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Describing
sound
Sounds
dier
in
Loudness/Intensity
(amplitude
of
the
wave)
Pitch
(frequency
of
the
wave)
Decibels
Waves
transport
energy
away
from
a
source
Intensity:
the
source
energy
per
second
arriving
at
unit
area,
with
the
area
perpendicular
to
the
direc(on
of
propaga(on
of
the
sound
wave
P P
=
power
=
total
energy
I= -1
m-2
(or
W
m-2)
emiOed
per
second
Units:
J
s 4 r 2 The
human
ear
is
sensi(ve
to
sound
intensi(es
from
10-12
to
1
W
m-2
Decibels
Waves
transport
energy
away
from
a
source
Intensity:
the
source
energy
per
second
arriving
at
unit
area,
with
the
area
perpendicular
to
the
direc(on
of
propaga(on
of
the
sound
wave
Units:
J
s-1
m-2
(or
W
m-2)
The
human
ear
is
sensi(ve
to
sound
intensi(es
from
10-12
to
1
W
m-2
!I$ Intensity
Level:
IL = log10 # & " I0 %
where
I0
is
the
minimum
detectable
intensity
=
10-12
Wm-2
Unit:
B
(Bel)
=
10
dB
(decibel)
(logarithmic
scale)
Ultrasonics
Sound
waves
with
frequency
>
20k
Hz
are
called
ultrasonics
They
are
inaudible
to
the
human
ear
Uses:
average
speed
of
sound
in
water:
1500
meters
per
second
Echo
Time
x
Speed
of
Sound
=
Depth
2
Depth sounding
Ultrasonics
Sound
waves
with
frequency
>
20k
Hz
are
called
ultrasonics
They
are
inaudible
to
the
human
ear
Uses:
Depth sounding
Industrial cleaning
Ultrasonic imaging
Dierence between number of cycles between two beats = f1 t f2 t = 1 cycle t = 1 / (f1 f2) = beat period Beat frequency fB= 1 / t = f1 f2
Example
A
sound
wave
oscillates
at
445
Hz
and
is
joined
by
another
sound
wave
which
oscillates
at
450
Hz.
What
is
the
beat
frequency
of
the
resultant
sound
wave
and
what
is
the
beat
period?
= 4L L =
Node
An(-node
c c f= = 4L
Where
c
is
the
speed
of
sound
in
air
Fundamental frequency:
f0 =
c c = 4L
f0 =
Node
An(-node
c c = 4L
3 4 L= = L 4 3
Node
An(-node
Node
An(-node
First
Overtone
(or
Third
Harmonic):
c 3c f1 = = = 3 f0 4L
Closed pipes only give odd-numbered harmonics. Overtone resonances occur at f0,3f0,5f0 etc.
= 2L L =
An(-node
Node
An(-node
Fundamental frequency:
f0 =
c c = 2L
f0 =
An(-node
Node
An(-node
c c = 2L
L=
An(-node
Node
An(-node
Node
An(-node
First
Overtone
(or
Second
Harmonic):
c c f1 = = = 2 f0 L
Overtone resonances occur at 2f0,3f0,4f0 etc. Open pipes allow all harmonics.
End
correction
In
prac(ce,
the
an(nodes
do
not
occur
at
the
exact
loca(on
of
the
open
end
of
a
pipe,
but
a
liOle
bit
further
out
into
the
air
This
extra
distance
e
is
known
as
the
end-correc3on
Closed
pipe
e
Node
Open
pipe
e
An(-node
e
An(-node
An(-node
= 4(L + e) c c f0 = = 4(L + e)
= 2(L + 2e)
c c f0 = = 2(L + 2e)
Node
Question
Why
does
a
ute
play
a
higher
note
than
a
clarinet
when
both
instruments
have
about
the
same
length?
Flute
Clarinet
Example
A
cylindrical
pipe
of
length
28cm
is
closed
at
one
end
and
is
found
to
be
at
resonance
when
a
tuning
fork
of
frequency
864
Hz
is
sounding
near
the
open
end.
Determine:
a) The
overtone
the
pipe
is
vibra(ng
at
b) The
value
of
the
end
correc(on
(Assume
speed
of
sound
in
air
=
340
m/s)
Vibrations
of
Strings
When
a
string
vibrates,
progressive
transverse
waves
travel
to
both
ends
and
get
reected
forming
a
sta(onary
wave
Surrounding
air
vibrates
with
the
frequency
of
the
string
L
L= 2
L=
2 L= 3
c c = 2L c c f1 = = = 2 f0 L c 3c f2 = = = 3 f0 2L f0 =
c=
Fundamental frequency:
f0 =
c 1 T = 2L 2L
Example
A
steel
wire
hangs
ver(cally
from
a
point
suppor(ng
a
weight
of
80N
at
its
lower
end.
The
length
of
the
wire
from
the
xed
point
to
the
weight
is
1.5m.
Given
the
density
of
steel
is
7800
kg/m3
,
calculate
the
fundamental
frequency
emiOed
by
the
wire
when
it
is
plucked,
if
its
diameter
is
0.5mm.
c = 331.4 + 0.6T
m/s
Observer
Observer
c fs
Apparent frequency
fo =
c + vo fs c
c fs
Apparent frequency
fo =
c vo fs c
cv
Apparent frequency fo =
co c + vo = fs o c vs
c+v
Apparent frequency fo =
co c vo = fs o c + vs
Example
A
car
sounding
a
horn
which
produces
a
note
with
a
frequency
of
500
Hz
approaches
and
then
drives
past
a
sta(onary
observer.
The
speed
of
the
car
is
a
steady
72
km/h.
What
is
the
frequency
dierence
between
the
two
notes
heard
by
the
observer?
(Assume
speed
of
sound
=
340
m/s)
To
Do
Read
sec(on
17
from
the
book
[p.320-p.338
Sound]
Assignment
wk8:
Prac3cal
this
Friday!
Where?
Physics
labs
(G.O.
Jones
2nd
oor)
When?
..
(make
sure
you
go
at
the
right
(me)
Hand it in no later than 4:00pm next Wednesday - LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED