What is Model?

Model refers to the representation of a process, an event or a situation. It is a symbolic representation of the communication process.

What is Communication Model?

Communication model is a representation of a communication

process & not any separate system; rather a simple way to

present the various objective oriented events.

Setting

Speaker

Message

Listener
Setting

It is the oldest and simplest model of communication. Here the form of communication observed by Aristotle is persuasive in nature.

Limitations:
1. This model does not include all the elements of communication. 2. In this model the messages flow in a one way process. 3. In this model, the feedback is not present because the main goal is only to persuade the audience.

Setting

Speaker

Message

Listener
Setting

This model of communication is almost similar to Aristotelian Persuasion

model. The only difference between these two models is that in Hovland
Model the listener will be in a predetermined position. That is the message is sent to a predetermined listener. The listener also gives his

reaction to the speaker.

Limitations:
1. Listener will be in a predetermined position.

2. In this model, the feedback is not present.

Relationship

It is one of the simplest models of communication. Suppose, A wants

to communicate a message to B. But B is not known to him. Another

person X is known to both A & B. Hence, A will communicate message to B through the help of X. B will also communicate

message to A with the help of the same person X.

The main limitation of this process is there is no feedback.

Feedbac k

Information Source

Transmitter

Receive r
Signal received

Destination

Signal given

Noise Source
Feedback

Strengths of this model: 1. This model is the most common communication model used in low-level communication texts.

2. The concepts of this model became staples in communication research

3. Provided an influential yet counter-intuitive definition of communication.

Limitations:
1)Emphasis on the transmission of message. 2) Flow of communication is linear and one-way. 3)Assumes that communication is relatively unproblematic. 4)Referred to as an information model. 5) Feedback may exist or not.

Technological

Organizational

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Thayers Organizational model attempts to show or to place the individual communication efforts within the large organizational communication setting which influences him or her. It is based on levels of communication.

Main limitation of this model is that there is no feedback.

Sender - Encoder

Message Medium

Receiver -Decoder

Feedback

In Murphys Model, Sender encodes the message and receiver decodes that message. There stands a media between to persons. Stimuli stand between those two persons.

There is feedback in Murphys model.

Here receiver does not act as the sender.

Encodes

Decodes

Source
Communic ation Skills

Message

Channel

Receiver
Communic ation Skills

Elements

Seeing

Attitudes Knowledge Social System Culture

Structure

Hearing

Attitudes

Content

Touching

Knowledge Social System

Treatment

Smelling

Code

Taste

Culture

This model became significant after World War II because

1) The idea of source was flexible enough to include oral, written, electronic, or any other kind of symbolic generator-of-messages. 2) Message was made the central element, stressing the transmission of

ideas.
3) The model recognized that receivers were important to communication, for they were the targets.

Criticisms:
1. Emphasis on the relationship of the source and the receiver. 2. Success of the communication depended on communication skills.

3. Focus on message construction and use of language and words.

4. Developed to study the flow of communication as a human activity. 5. There is no feedback.

Sender - encoding Receiver - decoding

Receiver - decoding Medium Sender - encoding

(Feedback)

Message

All persons are engaged in sending (encoding) and receiving (decoding) messages simultaneously. Each person is constantly sharing in the encoding and decoding process and each person is affecting the others.

Significances:
1. It brings fulfillment in communication process because all the elements of communication process are present here. 2. It emphasizes more on feedback and therefore, gives a full view of communication process. 3. It reflects simplicity and thereby, anybody can easily understand the actual content of the message sent.

Criticisms:
1. A linear model is very limited in practice because few instances of human communication truly happen in a one-way fashion.

Real world

Senders sensory world

Senders Filtration Process

Receiver s Sensory world

Receivers Filtration Process

Feedback

Source of Problem
Tas k
Obstacle in task environment

Group Behavior
Behavior related to task environment

Output

Reward
Task environment reward

Individual production Assembly Production

Group producti on

People

Obstacle in interpersonal environment

Behavior related to interpersonal environment

Interpersonal reward

The top three boxes represent the source, behavior, and reward associated with the task aspects of group operation, while the lower three boxes represent the source, behavior and reward associated with interpersonal aspects of group operations.

Which communication model is most acceptable?