Good Morning everyone.I am Sagarica Brahma.My technical topic is Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-its design & simulation.

First of all,can anyone from the audience tell me what FDM is,since we have already come across the term in our textbooks?(Someone responds) Precisely. In a single carrier communication system, the symbol period must be much greater than the delay time in order to avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI). Since data rate is inversely proportional to symbol period, having long symbol periods means low data rate and communication inefficiency. A multicarrier system, such as FDM (aka: Frequency Division Multiplexing), divides the total available bandwidth in the spectrum into sub-bands for multiple carriers to transmit in parallel. An overall high data rate can be achieved by placing carriers closely in the spectrum.

Disadvantages: close spacing of carriers leads to inter carrier interference & ultimately ISI, wherein the transmitter interferes with itself and the receiver fails to decode the transmission. How can this be prevented? By using guard bands between adjacent carriers,but then,that will lower the data rate. OFDM (aka: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a multicarrier digital communication scheme to solve these issues. It combines a large number of low data rate carriers to construct a composite high data rate communication system. Orthogonality gives the carriers a valid reason to be closely spaced, even overlapped, without inter-carrier interference. Low data rate of each carrier implies long symbol periods, which greatly diminishes intersymbol interference . The example shows 2 ways of transmission. The fig on the left is traditional method & that on the right,OFDM. Let us consider 4 seconds to be the total duration of the transmission. In the traditional method,each symbol gets one second while in OFDM,as the transmission of all the bits occur parallely,hence,each bit gets 4 seconds. Thus,longer duration in case of OFDM ensures lower chances of ISI. To eliminate ISI, a cyclic extension (or cyclic prefix) is added to each symbol period. An exact copy of a fraction of the cycle, typically 25% of the cycle, taken from the end is added to the front. This acts as the guard band. This allows the FFT to capture the symbol period with an uncertainty of up to the length of a cyclic extension and still obtain the correct information for the entire symbol period.

 Orthogonality means perpendicularity. If the integral of the product of two signals is zero over a time period, then these two signals are said to be orthogonal to each other. Two sinusoids with frequencies that are integer multiples of a common frequency can satisfy this criterion. For OFDM, T is one symbol period and fo is set to to 1 /T for optimal effectiveness. Like most communication systems,OFDM too has a transmitter,channel & a receiver. The transmitter first converts the input data from a serial stream to parallel sets. Each set of data contains one symbol, Si, for each subcarrier. For example, a set of four data would be [S0 S1 S2 S3]. Before performing the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), this example data set is arranged on the horizontal axis in the frequency domain as shown in the Figure.Then, the parallel to serial block creates the OFDM signal by sequentially outputting the time domain samples. The channel simulation allows examination of characteristics such as noise, multipath, and clipping . By adding random data to the transmitted signal, simple noise is simulated. Multipath simulation involves adding attenuated and delayed copies of the transmitted signal to the original. Finally, clipping simulates the problem of amplifier saturation. The receiver performs the inverse of the transmitter. First, the OFDM data are split from a serial stream into parallel sets. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) converts the time domain samples back into a frequency domain representation .Finally, the parallel to serial block converts this parallel data into a serial stream to recover the original input data.

MATLAB SIMULATION: The MATLAB simulation accepts inputs of text or audio files as well as binary , sinusoidal, or random data. It then generates the corresponding OFDM transmission, simulates a channel, attempts to recover the input data, and performs an analysis to determine the transmission error rate. Two simple demonstrations of OFDM communication were developed with a graphical user interface (GUI) using MATLAB . The 1st demonstration is a basic GUI. Some Screenshots. 1) We assume that we want to send the following data using OFDM. The plot shows the binary data. 2)In OFDM, the IFFT is used to put the binary nos. onto many frequencies, which do not interfere with each other because of orthogonality. The plot shows a pair of data points under a red hump ,clubbed under one frequency . 3)The IFFT now generates an OFDM signal. 4) The OFDM signal is now transmitted over a wired or wireless channel and then received. 5)FFT is used to recover the binary data. As long as the channel does not distort the OFDM signal too much,the original data can be recovered.

Another example is soundgui. It compares 16-QAM & OFDM. The user can choose no,small or large amount of multipath. 1)We select a large multipath. The plot shows the current channels frequency response. 2) The FD representation of QAM. 3) For QAM,the black part is the frequency response,the light blue part is the received & the dark blue part is the original data.The distortion is caused because of the fading channel due to multipath. 4)FD representation of OFDM. 5)Again,the same demarcations. We see that OFDM also shows multipath distortion. OFDM is spread over a greater bandwidth than QAM as it involves more carrier frequencies. 6)These are the plots of BER of OFDM & QAM. OFDM shows low BER and low distortion as it handles multipath better. This is OFDM input & output. This is 16-QAM input & output. This is a text sample showing the BER in OFDM and QAM. In OFDM,it is lesser. This is an audio sample . And this This MATLAB simulation proves that OFDM is better suited to a multipath channel than a single carrier transmission technique such as 16-QAM. Significance: OFDM will meet the demands for communication capacity and has a bigger role to play in the future of communications. Applications: Thats all. Thank you for bearing with me so patiently. Any Questions? These next generation wireless systems are intended for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Intended ITS applications are broadband communications to high-speed trains, including real-time video security, video advertising and broadband wireless Internet. OFDM is one of those techniques which are proposed for this next generation wireless communication systems.