Things to Know for the First Exam in Bio 21 Fall 2012

Logistics

1. You will need a ScanTron E-882. (Long ScanTron with 100 answers) , a number two pencil
AND A PICTURE ID! 2. Exam is closed notes, closed neighbor. 3. Bring something to write on, like a clipboard since MD101 does not have desks. 4. Important: ARRIVE ON-TIME. If a classmate has finished the exam and left the room BEFORE you arrive, you will not be able to take the exam at that time. Below youll find a list of things we covered in class. If you know this material, you can expect to do well on the exam. The sources of information you should focus on in studying for this exam are 1) lecture notes (available on my website) & lecture videos/animations and 2) your lab manual (including articles within the lab manual and websites we pointed you to). 3) the reading assigned from your textbook. 4) any in class multimedia/activities is fair game The exam will consist of 75 questions (multiple choice, matching, true/false basically the things you can answer using a ScanTron). There will be no essay or short-answer questions (yeah!) You will have 45 minutes to complete the exam. For your reading it is important to pay special attention to the colored outlined boxes with the Science Stories, as well as the bolded major ideas/terminology and the material that backs up what we went over in class. Exam questions may be straight recall of information or may require you to use different things learned in lecture/lab to come up with your answer. Orientation Info Know how to correctly focus on an image under a microscope. Know the general parts of a microscope. Chemistry Define the following:

element: These are the basic building blocks of life. compound: A combination of atom atom: smallest unit of any element proton: positively charged particle neutron: neutrally charged particle electron: negative charged particle ion: elements are not in their standard charge:

pH scale: The acidity and basicly of a fluid atomic mass: the weight of one atom of an element also the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

atomic number: the number of protons ion the nucleus

What is an ionic bond? An ionic bond is when two or more elemtns steal a electron to form a comp0unt. What is a covalent bond? A covalent bond is when two or more electrons share electrons to fill their valence shell What is a hydrogen bond? weak bonds that form from hydrogen useed in biology What are the four most common elements found in humans? Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon What is the octet rule? The rule for valence shells What are the properties of water? Its made out of two hydrogens and 1 oxygen. needed in the bnody to carry out excretion needed by cells make up 60-70 % of our body weight, cohesive and adheive, line membranes, lubrication, high heat of vaporization, ice floats, high speicif eat, disolve in many substance,s liquid in room temerature. What is a buffer? Prevents dramatic changes in PH. found many in body fluids and Carbonic Acid. is most common. What are the four main categories of organic chemicals? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. Cells and Tissues What does semi-permeable mean with respect to a cell membrane? Chooses what goes in and out What is a concentration gradient? move of slutes form high ti low What is the difference between diffusion and active transport? actiive transport is actiev as stored in w.e What kinds of molecules cross cell membranes via diffusion Co2 h20, 02 What kinds of molecules use active transport? proteins What three features are found in the cells of all eukaryotes? Cell membrane, Cell Nuclus Know functions of the following organelles:

nucleus Control center, has DNA ribosomes makes Proteins chains mitochondria Makes ATP, breaks down glucose rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transport and modifies new proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes lipids golgi bodies sorts and ships proteins and adds fisnhign touch to lipids and proteins

Cell Tissues: Epithelial tissue: What is the function of epithelial tissue? What is the difference between simple and stratified? Where do you find each type of tissue? Know some examples (especially from lab Station 1). whole surface of the body, line up , and compose glands simple: diffusion/absorbmotion one later stratified is multiple laters for protection

Connective tissue: What are the different types of connective tissue? Also see Need to Know items under Musculoskeletal System below. Binds and supports body, connects structures of theb ody, Elastin/Colalgein Elastin is flexible for connecting tissue Colalgein is for strength Muscle tissue: What are the different types of muscle tissue? Know some examples of where you find each. Also see Need to Know items under Musculoskeletal System below. Skeletal Pectoralis /Smooth intestint/ Cardian heart Muscle

Enzymes and Digestion What is the function of the digestive system? Function(s) of the following: esophagus: begins digestion of carbohydrate, tranfer food form mouth to stomach stomach: churns the food and breaks it down chyme small intestine absorbs the nutrients large intestine reabsorb more nutriens and water salivary glands: makes almayze to break down carbohydrates liver: produce bile and absorbs lipids gallbladder: Stores, concentates, and releases bile pancreas:Stops pepinscation and contains emzymes that helps small intestines rectum: holds the shit in anus: allows the shit to comes out What is the swallowing reflex? Mouth > Pharynyx > Esophagus > Stomach, involuntary and voluntari What are peristalsis & segmentation, smooth contra .ction of muscles to pass food, body plans in a series like spine

What is an enzyme? What is a catalyst? (See Basics About Enzymes at the end of Lab 2; also review Station 1) Proteins that speed up reactions. a catalysyt speeds up reactions What is the function of carbohydrates? proteins? fats? Car: Best source of energy for human body sugars and startches CHO most abundance Protein: esseental for human body, depdning osn shape it has diffent functions fats: they help with hormons and cholestral What do the following enzymes do: salivary amylase, pepsin turns it into maltose , Pepsin in the stomch and makes protieins into peptides Review the starch experiment (Station 1) what effect did amylase have on the starch? How did you measure this effect? it turns it into maltose, measured by adding Iodine Review the pineapple experiment (Station 2) what effect did enzymes have on the Jell-o? How did you measure this effect? Why do we use a control in an experiment? What was the control in this experiment? Enzymes control much how jello is meltedcontrol variable and measured melting, u compare it to the control, water was the control Review the Is Your Stomach Bugging You? article and associated questions in Lab 2. wwwwww Cell respiration: See p. 2.6 in your lab manual. We will only ask questions you see on this page. Aerobic = with oxygen 34 Adeosin Triphosphate Anaeoribc w.o oxygen 2 Adenosine Triphosphate Skeletomuscular System What is the function of the skeleton? It is the structure of the human body it also does movement Know those bones! Be able to identify any of the bones in the human body that are depicted on p. 3.2 of your lab manual (Station 1). Review your responses to Station 3 questions. Know the different features of a bone cell (Station 4 and in lecture). Cranium - head Mandible Clavicle shoulder scapula shoulder bone humerus bicep arm ulna pinky bone radius thumb bone spine sacrum Femur Thrigh Patella knee Tibia big toe Fibula pinky tow

Muscles we will only ask basic questions such as what is the basic action of a muscle, and what type of muscle is found in the skeletomuscular system. Be able to recognize pairs of antagonistic muscles. Antagonic bucles like Bicep Trapii and Tricep Be sure you have read up on osteoporosis you will see several questions taken generally from p. 3.8 in your lab manual. females old age low body weight thinning bones drink vitamin D and calcium, mostly from fractures, prevention is exercise ano drugs. Know the average calcium requirement for young people (1000 mg.)? What are good & healthy sources of calcium (i.e., what are sources that provide lots of calcium without the saturated fat?) some dairy products such as tofu, yogurt, ice cream, oatmeal Know what the contractile unit of a muscle is (sarcomere) and what the sarcomere is made up of. Know the difference between tendons and ligaments. Sarcomere has myofilaments actin and myosin,