngua Inglesa, pela posio que esta ganhou no mundo moderno e globalizado como uma ferramenta para comunicao internacional . Curiosidades: 1/5 da populao mundial fluente em ingls. 60% das publicaes de trabalhos de pesquisa no mundo so escritos em ingls. 60% das palavras da lngua inglesa so de origem latina.

UNIDADE 1 Estratgias de Leitura

Na introduo desta apostila, voc ir fazer diversos exerccios que iro lhe mostrar como funciona a metodologia adotada neste curso para que voc leia textos em uma lngua estrangeira. importante ressaltar que, embora os exerccios a seguir no sejam necessariamente em ingls, eles mostraro que voc poder acessar textos em uma lngua desconhecida utilizando as tcnicas aqui apresentadas. Quando lemos um texto em portugus ou em uma lngua estrangeira, usamos algumas ferramentas para que esta leitura se torne mais eficiente. Na primeira unidade, voc ir usar alguns facilitadores textuais, tais como palavras cognatas (palavras de formas semelhantes ao portugus), marcas tipogrficas (tipos de letras, layout) e palavras repetidas.

1-Observe atentamente os textos abaixo: TEXTO 1.1

Kagefigurer ________________ 150g farin 250g sirup 150g margarine 1?2 tsk. Nellike 1 tsk. Ingefaer 3 tsk. Kanel 2 stk. Natron 1 aeg Glasur: 1 aeggehvide 150 g flormelis Smelt farin, sipur og margarine i em gryde. Tag den af varmen. Ror krydderier og natroni i. Kol massen helt af. Ror mel og aeg ihold lidt mel tilbage. Aelt dejen sammen. Lad den hvile i koleskab til aeste dag ellr laengere. Temprer dejen et par timer og aelt den igennem inden brug. Indhold Kultur Den damske julegs er serveret..............................5 Skonheden i forvandlingens land ............................7 Bogsaesonen bnet ...................................................10 Nyhedssektion kobenhavn er em by pa fallitens rand ..................12 Dankere .......................................................................14 Danmarksportraettet .............................................15 Sporten ........................................................................21 Investering .................................................................23 Personalia ...................................................................27

TEXTO 1.2

Reportagesektion.............................................16 Indkobsguide

2- Qual o assunto dos dois textos? De onde foram tirados? _______________________________________________________________________ 3- Agora, observe o texto 1.1 e responda: a) Que quantidade de farinha utilizada? ________________________________________ b) E de margarina? _________________________________________________________ c) Que fatores ajudaram a descobrir estas respostas? ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4 - No texto 1.2, observe e responda: a) Em que pgina da revista o assunto investimentos (finanas) ser abordado?__________ b) Enumere dois outros assuntos que sero tratados na revista: _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Voc percebeu que, para realizar as atividades propostas acima, voc utilizou certos conhecimentos que haviam sido adquiridos anteriormente. Voc j conhecia o layout de um ndice de revista e de uma receita culinria. Por outro lado, a ilustrao da receita permitiu que voc percebesse que se tratava de uma receita de bolo. Voc pde, tambm, detectar que havia certas palavras que eram muito parecidas com palavras da lngua portuguesa (kultur, sporten, farin, margarine, etc.). So as palavras cognatas. Tais palavras permitiram que voc respondesse s perguntas feitas. Utilizando esses procedimentos, voc compreendeu textos escritos em uma lngua que voc provavelmente no conhecia. A esses procedimentos que nos ajudam na compreenso de um texto chamaremos de estratgias de leitura.

Para ler o texto 1.3 a seguir, considere algumas dicas: 1- No leia o texto linearmente como voc faria em portugus. 2- Observe o formato do texto. Tente compreend-lo antes de comear a leitura.

TEXTO 1.3

Agora, responda: 1- Que tipo de texto esse? ________________________________________________ 2- De onde, possivelmente,foi retirado? _______________________________________ 3- Qual o assunto do texto? ________________________________________________ 4- Quais estratgias voc utilizou para descobrir o assunto do texto? ________________

Apesar de no compreendermos inteiramente a mensagem deste texto, podemos extrair algumas informaes quanto ao seu contedo. Nem sempre a dificuldade de compreenso est relacionada ao fato de no conhecermos a lngua em que o texto foi escrito. Na verdade, a interpretao de textos escritos pode ser afetada por diversos fatores, como os exemplos a seguir mostram: Falta de conhecimento especfico em uma determinada rea:
TEXTO 1.4: Os mastcitos so clulas do tecido conjuntivo, originadas a partir de clulas
mesenquimatosas (clulas de grande potncia de diferenciao que do origem s clulas do tecido conjuntivo). Possuem citoplasma rico em grnulos basfilos (coram-se por corantes bsicos). Sua principal funo armazenar potentes mediadores qumicos da inflamao, como a histamina, heparina, ECF-A (fator quimiotxico de atrao- dos eosinfilos) e fatores quimiotxicos (de atrao) dos neutrfilos. Elas participam de reaes alrgicas (de hipersensibilidade), atraindo os leuccitos at o local e proporcionando uma vasodilatao.
Fonte: Vilela, A. Anatomia & Fisiologia Humanas, em http://www.afh.bio.br/imune/imune1.asp

Tal dificuldade pode ser acentuada, principalmente, se o leigo tiver acesso a uma parte do texto apenas:

TEXTO 1.5: Tal unidade de eu , para Lacan, um logro. No seminrio sobre o eu na teoria de
Freud e na tcnica de psicanlise, ao comentar o dilogo de Menon, Lacan destaca: a clivagem entre o plano do imaginrio ou do intuitivo... e a funao simblica que no lhe absolutamente homognea, e cuja introduo na realidade constitui um foramento.
Fonte: Coutinho, J. Fundamentos da Psicanlise: de freud a Lacan, Rio de Janeiro:Jorge Zahar.

Linguagem potica: A linguagem potica pode trazer problemas interpretao, pois o leitor pode no estar familiarizado com este tipo de texto, com sua forma de usar figuras de linguagem e, muitas vezes, com uma linguagem mais formal.
TEXTO 1.6
Horizonte O mar anterior a ns, teus medos Tinham coral e praias e arvoredos. Desvendadas a noite e a cerrao, As tormentas passadas e o mistrio, Abria em flor o Longe, e o Sul sidrio 'Splendia sobre as naus da iniciao. Fernando Pessoa

COMO LIDAR COM PALAVRAS DESCONHECIDAS?

Nos prximos textos, voc ir trabalhar com uma estratgia essencial para a compreenso de textos em lngua estrangeira: deduo de significado de vocabulrio a partir do contexto. Algumas palavras foram substitudas por vocbulos inventados. Atravs do contexto, voc ter que deduzir qual seria seu significado se uma palavra ou expresso em lngua portuguesa tivesse sido usada. Lembre-se: voc est lidando com hipteses! O seu conhecimento de mundo pode ser um recurso importante para a inferncia do significado de palavras novas ou desconhecidas.

TEXTO 1.7: O Cachorro e sua Clomte

Um cachorro, que carregava na boca um pedao de carne, ao cruzar uma ponte sobre um calion, v sua imagem refletida na britila. Diante disso, ele logo imagina que se trata de outro cachorro, com um pedao de carne maior que o seu. Ento, ele deixa cair no calion o pedao que carrega e, ferozmente, se lana sobre o animal refletido na britila, para tomar a poro de carne que julga ser maior que a sua. Agindo assim, ele tamperou a ambos. Aquele que tentou pegar na britila, por se tratar de um simples reflexo, e o seu prprio, uma vez que ao larg-lo na britila, a lancelia levou para longe. Esopo Responda:

a) Qual o assunto do texto? _____________________________________________________ b) Que tipo de texto esse? _____________________________________________________ c) Qual a classe gramatical de: clomte, britila, calion, lancelia e tamperou? __________________________________________________________________________ d) Qual o significado das palavras acima? __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

TEXTO 1.8: Para Turista Ver

Plebeus de todos os pases preparem os tucipes (a). Pela primeira vez em trs sculos de existncia, o Palcio de Buckingham, residncia oficial de reis da Inglaterra, abre suas xepes (b) aos turistas e curiosos dispostos a desembolsar 12 dlares, cerca de R$24,00, por uma muxica (c) de meia hora. A atrao turstica mais cara de Londres inclui uma peregrinao por dezoito dos 600 cmodos do palcio e passa longe do alvo principal da curiosidade da rainha da Inglaterra: os aposentos pessoais de Elizabeth II.Na manh de sbado 7, centenas de pessoas amontoavam-se diante dos portes dourados do palcio. Vai ser xilimebe (d), extasiava-se a estudante americana Kimberly Myers. Nem tanto. Os sales liberados aos comuns mortais, embora kisestros (e), cmo se espera do antigo imprio onde o sol no se punha, so to impessoais quanto um saguo de aeroporto destinam-se s arinpas (f) que a rainha oferece a diplomatas e chefes de Estado. No texto 1.8 , diga o que significam as palavras em negrito: a. ____________________ b. _____________________ d. ____________________ e. _____________________

c. _____________________ f. _____________________

RECURSOS QUE FACILITAM A LEITURA

A) PALAVRAS COGNATAS: Uma das estratgias que o leitor pode lanar mo ao ler um texto em ingls identificar palavras cognatas. O que so palavras cognatas? So palavras que originaram-se do Latim e/ou do Grego e mantiveram a grafia e o significado semelhantes em portugus e ingls. Por exemplo: economist, extraordinary, public, company, and finance. Estas palavras pertencem, muitas vezes, famlias. Tendo conhecimento do significado de uma, pode-se inferir o significado de outras facilmente: Economy Interact Economist Interaction Economic Interactive

TEXTO 1.9: Managers have recently been pouring huge amounts of energy into
strategies for retaining employees. But the strategies aren't working. According to a new survey by consulting firm Kepner-Tregoe (Princeton, N.J.), turnover problems are getting worse, not better. Nearly two-thirds of the 1,290 managers and employees participating in the survey reported that turnover in their organizations has actually increased over the last three years, despite a variety of attempted counter-measures.
(Edward Prewitt, Harvard Management Update)

No texto 1.9 , encontre 3 palavras cognatas e diga o que significam: a. ____________________ b. _____________________ c. _____________________ . ____________________ . _____________________ . _____________________

A.2) FALSOS COGNATOS: So palavras que so semelhantes ao portugus, mas sugerem outras interpretaes. Observe o exemplo a seguir: relatives actually = parentes = na verdade

eventually = finalmente appointment= compromisso, hora marcada assume = presumir carton = caixa de papelo compromise = entrar em acordo commodity data = artigo, mercadoria comprehensive= abrangente = dados (informaes) enroll = registrar-se fabric = tecido income tax return= declarao de imposto de renda harzard gratuity = risco = gratificao, gorjeta

Palavra
to pretend to intend to push to support

Significado
lecture terrific

Palavra

Significado

application exit

Nota: confira a lista de falsos cognatos neste link: http://www.sk.com.br/sk-fals.html

EXERCCIOS: Vocabulrio

1. He talked to her over the ________ in that store. ( ) balcony ( ) counter

2. Mr. Jones is ________ because his colleague broke his glasses. ( ) brave ( ) angry

3. Helen Hawgrafs was promoted to a better ________ in the office. ( ) cargo ( ) post

4. Do you have a business ________ ? ( ) cartoon ( ) card

5. The manager was expecting a ________ of goods from China. ( ) cargo ( ) charge

6. I have ________ with Mr. Smith tomorrow. ( ) a compromise ( ) an appointment 7. You have to ________ when you think youre going to be late. ( ) advise ( ) tell me in advance 8. Do you have Mr. Thompsons phone number in your ________ ? ( ) phone book ( ) agenda

9. A computer company is a good ________ nowadays. ( ) application ( ) investment

10. Did you take ________ during the lesson? ( ) appointments ( ) notes

B) PALAVRAS REPETIDAS: Com frequncia, o leitor se depara com palavras repetidas. Elas so palavras de contedo, como substantivos, adjetivos e verbos, que podem ser cognatas ou no. A ocorrncia de um grande nmero de palavras repetidas em um texto indica que estas so relevantes para a sua compreenso, como no Texto 1.10.
TEXTO 1.10: Managers have recently been pouring huge amounts of energy into strategies for retaining employees. But the strategies aren't working. According to a new survey by consulting firm Kepner-Tregoe (Princeton, N.J.), turnover problems are getting worse, not better. Nearly two-thirds of the 1,290 managers and employees participating in the survey reported that turnover in their organizations has actually increased over the last three years, despite a variety of attempted counter-measures.

Agora, observe o texto 1.11. Que palavra est repetida com o objetivo de enfatizar o principal tpico de discusso?
TEXTO 1.11: The first American business school, Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, was established in 1881, 62 years after the world's first business school ESCP-EAP was established in 1819, in Paris.

C) MARCAS TIPOGRFICAS: Marcas tipogrficas so recursos no-lingusticos que servem para: - diferenciar partes do texto (margens, linhas, espaos), - enfatizar outras (negrito, itlico, LETRA MAISCULA), - prover uma outra forma de leitura (grficos, tabelas, figuras), - facilitar o acesso informao e ao significado, - permitir uma leitura no linear.
TEXTO 1.12:

Reference: http://www.businesstoday.intoday.in/; 9 March, 2009; 17:44 IST

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A leitura no linear favorece o leitor que quer buscar informaes especficas num texto. Ele no tem que ler dois ou trs pargrafos para encontrar os dados que so relevantes para seu objetivo de leitura. Jornais e revistas, por exemplo, usam uma grande variedade de marcas tipogrficas para facilitar a seleo de tpicos, como no texto 1.12 acima, que exibe seu contedo atravs de figuras e cores separando assuntos, assim como ttulos sublinhados, assim como diferentes tamanhos e cores de letras, enfatizando as vias de acesso aos tpicos distintos. EXERCCIOS DE LEITURA

1) Sublinhe 6 palavras cognatas e circule palavras repetidas no texto 1.13: TEXTO1.13: FOR TRADE TALKS TIME IS VERY SHORT

Love it or hate it, globalization has made the world more prosperous. But free-trade advocates could face a setback later this year, because the 150 countries that make up the World Trade Organization (WTO) can't agree on how to take things to the next level. Since 2001, the WTO has been holding complex negotiations in an attempt to reduce existing barriers to trade in agriculture, services and manufacturing. But the socalled Doha Round has foundered because of squabbling between developing nations and the world's economic powers: the U.S., the E.U. and Japan.
Help! trade - comrcio setback - revs has foundered foi arruinada squabbling- disputa

a) Analise as palavras cognatas e repetidas. Em seguida, retire do texto 1.13 duas frases com dados especficos: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2) Observe o texto 1.14.

TEXTO 1.14: Coca-Cola was first sold overseas in 1902 (in Cuba), and by 1929 it was available in 26 countries. To supply American soldiers during World War II, Coke built 63 bottling plants around the world. But the companys strategy bounced through extremes. In 1981, Coca-Cola sought to be not just global but uniform. In 2000, it shifted to the opposite approach, becoming hyperlocal in the way it produced and sold soft drinks. Mr. Ghemawat suggests that the winning approach lies between these extremes: neither one-size-fits-all standardization nor country-by-country customization.

a) Analise as palavras cognatas. Em seguida, copiei do texto 1.14 os trechos, em ingls, correspondentes: - ... para suprir soldados americanos durante a 2a. Guerra Mundial...: ____________________________________________________________________________ - ... a Coca-Cola procurou ser no apenas global mas uniforme. ____________________________________________________________________________

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IDENTIFICAR O ASSUNTO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO: SKIMMING

Skimming uma estratgia que permite uma leitura rpida de um texto para se obter uma idia geral sobre o assunto. Quando o leitor se depara com um texto extenso, esta tcnica permite que ele decida se o texto , ou no, relevante para o seu objetivo de leitura. Repare no exemplo a seguir:
Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaa. Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. Bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb bbbbbbbbbbbb. Bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb bbbbbbbbbbbb. Cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc. Cc cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc.

TEXTO 1.15

Business
From Wikipedia In economics, business is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit. The etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society. In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope the general usage (above), the singular usage to refer to a particular company or corporation, and the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the record business," "the computer business," or "the business community" -- the community of suppliers of goods and services.

Agora, responda: a- Que tipo de texto este? _____________________________________________________ b- Qual o assunto do texto? _____________________________________________________

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BUSCAR INFORMAES ESPECFICAS: SCANNING

Scanning uma estratgia de leitura que permite ao leitor buscar informaes especficas em diferentes partes do texto, ou seja, ela permite uma leitura no linear. O Texto 1.6, por exemplo, foi extrado da revista The Financial Times on-line, cujo contedo bastante diverso. O leitor no tem que ler todas as matrias para que possa encontrar o assunto que procura. Ao invs disto, ele poder buscar palavras-chaves que estejam em evidncia, sinalizando o caminho para que ache seu tpico de interesse.

TEXTO 1.16 The best Jobs, Contracts and Businesses for sale opportunities are listed here. Please click on one of the categories below to search our listings.

Jobs
Search for the top finance, technology, banking, consultancy and management appointments.

Businesses for sale

FT.com offers you the ability to search businesses advertised for sale in the FT newspaper and on BusinessForSale.com.

Notices

Place an advert

Find Public notices and Contracts Please contact one of our specialist advertisements that have been placed in representatives to discuss advertising. the FT newspaper.

1) Considerando-se que esta uma revista virtual, responda: a- Se voc procura informaes sobre como anunciar seu produto, em que parte do texto/smbolo deveria clicar para saber como proceder? ____________________________________________________________________________ b- Se voc procura informaes sobre ofertas de compra de negcios, em que parte do texto/smbolo deveria clicar para saber como obter mais detalhes? ____________________________________________________________________________

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EXERCCIOS DE LEITURA

TEXTO 1.17 AMAZON ASSAULT

Will it be a road to disaster? Ignoring objections from conservation groups, Brazil decided to complete the paving of a highway, BR-163, through a part of the Am a zo n r a i n f o r e st that is particularly vulnerable to draught and fire. While the road will help Brazil boost soybean exports, scientists fear that if settlers burn trees to clear land in this area, the flames will spread sparking the worst conflagration the Amazon has ever seen.
TIME magazine, Dec. 18 2000

Usando a tcnica de leitura scanning, responda: a- Qual o nmero da rodovia? ___________________________________________________ b- Onde fica situada? __________________________________________________________ c- A exportao de qual produto poder ser beneficiada? ______________________________

TEXTO 1.18

Virgin moves in on India with Vodafones partner

Elizabeth Judge, Telecoms Correspondent

V i r g i n G r o u p has joined up with ESSAR, Vodafones partner in India, to launch a one-stop mobile phone chain aimed at seizing a chunk of the countrys fast-growing wireless market. Sir Richard Bransons group will work with the Indian conglomerate on rolling out a chain of up to 2,500 mobile stores across India. The outlets will provide hand-sets, accessories and repairs in the same vein as Britains Carphone Warehouse. The tie-up with Essar marks the latest in a series of ambitious projects by Virgin Group a 10 billion revenue, 50,000employee group, pay TV credit cards gyms and casinos. Virgins work with Essar marks its latest attempt to cement its brand in one of the worlds fastestgrowing economies. As The Times revealed in January, Virgin Mobile, Sir Richards no-frills mobile brand, is also in talks with TATA, another Indian conglomerate, about launching a mobile service in the country. Virgin is set to become an exclusive franchisee of Tata Teleservices. Only 14 per cent of Indias population has a mobile phone, according to Wireless Intelligence. That should soar to more than 30 per cent by 2011, it predicts. (Adapted from The Times - March 21, 2007)

Help! to launch - lanar

seizing pegar

rolling out - movimentando

soar - atingir

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1) Baseado na leitura do Texto 1.18, responda: a. Qual o assunto do texto? ____________________________________________________ b. Circule a parte do texto onde esto enumerados os projetos ambiciosos da Virgin. c. Que outra companhia est negociando projetos com a Virgin? ________________________ d. Que frao da populao da ndia possui telefones celulares? ________________________ 2) Complete as frases abaixo com informaes especficas sobre o texto: a. Virgin Group has ____________ with ESSAR, Vodafones ____________ in India. b. Virgin is ____________ to become an exclusive franchisee of Tata Teleservices. c. The outlets will provide ____________, ____________ and ____________.

TEXTO 1.19

Interview: Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang

TIME Magazine, Thursday, Mar. 15, 2007 The office Donald Tsang uses at his election-campaign HQ is small and austereno ornaments, just a desk, a computer and chairs. The atmosphere is distinctly no-nonsense, and that was precisely Tsang's mood when he met TIME's Zoher Abdoolcarim and Austin Ramzy last Friday for a brisk conversation about democracy, his relationship with Beijing, and Hong Kong's competition. Excerpts: TIME: Your re-election is a foregone conclusion. Why campaign at all? TSANG: My objective is not only to win the votes of the 800 people who are the delegates in the Election Committee. My campaign is to win the hearts of the 7 million people of Hong Kong, convincing them that I'm the best man for the job. If I'm going to secure the votes of 800 people, it is a much easier exercise. I know many of them anyway. But winning the hearts of the people is a different exercise. I have to have a manifesto. I need to have an election platform. I want to tell people what I propose to do in the coming five years, and why those things are important to them and to me. ()

Help! nonsense-absurdo

mood-disposio

brisk rpida

foregone -previamente determinada

1) Baseado na leitura do Texto 1.19, responda: a. Que tipo de texto este? _____________________________________________________ b. Qual o assunto principal? _____________________________________________________ c. Como a sala de Donald Tsang? _____________________________________________ d. O que ele espera conquistar na eleies? ________________________________________ 2) Complete as frases abaixo com informaes especficas do texto: a. Tsang met TIME's Abdoolcarim and Ramzy last Friday for a ____________ conversation about ____________ . b. I have to have a ____________. I need to have an election ____________.

UNIDADE 2

Estruturao dos Pargrafos

A leitura e a compreenso de um texto escrito no se devem apenas ao conhecimento de seu vocabulrio e estruturas gramaticais. importante saber sobre a forma como um texto estruturado: desde a organizao das idias em um pargrafo at a formao de um texto completo. De posse desta informao, o leitor tem, na verdade, instrumentos para tornar sua leitura uma atividade com propsito definido e mais eficaz. Nesta unidade, abordaremos um assunto crucial para uma leitura eficaz: a estruturao do pargrafo. Observaremos como frases se organizam em pargrafos, assim como os pargrafos encadeiam-se formando o texto coerente.

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A ORGANIZAO DO PARGRAFO

A)

TOPIC SENTENCE (Tpico Frasal)

Comecemos pela primeira frase que ir compor um texto. Ela deve funcionar como um carto de visitas para o leitor, ou seja, ela deve ser capaz de comunicar o tpico de discusso com clareza, assim como a posio do autor em relao ao assunto (sua opinio). Esta frase chama-se tpico frasal ou topic sentence. O tpico frasal deve: tornar claro o tpico do texto expressar a posio do autor em relao ao assunto atrair o leitor ser especfico Se observarmos o texto 2.1, veremos como possvel tornar um texto mais claro acrescentando alguns poucos detalhes especficos. TEXTO 2.1 H uma empresa naquela regio.

H uma empresa francesa no Sul Fluminense.

H uma empresa francesa no Sul Fluminense que fabrica carros de passeio para serem exportados para toda a Amrica Latina.

Para compreendermos um pouco melhor o processo de estruturao de um tpico frasal, vamos fazer um exerccio. Voc tentar tornar o assunto das frases a seguir mais especfico: a- Meu amigo trabalha num escritrio. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ b- O funcionrio fez uma observao interessante. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

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No texto 2.2, podemos ver como o tpico frasal apresentado: TEXTO 2.2
The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper printed on distinctive salmon pink broadsheet paper. The periodical is printed in 23 cities: London, Leeds, Dublin, Paris, Frankfurt, Stockholm, Milan, Madrid, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas, Atlanta, Miami, Washington DC, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul, Dubai, Johannesburg and Istanbul. Wikipedia, 2007

Como pode-se ver, o jornal descrito de forma precisa, com vrias qualidades especficas atribudas a ele: international newspaper
business newspaper printed on distinctive salmon pink paper broadsheet paper

B)

MAJOR DETAIL (Detalhe Importante)

A parte do pargrafo que sucede o tpico frasal ser chamada aqui de detalhe importante. Esta parte deve conter uma descrio mais detalhada do assunto, comunicando ao leitor as reas a serem exploradas dentro da idia principal. No Texto 2.2, por exemplo, ela fornece detalhes sobre os lugares do mundo onde o jornal impresso (em itlico).
The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper printed on distinctive salmon pink broadsheet paper. The periodical is printed in 23 cities: London, Leeds, Dublin,

Paris, Frankfurt, Stockholm, Milan, Madrid, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas, Atlanta, Miami, Washington DC, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul, Dubai, Johannesburg and Istanbul. Wikipedia, 2007

C)

HOOK (Gancho)

O fechamento do primeiro pargrafo pode apresentar um gancho de transio, que guia o leitor para o prximo pargrafo do texto. Pode-se, tambm, usar um termo ou expresso no segundo pargrafo, que ligue seu contedo com o que foi previamente mencionado.
The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper printed on distinctive salmon pink broadsheet paper. The periodical is printed in 23 cities: London, Leeds, Dublin, Paris, Frankfurt, Stockholm, Milan, Madrid, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas, Atlanta, Miami, Washington DC, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul, Dubai, Johannesburg and Istanbul.

Over the years, around the world, the newspaper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It also established a network of correspondents in major cities around the world, reflecting early moves in the world economy towards globalization.
Adapted from Wikipedia, 2007

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Retomando o texto 1.12 como exemplo, vejamos como o tpico frasal, o detalhe importante e o gancho so estruturados, de forma a favorecer uma leitura rpida e eficiente. TEXTO 1.12
FOR TRADE TALKS TIME IS VERY SHORT
Love it or hate it, globalization has made the world more prosperous. But free-trade advocates could face a setback later this year, because the 150 countries that make up the World Trade

Organization (WTO) can't agree on how to take things to the next level.

Since 2001, the WTO has been holding complex negotiations in an attempt to reduce existing barriers to trade in agriculture, services and manufacturing. But the so-called Doha Round has foundered because of squabbling between developing nations and the world's economic powers: the U.S., the E.U. and Japan.

Jim Erickson, Time, March 19, 2007

EXERCCIOS DE LEITURA

1) Agora, ser a sua vez de encontrar o tpico frasal, o(s) detalhe (s) importante(s) e o gancho no texto abaixo:

TEXTO 2.3
Growing use of modern contraceptives has helped to reduce the size of families in developing countries from an average of six in the 1960s to four today. A new analysis of data gathered from 300,000 women in 44 developing countries reveals that about a third of married women in the developing world are now using modern family planning methods. The analysis, based on national surveys made between 1985 and 1992, shows that while contraceptives have contributed directly to the decline in the size of families, there are also social factors at work. Women living in towns and cities and educated women tend to have fewer children, so migration from the countryside into towns and improvements in womens education certainly play a part.
(New Scientist, March 13, 1993)

19

ANLISE

No texto 2.3, o autor consegue expressar com clareza o que ele pretende abordar em sua discusso desde o incio: contraceptivos. Sua opinio favorvel ao assunto transparece, quando ele afirma que os contraceptivos modernos tm ajudado a reduzir o tamanho das famlias (...). Seu tpico frasal consegue expressar o que um leitor, que est usando a estratgia skimming, precisa para saber se este texto atender ou no ao seu propsito de leitura. Portanto, o tpico frasal :
Growing use of modern contraceptives has helped to reduce the size of families in developing countries from an average of six in the 1960's to four today.

Complementando a idia expressa no tpico frasal, o autor desenvolve um ou alguns detalhes importantes, onde seu tpico ainda mais detalhado, facilitando o acesso s informaes.
Growing use of modern contraceptives has helped to reduce the size of families in developing countries from an average of six in the 1960s to four today. A new analysis of data gathered from 300,000 women in 44 developing countries reveals that about a third of married women in the developing world are now using modern family planning methods.

Depois de estabelecer o assunto a ser tratado e sua posio em relao ao tpico, o autor inclui dados de uma pesquisa com 300 mulheres em 44 pases em desenvolvimento. Este informao torna ainda mais claro que fatores sero abordados, dentro do assunto que foi escolhido pelo autor. A terceira parte a ser considerada na estrutura do pargrafo o gancho (hook) que introduz o assunto que ser abordado no pargrafo a seguir, como o exemplo abaixo mostra:
Growing use of modern contraceptives has helped to reduce the size of families in developing countries from an average of six in the 1960s to four today. A new analysis of data gathered from 300,000 women in 44 developing countries reveals that about a third of married women in the developing world are now using modern family planning methods. The analysis, based on national surveys made between 1985 and 1992, shows that while contraceptives have contributed directly to the decline in the size of families, there are also social factors at work. Women living in towns and cities and educated women tend to have fewer children, so migration from the countryside into towns and improvements in womens education certainly play a part.

(New Scientist, March 13, 1993)

20

D)

MINOR DETAILS (Acessrios)

Alguns textos, entretanto, no seguem uma estrutura simples. Eles podem conter dois detalhes importantes e apresentar informaes adicionais sobre eles: acessrios. Os acessrios so detalhes menos importantes para o entendimento da mensagem, mas so ricos em exemplos e informaes extras sobre o assunto. Observe o texto abaixo:
TEXTO 2.4
It is the incredible speed of computers, along with their memory capacity, which makes them so useful and valuable. Computers can solve problems in a fraction of the time it takes man. For this reason, businesses use them to keep their accounts, and airline, railway, and bus companies use them to control ticket sales. As for memory, modern computers can store information with high accuracy and reliability. A computer can put data into its memory and retrieve it again in a few millionths of a second. It also has a storage capacity for as many as a million items.

Se usarmos um diagrama para mostrarmos a forma como a informao foi estruturada neste texto, teremos a seguinte representao:

IDIA PRINCIPAL It is the incredible speed of computers, along with their memory capacity, which makes them so useful and valuable. DETALHE IMPORTANTE DETALHE IMPORTANTE

Computers can solve problems much faster than humans. ACESSRIO ACESSRIO

Modern computers can store information with high accuracy and reliability. ACESSRIO ACESSRIO

Businesses use them Transport companies A computer can put It also has a storage to keep their accounts. use them to control data into its memory capacity for as many as ticket sales. and retrieve it again a million items. in a few millionths of a second.

Agradecimentos Prof.a Tnia Mazzillo, PUC-RJ

21

EXERCCIOS DE LEITURA

TEXTO 2.5

Management is a Canadian Success Story

By Roelf Woldring, Canada NewsWire, March 19, 2007

This week, as chicken farmers from across Ontario gather for their annual general meeting, a key issue on everyone's mind is the Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations on agriculture, and the impact it may have on consumers and the businesses and livelihoods of Ontario's 1,100 chicken farmers. The Doha Round of WTO negotiations is fundamentally about fairness, about ensuring a level playing field between countries. As part of this process, the WTO is taking a cold, hard look at how member countries subsidize their agricultural industries. Chicken farmers understand why the world needs to reach an agreement to end subsidies. Subsidies use government money to distort the global agricultural marketplace. But Canadian agricultural supply management is the opposite of a subsidy, it relies entirely on income earned through the market to operate. Unlike farmers in the United States, the European Union and many other countries, Canadian dairy, poultry and egg farmers receive no government subsidies. All of our farm income, all of the money we use to manage our sectors, and all of the money we use to market our products... every penny of it... we earn through the marketplace. We do not receive, ask for, or want government subsidies. Period. Like any entrepreneurs, supply managed farmers expect their farming businesses to provide a reasonable, sustainable, market-based return, with an annual income related to the energy and investment they make in their operations. Like any business, there are many costs associated with becoming a chicken farmer including the cost of land, equipment, feed, birds, electricity, labour and acquiring quote. These costs are no different than anyone starting a new business in any sector. The costs of meeting high consumer expectations are not paid by governments or hidden in agricultural subsidies. They are part of a farmer's cost of doing business and are factored in to the price of our products. Over and over, consumer research has proven that Canadians benefit from supply management because: - it offers access to safe, Canadian grown poultry; - it provides a stable supply of affordable, high-quality food; and - it does not require taxpayer-funded subsidies. Supply managed farmers buy goods and services in small communities, pay for rural infrastructure, and are the reason that many towns and villages are able to survive. All of that will be at risk if the WTO negotiations go poorly. Supply management is an ongoing Canadian success story that proves food production can be managed efficiently, and in a way that benefits consumers, government and farmers. Rather than risk losing it, we believe the Canadian government and WTO policy makers should be studying its successes and using it as a model for how to manage agriculture the right way.

22

Help! key issue-assunto principal plentiful - abundante supply- suprimento

chave, consumer -consumidores over and over repetidamente to reach - alcanar

livelihoods fairness- justia ganha-po - to be at risk estar correndo to go poorly no ter sucesso risco rely entirely on confiar income - receita totalmente em

Com base no texto que voc acabou de ler, responda: 1) Usando a estratgia skimming, diga qual o assunto do texto? _____________________________________________________________________ 2) Usando a estratgia scanning, ache no texto o significado da sigla WTO: __________________________________________ de que cidade do Canad so os avicultores em questo? ____________________ H uma frase no texto que repete, quase literalmente, o ttulo do artigo. Em que pargrafo ela se encontra? ____________________________________________ 3) Qual o tpico frasal? ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4) Sublinhe o gancho do primeiro para o segundo pargrafo. 5) Traduza as passagens abaixo: aThe Doha Round of WTO negotiations is fundamentally about fairness, about ensuring a level playing field between countries. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

b-

Unlike farmers in the United States, the European Union and many other countries, Canadian dairy, poultry and egg farmers receive no government subsidies. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

c-

Like any business, there are many costs associated with becoming a chicken farmer including the cost of land, equipment, feed, birds, electricity, labour and acquiring quote. These costs are no different than anyone starting a new business in any sector. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

23

Leia o texto 2.6 e faa um diagrama de sua estrutura (seguindo o modelo de anlise do texto 2.4): TEXTO 2.6
Railway companies use large computer systems to control ticket reservations and to give immediate information on the status of their trains. The computer system is connected by private telephone lines to terminals in major train stations and ticket reservations for customers are made through these phone lines. The passengers name, type of accommodation, and the train schedule is put into the computers memory. On a typical day, a railways computer system gets thousands of telephone calls about reservations, space on other railways and requests for arrivals and departures. A big advantage of the railway computer ticket reservation system is its rapidity, because a cancelled booking can be sold anywhere in the system just a few seconds later. Railway computer systems are not used for reservations alone. They are used for a variety of other jobs including train schedules, planning, freight and cargo loading, meal planning, personnel availability, accounting and stock control.

IDIA PRINCIPAL

DETALHE IMPORTANTE

DETALHE IMPORTANTE

ACESSRIO

ACESSRIO

ACESSRIO

ACESSRIO

24

RESPOSTA DO EXERCCIO DA PGINA ANTERIOR: Texto 2.6

IDIA PRINCIPAL

Railway companies use large computer systems to control ticket reservations and to give immediate information on the status of their trains.
DETALHE IMPORTANTE DETALHE IMPORTANTE

The computer system is connected by private telephone lines to terminals in major train stations and ticket reservations for customers are made through these phone lines.
ACESSRIO ACESSRIO

A big advantage of the railway computer ticket reservation system is its rapidity,

ACESSRIO

ACESSRIO

The passengers name, type of accommodation, and the train schedule is put into the computers memory.

On a typical day, a a cancelled booking railways computer can be sold system gets anywhere in the thousands of system just a few telephone calls about seconds later. reservations, space on other railways and requests for arrivals and departures.

Railway computer systems are used for a variety of other jobs including train schedules, planning, freight and cargo loading, meal planning, personnel availability, accounting and stock control.

UNIDADE 3

Investigando a Lngua Inglesa: Grupos Nominais

A lngua inglesa segue o padro SUJEITO + VERBO + OBJETO, como em portugus. Contudo, a organizao das partes que formam suas frases podem diferir do portugus, como o caso dos grupos nominais.

26

GRUPOS NOMINAIS

A lngua inglesa possui grupos nominais, que agem de forma diferente da do portugus. Observe os exemplos a seguir: - business partner - a palavra business um adjetivo neste caso; - successful business - neste exemplo, a palavra business um substantivo. Que tal experimentarmos alguns outros exemplos? Considere as palavras sublinhadas: a. nice company ___________________ . company structure ___________________ b. centralised purchasing ________________ . purchasing staff __________________ c. production planning _________________ .mass production ___________________ d. distribution channel _________________ .efficient distribution ________________ A linguagem dos negcios est impregnada com tais estruturas:
business associate company headquarters job description product credibility increasing customer familiarity

Vejamos como elas so formadas. A) HEADWORD (Ncleo) Como os

O grupo nominal possui uma headword, que o ncleo do sintagma. exemplos abaixo mostram, o ncleo a informao propriamente dita.
business administration management capability specific technical strategies performance appraisal system

B)

MODIFIERS

Os modifiers podem ser compostos de adjetivos, substantivos, advrbios ou artigos. Eles tm o propsito de especificar a informao. Um grupo nominal pode ser composto de um ou mais modifiers. Vamos considerar a palavra servios como exemplo. Se quisermos construir um texto sobre esse assunto, precisamos especificar que tipo de servios sero abordados em nosso texto. Vejamos:
after-sales services professional services translation services

27

EXERCCIOS

Agora, vamos praticar um pouco. 1) Relacione as frases da primeira coluna com a segunda: 1. efficient purchasing 2. suppliers selection 3. purchasing manager 4. company training programme 5. plane ticket ( ( ( ( ( ) programa de treinamento da companhia ) passagem de avio ) compra eficiente ) gerente de compras ) seleo de fornecedores

2) Diga a classe gramatical das palavras sublinhadas: a. customer loyalty __________________________________________ b. effective promotional tool __________________________________ c. product benefits __________________________________________ d. age distribution analysis ____________________________________ e. job application letter ______________________________________ 3) Observe o texto 2.5 e traduza os seguintes grupos nominais: a. An annual general meeting ______________________________________________________________________ b. Global agricultural marketplace ______________________________________________________________________ c. Canadian agricultural supply management ______________________________________________________________________ d. A reasonable, sustainable, market-based return ______________________________________________________________________ e. An ongoing Canadian success story ______________________________________________________________________

UNIDADE 4

Referncia Textual

Esta unidade aborda elementos fundamentais para coeso de idias em um texto: os marcadores textuais. Estas palavrinhas ajudam a ligar idias, conectando elementos de uma frase a um ou mais elementos de outra(s). Tais marcadores colaboram para a clareza do texto.

29

PRONOMES

Pronomes so, freqentemente, usados para fazer referncia a palavras que foram mencionadas previamente na frase ou no pargrafo, para evitar repetio de idias. Alguns exemplos so: he, she, it, this, that, whose, etc. Observe os diferentes casos abaixo:
Management is the act of directing and controlling a group of people for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing the group towards accomplishing a goal beyond the scope of individual effort. Management encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act of management. (Wikipdia)

John Turner worked for Tracks Co. last year. John Turner enjoyed working with John Turners wife at Tracks Co. John Turner worked for Tracks Co. last year. He enjoyed working with his wife there. A construction worker from Chicago built his $9 million pizza business in the last decade. (Newsweek, April, 2007)

TEXTO 4.1

Building an Empire One Block at a Time

In an age of high-tech toys, Lego is reinventing itself. The old-fashioned bricks have never been more popular. Here's how the company does it.
(...) Like potato chips and pandas, Legos seem universally appealing: does anyone not like them? For managers at the privately held, Danish-based companywhich celebrates its 75th birthday this yearthat's mostly a blessing. But in the last decade, Lego experienced the downside of having a brand that's so adored. Emboldened by the public's fondness for its colored bricks, managers tried to expand well beyond toys and build Lego into a full-blown lifestyle brand. The company expanded its Lego theme parks, sold Lego software and created Lego clothing lines. Suddenly parents could send their child to school wearing Lego rain boots and a Lego backpack. Today Lego managers look back on that expansion with a shudder, asking: What were we thinking?
Help! Emboldened encorajados; movement full-blown in its most complete, extreme; shudder - uncontrolled shaking

(Newsweek, April,2007)

1) Quais so os referentes textuais das palavras sublinhadas no texto 4.1? -itself (l.2) _____________ -it (l.3) ____________ -them (l.4) ____________ -its (l.5) _____________ -that (l.6) _____________ -its (l.7) ____________ -its (l.8) ____________ -their (l.10) _____________

30

OUTRAS EXPRESSES

Alm dos pronomes mencionados acima, h tambm algumas palavras ou expresses que so usadas com o propsito de facilitar a leitura e economizar explicaes, muitas vezes evitando que o texto fique confuso ou ambguo, por exemplo: the former the latter such one the first so ... EXEMPLO: Excess cholesterol enters the body through our foods, especially animal fats, and many people are still unaware of the ones they should avoid. Mr Davidson left the meeting this morning without telling anyone. He did so because he was in a hurry. TEXTO 4.2
Modern accounting firms use spreadsheet software to do complicated calculations. They can provide their clients with an up-to-date report whenever it is needed. This software has many functions and can be integrated with other software. The spreadsheets basic component is a cell. This may contain a formula which performs a mathematical operation. It could also contain a label or data. The former describes the information on the worksheet. The latter is the information itself. The worksheet is the basic work area of a spreadsheet program. It is made up of cells arranged in rows and columns. The number of these varies depending on the software you are using. You can change the width and format of cells. Such parameters are usually quite easy to change with just a few keystrokes.

1) Quais so os referentes textuais das palavras sublinhadas no texto 4.2? a. Their (line 2) b. It (line 2) c. This (line 2) d. This (line 3) e. Which (line 4) f. The former (line 5) g. The latter (line 5) h. It (line 7) i. These (line 8) j. Such (line 9) [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ] cell ] rows and columns ] Modern accounting firms ] data ] The worksheet ] up-to-date report ] width and format of cells ] a label ] spreadsheet ] a formula

UNIDADE 5

Formao de Palavras

Esta unidade ir abordar como as palavras em ingls so formadas. Tal conhecimento ir facilitar sua leitura, pois auxiliar na deduo de significado de palavras desconhecidas ou que possam apresentar alguma dificuldade de compreenso. Na primeira parte desta unidade, apresentaremos os PREFIXOS. Na segunda parte, estudaremos sobre os SUFIXOS.

32

Durante a leitura de um texto, o leitor poder se deparar com palavras que desconhece. Muitas vezes, ser possvel determinar o significado destas se voc reconhecer a forma como as palavras so formadas em ingls.
PREFIXO RADICAL SUFIXO

Uma palavra, em ingls, pode ser dividida em trs partes: prefixo, radical e sufixo. PRE- significa antes, portanto prefixo a parte que vem antes da parte fixa(que no muda), ou seja, do radical: un + comfortable = uncomfortable negative meaning O sufixo a parte que fica ao final do radical. Observe, novamente, a palavra uncomfortable. uncomfort + able = comfortable adjective
ATENO! O prefixo, normalmente, muda o significado da palavra, enquanto que o sufixo muda sua classe gramatical.

PREFIXOS

Os prefixos podem ser agrupados de acordo com seu significado geral. A tabela a seguir contm vrios exemplos de palavras formadas com prefixos. Tabela de Prefixos Negativo e positivo UnNonIn Dis Re Il / ir Tamanho SemiMiniMicroLugar/posio InterSuperTransExExtraPeriTempo/ordem PreAnteForePostNmero MonoBiHexOctMultiTri-

33

TABELA DE PREFIXOS Errado/mal mismalMuito/acima/alm over supersupraPouco/abaixo undersubColocar junto enFora/fora de ex-

Contra anticontra-

nico uni-

Junto cocomcol-

Antes fore-

Entre inter-

EXERCCIOS

1- Preencha as lacunas com os prefixos apropriados:

re multi under bi retro re tri mono

a) Your pay rise is _________ active to the beginning of June and you will receive a _______ annual bonus. b) Most people prefer a colour screen to a ___________chrome screen. c) As the results are irregular, the report will have to be _________ written. d) You can maximize your chances of finding a job if you are ________ lingual. e) Microsoft will launch a __________player version of the game today as part of its testing beta phase. f) It was called the Google Games, a convivial way for the mostly computer science and engineering students to ______new the Stanford-Berkeley rivalry. But behind the fun was a serious corporate recruiting event that ________scores a rivalry no less intense.

34

SUFIXOS

Os exemplos a seguir mostram como a escolha de um sufixo pode afetar o que se quer comunicar:
compare comparable comparably negotiate negotiation negotiable

Agora, observe como os sufixos podem mudar a classe gramatical das palavras em ingls:
compare : comparable : comparably : negotiation : VERBO ADJETIVO ADVRBIO SUBSTANTIVO

Substantivos -ance -ence -or -er -ist -ness -ion -ing* -ment

Verbos -ize (-ise) -ate -fy -en -ify -ing*

Adjetivos -able -ible -less -ic -ical -ish -ive -ful -ous -ing*

Advrbios -ly

*ATENO: o sufixo ing pode formar substantivos, adjetivos ou verbos.

35

EXERCCIOS

TEXTO 5.1

Take My Television - Please!

Posted by Libby Rosenthal , International Heralds Tribune, May 2007 My business of green column today is about the growing options here in Europe for disposing of unwanted electronic equipment in an eco-friendly manner. The European Union as well as a number of electronics companies like Dell and Nokia are pioneering new thinking in the field. Such items should not be taken to landfill because they contain polluting metals and toxins that, in Europe at least, qualify them as hazardous material. More to the point, much of the stuff can be recycled if the products are taken back and dismantled properly. The EU now wants all electronics stores to take back old equipment for free for recycling. And consumer pressure can clearly make both manufacturers and stores more responsive. Before buying a brand, I will now ask about the companys take back policies, and will not buy unless there is a good answer.

1- Agora, divirta-se com a atividade abaixo, procurando no texto acima suas respostas: a) palavra com prefixo un; b) adjetivo com sufixo ic; c) verbo no gerndio com sufixo ing; d) substantivo com sufixo ment; e) adjetivo com sufixo ing; f) advrbio com sufixo ly;

T E E A L J U N I F A H S

R Y N O L E O R I N U L L

I R M P I O N E E R I N G

A V A N W A H L O I T E D

F U N W A N T E D O L F E

I F U A T S Q T R S U O M

L E F M P S T R A H T R O

L T A I R N R O G E L T L

M P C N O T Q N O D L R A

E U T D P E U I N N Y U R

G H U F E C A C F O M B G

U F R F R P N B E L E E E

I G E E L L T A R I Q L N

D M R C Y O D L T O U L E

A E S T N B A L M N I Q S

N N U A I M D M N A P U S

C D T A C E O S H S M I L

E P O L E E N H A U E P Y

M R M P O L L U T I N G E

O O E N S H C A U G T O N

2- Baseado no texto acima, diga o significado e a classe gramatical das palavras sublinhadas:
a. unwanted electronic equipment ________________________________________________ b. growing options ___________________________________________________________ c. hazardous material _________________________________________________________ d. consumer pressure _________________________________________________________

36

TEXTO 5.2 In Fierce Competition, Google Finds Novel Ways to Feed Hiring Machine

Noah Berger for The New York Times MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif. On a spring Saturday, about 90 students from Stanford and as many from the University of California, Berkeley, converged on Googles corporate campus for a day of spirited team competition over mind-bending puzzles, Lego building problems and video games. It was called the Google Games, a convivial way for the mostly computer science and engineering students to renew the Stanford-Berkeley rivalry. But behind the fun was a serious corporate recruiting event that underscores a rivalry no less intense: the tug of war for talent between Google and its competitors. As much of the high-tech industry is enjoying a renewed boom, the competition for top recruits in engineering and other fields is as intense as ever. Companies like Google, Microsoft and Yahoo frequently find themselves going after the same candidates or recruiting in one anothers backyards. At the same time, they are running up against a myriad of start-up companies across Silicon Valley that have been pumped up with venture capital in recent years. To lure talent, these companies have expanded their recruiting arsenal far beyond the traditional job fair to include a growing number of events like technology lectures, cocktail parties, pizza parties, treasure hunts and programming contests. Google has been vacuuming talent wherever it can find it to keep fueling its growth. Its work force has roughly doubled every year for the last several years, to more than 12,200 at the end of March. Google is now adding about 500 workers each month.

1) Leia o texto 4.1 e preencha a tabela abaixo com palavras encontradas nele.

Nouns Verbs (-ed) Verbs (-ing) Adjectives (-ing)

2) Traduza as frases e expresses abaixo e diga a classe gramatical das palavras sublinhadas: a. Google has been vacuuming talent wherever it can find it. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ b. But behind the fun was a serious corporate recruiting event. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ c. ... mind-bending puzzles and Lego building problems. ____________________________________________________________________________

37

UNIDADE 6