I. Morphology is the study of words and their parts that is morphemes and lexemes.

Morphology is concerned with the study of word forms. Morphology is the field of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words. Comparison of Lexemes and Morphemes Lexemes Morphemes Refer to real world Refer to grammatical categories May be derived Cannot be derived Always associated with sound Often not associated with sound Sounds always predetermined Sounds often depend on stem Are infinite in number Belong to a small, closed class II. Morpheme

The smallest unit of linguistic meaning. A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes. Example: un+system+atic+al+ly (the word unsystematically can be analyzed into 5 separate morphemes)

A grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed. Every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes. (one syllable) (two syllables) (three syllables) (four syllables), or more syllables boy + ish desire + able boy + ish + ness desire + able + ity 1

One morpheme boy desire, lady, water crocodile salamander Two morpheme Three morpheme

Four morpheme More than four + ism 1. Free Morphemes :

gentle + man + li + ness un + desire + able + ity un + gentle + man + li + ness anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word without another morpheme. It does not need anything attached to it to make a word. Morphemes which can be used as a word on its own (without the need for further elements, i.e. affixes) Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy..

2. Bound Morphemes: A sound or a combination of sounds that cannot stand alone as a word. It does not have any meaning without the free morpheme. Morphemes which cannot occur on its own as an independent (or separate) word. Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix and circumfix) are all bound morphemes. Circumfixes (discontinuous morpheme)

Prefixes Bound morphemes which occur only before other morphemes . Examples:

Suffixes Bound morphemes which occur following other morphemes. Examples: -er (singer,

Infixes

Bound morphemes which Bound morphemes that are inserted into other are attached to a root or morphemes. stem morpheme both initially and finally. Example: fikas "strong" Example: fumikas "to be chokma "he is strong" good" ik + chokm + o "he

unperformer) (uncover, -ist (typist, undo) pianist) dis-ly (manly, (displeased, friendly) disconnect), pre(predetermi ne, prejudge)

(Bontoc Language)

isnt good" (Chickasaw Language)

Root Non-affix lexical content morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts (ex.) cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc.. Free Root Morpheme: run bottle, phone, etc. Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit, uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.

Stem When a root morpheme is combined with affix morphemes, it forms a stem.

Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem.

Root Stem Word Stem Stem Stem suffix) Word

believe (verb) believe + able (verb + suffix) un + believe + able (prefix + verb + suffix) Root system (noun) system + atic (noun + suffix) un + system + atic (prefix + noun + suffix) un + system + atic + al (prefix + noun + suffix + prefix + noun + suffix +

un + system + atic + al + ly

suffix

suffix

3. Inflectional morpheme: this morpheme can only be a suffix. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. (tidak ada perubahan dalam kelas kata). Morpheme ini terjadi karena dipengaruhi oleh number, tenses, subjects) Example: invites indicates present tense The d in invited indicates past tense. The d in invited creates a change from the present tense to the past tense. English has 7 inflectional morphemes: 1. Noun inflections: -s (plural) and s (possessive): Books, Johns book 2. Verb inflections: -s (3rd person singular): goes, does, walks, needs. -ed (past tense): waited, played, went, ate. -en (participle): gone, written, rung, sung. -ing (present participle): writing, singing

3. Adjective and Adverb inflections -er (comparative) and est (superlative): cleverer, harder, cleverer, cleverest 4. Derivational morpheme: this type of morpheme changes the meaning of word or the parts of speech or both. This morpheme often creates new words. (Ada perubahan dalam kelas kata) Uninvited Management Actualize Honesty Appearance Relationship

4. Derivational morphemes vs. Inflectional Morphemes (Bound morphemes)

Derivational Morphemes 1. Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root morphemes or stems.

Inflectional Morphemes 1. Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes

2. They can be both suffixes and prefixes in English. Examples: beautiful, 2. They are only found in suffixes in English. exactly, unhappy, Examples: boys, Marys , walked impossible, recover 3. Change of Meaning Examples: un+do (the opposite 3. No change of Meaning meaning of do) Examples: walk vs. walks sing+er toy vs. toys ( deriving a new word with the meaning of a person who sings). 4. Change of the syntactic category (optionally) i) Change of category Noun to Adjective boy (noun) + ish ----> boyish (adj.) Examples: Elizabeth (noun) + an ----> > V) Elizabethan (adj.) affection (noun) + ate ---->affectionate (adj.) Verb to Noun (V-->V) In English, inflectional morphemes typically follow derivational morphemes

4. Never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme to they which they are attached. They are always attached to completed words

walk vs. walked or walks (V-boy vs. boys (N --> N) eat vs. eating (progressive)

Examples: unlikelihood, unlikelihoods sing (Verb) + er ----> singer (not *unlikeslihood) (noun) predict (Verb) + ion ----> prediction (noun)

Adjective to Adverb exact (adj) + ly ----> exactly (adv) quiet (adj) + ly ----> quietly (adv.) Noun to Verb moral (noun) + ize ----> moralize (verb) Adjective to Noun specific (Adj.) + ity ---->specificity (noun) ii) No change of category friend+ship (Noun --> Noun) pink+ish (Adjective --> Adjective) re+print (Verb --> Verb) 5. English Inflectional Morphemes Examples -s third person singular present waits at home. -ed past tense waited at home. -ing progressive is eating the donut. -en past participle has eaten the donuts. -s plural ate the donuts. -s possessive

She She She Mary She Disa's

hair is short. -er comparative has shorter hair than Karin. -est superlative has the shortest hair.

Disa Disa