MS-DOS

INTRODUCTION:MS-DOS is a single-user, single-tasking computer operating system that uses a command line interface. In spite of its very small size and relative simplicity, it is one of the most successful operating systems that have been developed to date. This system program must always be present when working with your computer. In other words,DOS is a program loaded in the memory of the computer before execution of an application on computer. Now MS-DOS have a new version in the market known as MS-DOS 7.0 . It has graphical user interface facility

HISTORY OF MS-DOS:When IBM launched its revolutionary personal computer, the IBM PC , in August 1981, it came complete with a 16-bit operating system from Microsoft, MS-DOS 1.0. This was a first Microsofts operating system for the IBM PC and its clones. MS-DOS 1.0 was actually a renamed version of QDOS(Quick and Dirty Operating System ), which Microsoft bought from a Seattle company, appropriately named Seattle Computer Products, in July 1981.QDOS had been developed as a clone of the CP/M 8-bit operating system in order to provide compatibility with the popular business applications of the day such as WordStar and dBase. CP/M(Control Program for Microcomputers) was written by Gary Kidall of Digital Research several years earlier and had become the first operating system for microcomputers in general use.

YEA R
1981 1982 1983 1984 1984 1986 1987 1988 1988 1991 1993 1993 1994 1994 1995 1996 2000
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EVENT
MS-DOS 1.0 was released in august, 1981 MS-DOS 1.25 was released in August, 1982 MS-DOS 2.0 was released in March, 1983 MS-DOS 3.0 was released in September, 1984 MS-DOS 3.1 was released in November, 1984 MS-DOS 3.2 was released in April, 1986 MS-DOS 3.3 was released in April, 1987 MS-DOS 4.0 was released in July, 1988 MS-DOS 4.01 was released in November, 1988 MS-DOS 5.0 was released in June, 1991 MS-DOS 6.0 was released in August, 1993 MS-DOS 6.2 was released in November,1993 MS-DOS 6.21 was released in March, 1994 MS-DOS 6.22 was released in April, 1994 MS-DOS 7.0 was released in August, 1995 MS-DOS 7.1 was released in August, 1996 MS-DOS 8.0 was released in September, 2000

Structure of MS-Dos:The structure of MS-DOS consists of three main files. These files are also known as system files IO.SYS MS-DOS.SYS COMMAND.COM IO.SYS-This the system file which manages the input output devices attached to the computer. It mainly has divided into two portions-first portion (IO)controls the operations of input output devices; second portion (SYS)loads the MS-DOS.SYS from the hard disk to main memory till power is switched on. MS-DOS.SYS- It is also known as DOS Kernel. It acts like a link between the basic input output services and the application logical interface for the application programs. COMMAND.COM-It is MS-DOS command processor. It contains all internal commands . Thus this file decides that which tasks to perform when user type a particular command. It has divided into further twoportions-Resident portion, Transient

portion.

FEATURES:The features of DOS differ from version to version. The main features of MS-DOS are as follow DOS is a single user operating system user interface. DOS is a 16-bit operating system. The most recent version of DOS is MS-DOS7.0 has some GUI interface. DOS has a SCANDISK facility that helps to detect, diagnose and repair various disk errors. Tree command is used to display all directories and files in graphical manner. Find command helps you to search for text within a file. DOS allows us to configure our system by using config.sys file. MS-DOS directly interprets the commands typed on DOS prompt. DOS has a facility to create, modify the files. Defrag command is used to optimizes disk performance by recognizing the files on the disk. DOS has a command Attrib, used to set attributes to read, hide the file according to need. A MSBCKUP command is used to backup or restore one or more files from one disk to another. A special utility of DOS called Himen.sys is automatically test system memory on startup. With help of UNDELTREE command, we can recover our deleted files. Date and Time command is used to display and modify the system date and time.

BOOTING PROCESS:The process of starting the computer is called booting. It is the process of loading the operating system into the memory. The booting process starts from the moment, when you switch on the power and continues till the moment, the computer is ready for use. In case ofDOS, booting process starts when you start the computer and continues till the DOS prompt is displayed. Each operating system has a different booting process.

TYPES OF BOOTING:There are mainly two types of booting-

Cold Booting
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 Hot Booting
Cold Booting-when the PC is switched on, it loads the bootable DOS program from the disk to the memory. This type of startup or booting of the computer is slow process. It can be done only from the ON/OFF switch button on the cabinet and also known as switch booting. Hot Booting-This is also known as warm booting. It is faster than the cold booting. If computer hangs or halts or crashes due to some reason, it becomes necessary to restart the system. The two ways to restart the system is either by pressing reset button the cabinet or by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del keys from the keyboard are known as hot booting. Or can say as warm booting. If by pressing these keys the system does not restart, it means that the codes being send from keyboard are not being received or interpret by CPU. If this happens the user should switch off the power and should wait for few seconds, and then again switch in the power and resume the operation. In case of hard disk, user should wait until disk rotation stops before turning on the computer power switch.

BOOTING PROCESS WITHFLOPPY DISK DRIVE:The first sector of the first head of the first cylinder of the media is called the boot sector and contains the boot loader (usually 512bytes). Boot sectors must always have a signature: the two last bytes must be0xAA55 otherwise the sector isn't considered as a boot sector.At boot time, the BIOS loads it into memory at 0x7C00 and jump to address 0x7C00. CS, DS, ES, FS and GS are all set to 0. The CPU is then in real mode, caching and paging are disabled. And the A20 gate might be closed. To give you an idea, a simple boot sector could load the kernel into memory using BIOS INT #13 and jumps to it. Now, let's consider another computer with a floppy disk, a cdrom drive and one hard disk drive. In the fdd is inserted a copy of QNX, there is no media in the cdrom drive and WinXP is installed on the hdd. All the Medias have a valid boot sector therefore the BIOS has to decide which boot sector to load.The BIOS simply follows Boot Device Priority or Boot Sequence list specified in the BIOS configuration. The BIOS looks for a boot sector on the first drive of the list, if there is none, it tries the next disk and so on. If no boot sector has been found when the end of the list is reached, the BIOS looks on the first hard drive (which may not be enlisted in the boot devices list). If no boot sector is found, the BIOS display a message like Boot Failure! Reboot and select proper boot device and hungs the computer.Once the good boot sector is located, it is loaded in the system memory at 0x7C00.

The dl register is set with the number of the drive the boot sector has been loaded from. The first hdd is number 0x80 and the first floppy drive is number 0x0.

BOOTING PROCESS WITH HARD DISK DRIVE:It is possible to split a hard drive in many partitions where each partition can hold a running operating system. As these OS can be very different, they can have different boot loaders therefore having one boot loader installed on the boot sector would require the user to update the boot sector everytime he wants to boot his PC under another OS. It can't be a solution.Onhdd, the first sector isn't a real boot sector but a Master Boot Record (MBR). It is treated the same way by the BIOS: loaded at 0x7C00, dl=boot drive and last word must be 0xAA55. But where a boot sector contains only code, a MBR also contains the partition table where (you guess) information about the partitions are stored. In a valid partition table, only one partition is marked as active meaning that it is the partition which boot sector should be loaded. The boot loader code is located at the first sector of the partition under the form of a boot sector. This way it is possible to have different OSes installed on the same physical disk, each OS having its own partition and boot loader.The job of the MBR is to find which partition is active then to load its boot sector at 0x7C00 and finally to give it the control. Note the MBR was already at 0x7C00 so it has to move itself out of the place before loading the boot sector. Don't forget to check for the 0xAA55 word and to set dl=boot drive before jumping to the boot sector.

BATCH FILES:A batch file is a file that contains a number of DOS commands, each of which could be run individually from the command prompt. By putting them into a batch, they can be run as a group by simply running the batch file. Note that the commands execute in order they appear in the batch file, and that anything that causes a command to halt will also halt the batch file.

CREATING A BATCH FILE:o You create a batch file by using DOS EDIT or windows Notepad. o When you have created the batch file, you save it with a file name, and it the extension .bat. o Note that you must not use a name that is the same as any DOS commands or any other program or utility you are likely to run. o If you use a DOS command name, to run your batch file will not work because the DOS command will execute first. o If your name matches some other program or utility. You may never be able to run that program again because your batch file will run before the program runs. o So pick something that is not likely to match any command name or program file name.

There are two ways to create a batch file:

By using Copy con

command. By using Edit command. When you create a batch file, you are beginning to write a program, they can be very handy for handling quick tasks,

Syntax:- Copy con filename.bat Example:-C:/>copy con Vinod.bat

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(press enter) (press enter)

Time Date Chkdsk Save the file by pressing (ctrl+z) key

Commands used in batch files Call For Rem Shift

INTERNAL COMMANDS:Internal commands are those commands, which are internal toms-DOS. This means, internal commands are loaded automatically in the memory when DOS is loaded into the memory. These are programs contained in the COMMAND.COM file (Booting file) and no other file is needed to run these commands. Thus, these commands are always available for execution as long as DOS is running.

Following are the main internal commands of MS-DOS: DIR-To display the contents of the current working directory. It displays all the files
and directories that have been created under the current directory. VOL-This command displays the volume information (volume label and serial number) of the selected disk drive.

Syntax: c:\>vol [drive:] Example: C:\>vol c: (press enter)

Volume in drive C has no label

DATE-This command can be used to look at the current date of the computer system as well as change the date to an alternate date.
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Syntax: C:\>date (press enter) TIME-This command allows the user to view and edit the computers time. Syntax: C:\>time
COPYCON-This command is used to create a new file with a specific name, under the current working directory or the specified directory.

Syntax: o C:\>copy con file name.extension (press enter)

o Press F6 or Ctrl+Z key to save

Example: C:\>copy con inder.txt My name is inder. ^Z

file(s)copied CLS-This command allows a user to clear the complete contents of the screen and leave only a command prompt on the upper left corner of the screen.

Syntax: C:\>cls (press enter)

TYPE-This command allows the user to see the contents of an existing file.

Syntax: c:\>type file name.extension Example: C:\> type vinod.txt

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C:\>type vinod.txt |more

DEL-This command is used to delete files from the computer.

Syntax: C:\>del[drive:][path] file name[\p] Example: C:\>del vinod C:\>del /p*.* (press enter) (press enter)

MD-MD command is used to create a new directory or sub directory on the disk, under the current working directory. The directory name follows the same conventions of file naming except; it does not have a secondary name or extension.

Syntax: C:\>md subdirectory name Example: C:\>md letter (press enter) CD-This command is used to switch directories in MS-DOS. That is it changes the control from one directory to another directory. Syntax: C:\>cd subdirectory name (press enter) Example: C:\>cd vinod (press enter) C:\vinod>cd handa (press enter) (press enter)

C:\vinod/handa> (press enter)

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EXTERNAL COMANDS:External commands are the commands that are not automatically loaded when DOS is loaded into the memory. The external files which are stored in some secondary storage device, like: hard disk. The particular command is stored is transferred from the disk to main memory (RAM). The type and number of external commands may vary from system to system. All executable files with extension .com, .exe and .bat are the external commands.

Following list shows the main external commands of MS-DOS:

EDIT- This command allows a user to create a new file or modify the contents of an
existing file. EDIT.COM external file is required to execute this command.

Syntax: C:\>edit file name (press enter) Example: C:\>edit vinod.txt (press enter)

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DOSKEY-This command allows a user to keep a history of commands used on the

computer. This allows frequently used commands to be used without having to type the commands in each time you need to use it.

Syntax: C:\>doskey (press enter) MOVE-This command allows you to move files from one directory to another or from
one drive to another.

Syntax: C:\>move[source path] [target path] (press enter) Example: C:\>move vinodmandeep (press enter) .TREE-This command displays the list of files and sub directories of a given directory
in a tree like structure. TREE.COM external file is required to execute this command.

Syntax: C:\>tree [path] (press enter) Example: C:\> tree c:\>vinod (press enter) FORMAT-The newly created disk partitions are generally unformatted and cannot be
directly used to store data. These disks have to be formatted with FORMAT command of MS-DOS. FORMAT.COM external file is required to execute this command.

Syntax: c:\>format [drive:] (press enter) Example: C:\>format c: (press enter) BACKUP-This command enables users to backup their data on their computer.
BACKUP.COM external file is required to execute this command.

Syntax: C:\>backup [source path][target][option] (press enter) Example: C:\>backup c:\work\*.* d:/s (press enter) RESTORE-This command is used to restore files copied by BACKUP command. Syntax: Example: C:\>restore a:c:\file\annual86 (press enter)
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DISKCOPY-This command allows a user to copy the complete contents of a disk

into another disk. It first formats the target disk and then copies the files by collecting from the source disk and copies to the target disk. DISKCOPY.COM external file is required to execute this command.

Syntax: C:\>diskcopy [drive][options] Example: C:\>diskcopy a: (press enter)

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MS-WINDOW
Introduction of MS-WINDOW:Window is a family operating system developed by Microsoft corporations for personal computers. The name windows come from the basic function of the operating system, it let the user look into computer, just like looking through window. Windows provide a graphical user interface based package designed to make our computer intuitive and easy to use. Window comes in various versions like windows 95.windows 98,windows 2000,wimdowsxp,windows7,windowsvista. Earlier version of windows like windows 2.0,windows 3.0 etc. were not operating themselves; they were just an extension of DOS these version just provide a graphical shell over the underlying text based operating system DOS. With windows, the user can move a cursor around the screen with a mouse to perform various operation like opening and closing a file, start and work with software application, run more than one application at a time and transfer them and organize the files we create with them.

Anatony of window:1) Application of window:-Application window contains a running application. Application windows have menu bars and may also contain one or more documents window. 2) Document window:- Document window contain a document used by an application. Generally , document windows appear within application window and are often referred to as child window. This is because document window close when we exit the appiucation associated with it.

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3) Title bar:- This is the area located at the top of a window which displays a window name. we can move the window by dragging the title bar. 4) Menu bar:- menus provide access to avaible commands. Menu bar contains different menu items . Cick menu name or press ALT and type the underscored character in the menu nameto open a menu. 5) Window border:-this is the area framing the window. Note that the border is seperated into vertical, horizontal, and corner segment. Click and drag the borderto resize the window. 6) Work area:-It is the area of the windowe from where we can read the type text or tryoe the text with the help of keyboard. It is also termed as user area because user has full access to this area. 7) Scroll bar:-When the contents of currently opened window are beyond the visi blity i.e they are unable to seen in the work area then scroll bar help to view those contents. The vertical scroll bar helps in vertical movements of the page and the horizontal scrollbar helps in horizontal movement. 8) Minimize button:-Minimize button reduces a window to an icois puts aside the current window temporarily and includes it in the task bar located at the buttom of the desktop . 9) Maximze button:- maximze expands a window to fill the entire screen area. The current window is enlarged to take up the full screen. 10) Restore button :-The restore button restores an icon or document window to its previous size. This is the size of a window before being either maximized or minimized. 11) Close button:-This button is located at the right most position from the array of three button on the top corner of the window. 12) Status bar:- Status bar is placed at the buttom of the window. It shows the status of a paricular window. 13) Ruler:- To check the page size exactly by measurimg it in inches or centimeters, we use rulers. 14) Toolbar:-The toolbar consistsof various tools which make the processes to be executed faster by the use of various tools.

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My computer:My computer is the tool where we manage files and folders.With this tool ,we can create, rename, and move folder and copy,print,move,delete and rename files.it also allows user to gain accessto other system tools.in it there are different drive, where we can save the document.

To open my computer
1)Double-click the my computer icon on the desktop. 2)my computer opens.

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Control panel:The Control Panel is a part of the Microsoft Windows, which allows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, and changing accessibility options.Contro l Panel is full of specialized tools that are used to change the way Windows looks and behaves. Some of these tools help us to adjust settings that make our computer more fun to use. For example, Use mouse to replace standard mouse pointers with animated i cons that move on our screen, or Use Sounds and Audio Devices to replace standard system sounds with sounds we choose.

TO ACCESS THE CONTROL PANEL:

o Click start. o Click Control Panel. o The Control Panel opens. OR o Type Control Panel in the Address dialog box found XP window.

USES OF CONTROL PANEL:

Specifying the regional settings like time zone. Setting display properties such as wallpaper, screensaver and color settings. Setting keyboard properties character repeat rate. Setting mouse properties like speed of movement and double click. Setting multimedia properties like selecting the type of speakers. Adding new hardware to computer. Adding or removing programs/softwares in windows. Managing different user settings.
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NAVIGATE THE CONTOL PANEL:

If user to a previous version of Windows(like:Windows98),then he will notice that the control panel in WindowsXP looks very different. When user first use Control Panel, he will see some of the most commonly used control panel items organized by category . To find out more information about an item in control panel while in Category view, hold mouse pointer over the icon or category name and read the text that appears. To open one of these items, click its icon or category name. Some of these items will open to a list of tasks user can perform, as well as a selection of individual Control Panel items. For example, when user will click on Appearance and Themes category, he will see a list of tasks such as Choose a screen saver along with individual Control Panel items. If user opens Control Panel and do not see the item he wants, click Switch to click classic view. To open an item, double-click its icon. To find out more about an item in Control Panel while in Classic Control Panel view, hold your mouse pointer over the icon and read the text that appears.

To Switch To Classic View:

o Click the classic view link on the left side of your Control Panel. o Click the switch to category view link to switch back.

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Window explorer:Window explorer is a file management tool that lets the user create, rename and delete folders. it also allow user to copy, print, move , delete, folders. it allow user to copy, print, move, delete, rename and manage files.

To open window explorer:1) open my documents. 2) click the folders button on the navigation toolbar. 3) A list of folders open in the left pane.

To explore window explorer: With windows explorer open, scroll until you can see control panel icon in the left pane. Click the control panel icon. The content display in the right pane. Practice viewing other folders in the list. To close window explorer, click the small black X in the upper right of the list.

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Recycle bin:Sometimes files and folder can litter our computer. The recycle bin, the desktop icon that resembles a wastebasket, is where we put a file or folder if we want to delete it. Recycle bin any time and whats inside by double clicking the recycle bin icon located on the desktop or using window explorer. Inside, we will see a listing of deleted items.

Placing files in the recycle bin:To move an item to the recycle bin from the desktop, window explorer, or my computer: Click and drag the files or folder to the recycle bin. Right click the files or folder, which we want to delete. When the pop-up menu appears, choose Delete. A dialog box appears asking are you sure you want to send the file or folder to the recycle bin? Click yes.

Retrieving files for the recycle bin:Placing an item in the recycle bin doesnt mean we cant retrieve it at a later date . using the restore all item link will move all the file and folders in the recycle bin back to its original location on our computer.

To restore all the items in the recycle bin:1)click the restore all the items link in the recycle bin tasks list. 20

2) The items are restored to their original location.

To restore one file, click to select the file:1. Restore all the items change to restore this item. 2. Click restore this item. 3. The item is restored to its original location.

Emptying the recycle bin

Emptying the recycle bin permanently deletes the items . they cannot be recovered. Empty your recycle bin periodically to keep our computer running smoothly.

To empty the recycle bin:1 .Click the empty the recycle bin link in the recycle bin tasks list. 2 .Press shift+ del key from the keyboard after selecting an item , which we want to delete

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NETWORK NEIGHBOURHOOD
A windows 95 folder that lists computers, printers and other resources connected to your local-area network (LAN). By default, a Network Neighbourhood icon appears on your desktop, and the folder is also accessible from within the Windows 95 Explorer. The Network Neighborhoodis designed to replace the drive mapping older system, which associates a letter with each shared disk drive. Many programs, however, still require drive mapping. The Network Neighborhood serves no purpose if your computer is not connected to a LAN, except that it is required to link two computers using Windows 95's Direct Cable Connection (DCC) feature.

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NOTEPAD
INTRODUCTION:Notepad is an application program used to prepare various text documents. You can also write short message also but it support only limited file formats. You can also use Notepad to write your HTML Documents to be uploaded on Internet. Notepad is fast, reliable and very easy to use.

WORKING WITH NOTEPAD:Following are the various steps to open notepad: To launch Notepad just go to Start>>Programs>>Accessories and click on Notepad, a blank windows opens with a flashing indicator Click on Start Button. Choose Program options and then accessories. Select Notepad option from popup menu. The following are the various menu bars available in Notepad are: FILE-It contains the commands for opening, closing, saving the file etc. EDIT-It contains the commands to perform cut, copy, paste, delete. FORMAT- It contains the options of WordPad and Fonts. VIEW- It contains the options of viewing the status bar. HELP- It contains the help topics of Notepad.

How To work With Notepad:Creating an HTML file using notepad: While Notepad can be used to write HTML files by default it will save a file with a .TXT extension. For this course you must explicitly save your files with a .HTM or .HTML extension. Open Notepad:Start<Programs<Accessories<Notepad.
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Type the following using the editor on separate lines as shown<html> <head> <title> My first web page</title> <head> <body> There is my first web page <body/body> </html> select: Menu< File<Save.

Some important issues are: Since the file doesnt have a name you must give it a name. By default document are placed in a folder called My Documents on you desktop. In the file name box type: web page.htm and press Save. If you make changes to the file you can do a File<save to reserve it. Exit notepad.

FEATURES OF NOTEPAD
Syntax Highlighting for lots of languages, configured with schemes. Multi-language user interface. Text Clips provide smart templates for text insertion. Code Folding/Outlining. Docking windows for: File Browser, Open Files, Text Clips, Tool Output, find in Files results. Regular expression search and replace (full perl syntax). Split Views. Bookmarks (both numbered and plain). Export to HTML (using CSS) and RTF. Code definition browsing and navigation (using C tags). Non fixed-width font support. Projects and Project Groups with multi-level folders and file system mirroring. Scripting with Python. Extensions support for developing add-ons with C++. Support for UTF8, 16 and various file encodings. Support for windows, unix and macintosh line endings. Tabbed MDI interface, with multi-level split views.
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 Word-wrapping.

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WORDPAD
INTRODUCTION:WordPad is a free rich text editor included with Microsoft Windows95, 98, ME, NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, and future releases of Microsoft Windows. Although capable of doing much more than Microsoft Notepad, Microsoft WordPad is not as advanced as Microsoft Word. In the picture on next page, is an example of what WordPad looks like in Windows 2000. Microsoft Word is able to create, edit, and save their documents as a plain-text file (.txt), Rich Text Format (.rtf), and Word for Windows 6.0 (.doc) format (Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME users only -- XP does not support .doc). In Windows 7, users can now save their document in an Open Document format.Users who are using a version of Microsoft Windows that supports WordPad can run Microsoft WordPad (wordpad.exe) by following the below steps: Click Start Click Run Type "wordpad" or "write" press Enter. Or Click Start Click Programs and then Accessories. Click the "WordPad" icon.

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FEATURES OF WORDPAD: User Interface- WordPad in Windows 7 uses the updated Microsoft user interface called the Ribbon. This toolbar runs across the top of the WordPad screen and separates commands by tabs and groups. Previous versions of WordPad used the standard drop-down menu toolbar. Formatting Options- Previous versions of WordPad had a limited ability to format text. In the updated WordPad, select the text you want to change and click the "Home" tab. In the Font group, select a different font, type size or color. You can also add bullets, highlighting and change text alignment. You can change the margins of your document by clicking the "WordPad Menu" button and selecting "Page Setup." Graphics- You can now add graphics to a WordPad document. In the Home tab, go to the Insert group. Click on "Picture" to add a photograph or another saved image to a document. To add a Paint drawing (another operating system tool), click on "Paint Drawing." Search and Replace- WordPad does not contain a spell check, thesaurus or grammar assistance. It can search and replace text by clicking on the Home tab and going to the Editing group. You can find words in the text by clicking "Find," or replace them by clicking "Replace." As with most word processors, you can cut , copy and paste text around a document. View- Another new feature in WordPad is zoom. In previous versions, if you wanted to see a close-up view of a document, you had to print it out. In Windows 7's WordPad, you can view the document up close or from far away by clicking on the "View" tab and then clicking one of the options in the Zoom group to increase or decrease the document view. You can also add the status bar to WordPad in the View tab area so you can get more information about a document or change the word wrap settings. File Formats- WordPad can open and save files in the text (TXT), Rich Text Format (RTF), Word document (DOCX), and Open Document Text (ODT), according to Microsoft. Files opened from Word 2007 and 2010 may not appear the same in WordPad since it does not have all the capabilities of Word.

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PAINTBRUSH
INTRODUCTION:Paint (formerly Paintbrush for Windows) is a simple graphics painting program that has been included with all versions of Microsoft Windows. It is often referred to as MS Paint or Microsoft Paint. The program opens and saves files as Windows bitmap (24-bit, 256 color, 16 color, and monochrome, all with the .bmp extension), JPEG, GIF (without animation or transparency, although the Windows 98version, a Windows 95 upgrade, and the Windows NT4 version did support the latter), PNG (without alpha channel), and TIFF (without multiple page support). The program can be in color mode or two-color black-and-white, but there is no grayscale mode. For its simplicity, it rapidly became one of the most used applications in the early versions of Windowsintroducing many to painting on a computer for the first timeand still has strong associations with the immediate usability of the old Windows workspace.

INTRODUCTION TO DRAWING PALLET:

Above the main window is the color palette. The two squares set apart from the rest at the left end of the palette show the active colors; the colors presently in use. When you click on a color in the palette with the left mouse button, that color will be the primary or foreground color, here shown as black.

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The color you click on with the right mouse the secondary or background color, here shown as white.

button

will

be

These terms are the same in all the graphics programs I've usedprograms including painting and drawing programs as well as small programs with a single function, such as re coloring. Right click on the color sampler Click on Save Image As, Save Image or Save Picture As. Notice where it's being saved. My Pictures is a good place for it. The suggested name should be 16_color_sampler.gif. Click Save. When you want to use those colors, here are the steps: I'm presuming that you already have a Paint window open, and that you have saved and given the file a name.

Click on the Rectangular Selection tool Transparent.

and have the option set to

Make sure that you have white as your background It doesn't matter what color you have on your left or foreground button.

color.

In your Paint window, go to the Edit menu and click Paste From. Navigate to the saved 16_color_sampler.gif and click it. Click Open. Back in your Paint window, drag the sampler to a convenient position. Click on the Color Picker and then on the color you want to use.

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MS- WORD
INTRODUCTION:Microsoft Word is your word processor. Like a type writer, it allows you to process your words in various ways. But although word is a text based program, it can also do other things such as allow you to insert graphics or photos, create chart and graphs, create table and even do some calculation. But it handle your words that are what it does best. You can create some great looking document with professional looking formatting. You can see it to handles your mail merges one letter to many people and Words will allow you create forms that people can complete online when you need tom write any text based document ,look no further than word. FEATURES: Automatic corrections for common mistakes are you type using special automatic-correction tools that watch the way you work and adapt to your needs. Wizard and templates that create and format document for you. Advanced page layout and formatting capabilities. Numbering, bulleting, and shading tools. Multiple document views so that you can see a rough draft of your document or the look of the final printed page as you write you write. Integrated grammar, spelling, and hyphenation tools. Newsletter-style multiple columns, headers, footers, and endnotes in your publications. Drawing, border and shading tools that enable you to emphasize headers, draw lines and shapes around your text, and work with imported art files. Simple Web page development so that you can turn your document into web page.

STARTING OF MS-WORD:Microsoft Windows operating system offers various ways to start MS word. Following are the most common methods to start word. While working in MS-WORD you have to work with a mouse. Also one can work, to some extent through the keyboard. The use of mouse is simple as it fully menu driven .In MS-WORD every command is available in the form of icons. You can go to MS-WORD by the following ways:a. Take the mouse pointer to START button on the task bar. 30

b. Move the pointer to programs. c. In that menu identify where Microsoft word is placed. d. Move into rectangular area meant for Microsoft word. Click the left mouse button there. There computer will start MS-WORD

HISTORY
Microsoft word is the flagship product of the office suite, and has been one of the office suite, and has been one of the cornerstones of microsofts success in both the home software and business sectors. The first versions were developed in 1981 under a different name, but the brand was born in 1983 when Microsoft produced the multi-word tool for Xenix, a Microsoft developed operating system based on UNIX. New versions were soon developed for MS-DOS, Apple Macintosh and other major operating systems. However, it remained a relatively complex piece of software that could only be easily operated by text commands. Which acted as a barrier to entry for the casual user. Word processing remained a highly technical skill, which acted as a barrier to entry for the casual user. Word processing remained a highly technical skill, with basic formatting requiring that the user memorize dozens of key combinations and text inputs. In 1989, the first graphical version of Microsoft Word was released for Windows 3.0,ushering in a new era of professional software. Word 97 acted as the codebase for subsequent versions up to word 2000, and by that time , Microsoft had no significant competition in the word processing field. Software is essentially a form of language-so it is not surprising that it has been so common in recent history to see one particular software product achieve almost complete market dominance. Word remains the most popular word processor on the market for all common consumer operating systems, with the latest version being word 2008. The most significant competition now comes from open source alternatives like open office, but the fact that the word itself cannot edit that file format limits the degree to which it is likely to expand into Words market share.

ANATONY OF MS-WORD:-

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1. Title bar:- Title bar is located at the very top of the screen. When the window active, the title bar is blue, unless youve changed your screen colour. At the top of the screen, you should see Microsoft Word-Document 1 or a similar name. 2. Menu bar:- The word menu is displayed at the top of the screen as shown above. The main menu further displays a sub menu. Some of the option are highlighted option can be executed, faded options are not applicable. Infect if the option is faded you will not be able to choose it. You may not that any option faded under present situation may become highlighted under different situation. 3. Standard toolbar:-Contains shortcut buttons for the most popular commands. 4. Formatting toolbar:- contains button used for formatting the text in different size, colour and different format. 5. Ruler:-The ruler allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in the document. It is used to set the margins, indents and tabs. 6. Insertion point:- The location where the next6 chapter appears. 7. End-of document marker:- Indicates the end of the document. 8. Help:- Provide quick access to help the topics. 9. Scroll bar:-The horizontal and vertical scroll bar, if turned on, enables you to move up or down or access the window simply by pressing the icons located on the scroll bars. The horizontal scroll bar is located above the status bar. The vertical scroll bar is located along the right side of the screen. To move up or down your document, click and drag the vertical scroll bar up or down. To move back and forth across your document, click and drag the horizontal scroll bar. 10. Status bar:-The status bar display about the currently active document. This includes the pages number that you are working and number of the cursor position and so on. 11. Task pane:-provides easy access to commonly used menus, buttons and tools. 12. View button:-Changes the layout view of the document to normal view, web layout view, print layout view, or outline view.

CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT:Whenever you start MS WORD by any of the option, specified earlier, a new file is automatically created. In MS WORD a file is called document and has an extension doc. Various method are used to create new file in ms-word. Following are the different merthod to create a new document. 1. Click on file menu and choose new option. 2. A dialog box will appear 3. Click on blank document from the pane of window on the right hand side of the window. 4. You can create the new document by pressing CTRL+N from keyboard. 5. You can create a new file by pressing the New Blank Document button on the standard toolbar.

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SAVING A DOCUMENT:You must save your document if you wish to recall them later. You can use the save option from the file menu to save the document. You can save a document by typing CTRL+S. After you have save your document at least once, you can see any changes you make your document simply by clicking the save option. Methods to save file. 1. Click on file menu. 2. Click save. The save as dialog box will appear if you are saving your document for the first time. 3. Specify the correct folder in the save in box. 4. Name your document. 5. Click save.

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OPENING A FILE:To continue working on a file you previously saved, you must open the file. To open the files perform the following steps: 1. Choose file>open from the menu. 2. Click open button from the standard toolbar. 3. Select the folder name where your file is located. 4. Choose the file name from the list of files. 5. Click open.

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FORMATTING:MS WORD allows you to apply different formats to different parts of document. We can apply different settings to each paragraph of our document, such that each of them appear in different font, color, character, spacing etc Formatting refers to the changing the appearance of the document. Formatting a document means changing the font characters, words, paragraph and pages of document. Types of document:1) Character formatting 2) Paragraph formatting 3) Page formatting Character formatting:- Character formatting as the name implies we have to change the appearance of the character in our document i.e. we can change the font, size, color, of the characters. a) Changing fonts:- fonts are predefined character available in window environment. Each font has a different size and shape of the character. The default font name is Times New Roman. Following are the methods to change the font. 1. Type the following. Arial Courier Times New Roman. 2. Highlight Arial Courier Times new Roman. 3. Choose Format>Font from the menu. 4. Choose the Font tab. 5. In the box below the Font field, click Arial Courier Times New Roman. 6. Click OK. 7. Your text should now look like similar to the following : Arial Courier Times New Roman

b) Bold, Underline, Italicize:- You can bold, under line and italicize when using the word. You can also combine these features- in other words you can bold, underline and italicize a single piece of text. In the exercise that follows, you will learn three different methods for bolding, italicizing or underlining when using the word. You will learn to bold, italicizing or underlining when using word. Following are the methods to use bold, underline and italicize: 1. On the line begins with menu, highlight the word bold, underline and italicize. To do so place the cursor before the letter b, I, u in bold, underline and italicize . Press the F8 key ; then press the right arrow key until the entire word is highlighted. 2. Choose Format>font from the menu. The font dialog box will appear 3. Click bold underline and italicize from the box 4. Click OK. 5. Click anywhere in the text area to remove highlighting.

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c) Font size:- in Microsoft Word, you can change the size of your text. The following exercise illustrate changing the font size. 1. Type the following I am the smallest. 2. Highlight I am the smallest. 3. Choose Format>Font from the menu. 4. Choose the font tab. 5. Type 14 in the size field. 6. Click OK. d) Character spacing:- MS WORD allow us to do spacing between two character the option of the character. The option of the character spacing is available in the second tab of the Font menu To set spacing between two character we have to perform following steps:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Click on Format>Font option. Click on character spacing. Scale is used to adjust the width of select text. Spacing is used to adjust the space between two characters. Position is used to adjust the position of the text. Pressing default will make the changes as default and all the documents created after this, will have this changes preapplied. 7. Press OK to apply the change.

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e) Text format:- MS-WORD allow us to animate the characters. They can be applied through the animation tag of the font menu. These effect are only for on the screen view and does not appear on the printer. The following are the steps to animate the text: 1. Type the text on the text area of MS WORD. 2. Highlight the text. 3. Click on the Format>Font>text effects. 4. Choose the desired effect from the list and click OK. 5. Pressing default button will make this effect as default and all the document created this will have this effect applied. Paragraph formatting:- Character formatting is applied on character where as paragraph formatting is applied on the paragraph. Paragraph formatting changes the appearance of the whole paragraph. An effective paragraph formatting is that the lines are fit into pages, in such a manner that they fill the page effectively. a) Space before and space after:- space before sets the amount of spaces a before the paragraph. Space after sets the amount of space after the paragraph. Following are the example of paragraph formatting Example 1:- space before Highlight the title of the paragraph which you have written 1. Choose Format>paragraph from the menu. 2. Choose the indents and spacing tab. 3. Enter 17 pt in the before field. 4. Click OK. You will now have 17 points before the paragraph.

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Space after: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Highlight all the text you have write. Choose format>paragraph from the menu. Choose the indents and spacing tab. Enter 14th pt in the after field. Click OK. You now have 14 pt after each paragraph.

b) Line spacing:- Line spacing sets the amount of space between lines within a paragraph. Single spacing is the default. The spacing for each line is set to accommodate the largest font on that line. If there are smaller fonts on the line, there will appear to be extra space between lines where the smaller fonts are located. At 1.5 lines, the line spacing is set to one-and-a-half times the single space amount. 1. Highlight the paragraph you typed. 2. Choose Format>paragraph from the menu. 3. Choose indents and spacing tab. 4. Click to open the drop down menu on the line spacing field. 5. Click 1.5 lines. 6. Click OK. Your line spacing for the paragraph is now 1.5.

c) First line indent:-This demonstrates how you can indents the first line indent the left side of the first line of your paragraph. 1. Highlight the paragraph you typed. 38

2. Choose Format>paragraph from the menu 3. Choose the indents and spacing tab. 4. Click to open drop- down menu ion the special field. 5. Click the first line. 6. Enter 0.25 in the by field. 7. Click OK. d) Indentation:- Indentation allows you to indent your paragraph from the left or right margin. The following show different type of indentation. 1. Highlight the paragraph of your document. 2. Choose format>paragraph from the menu. 3. Type 1in the left field. 4. Type 1in the right field. 5. Click OK. e) Styles:- The use of styles in word will allow you to quickly format a document with a consistent and professional look. Paragraph and character styles can be saved for use in many documents Applying a style:1. Place the cursor in the paragraph where the style will be applied. 2. Click the style drop down menu on the formatting toolbar and select a style by clicking on it. 3. To apply same style to multiple paragraphs, double click the format painter button on the standard toolbar and click in all the paragraphs that the style should be applied to. Press the ESC key to disable the format painter.

Page formatting:- Page formatting includes the features of WORD that are used to improve the appearance of the page. This includes setting page size, applying header and footer, borders and shading etc. a) Page margin:- MS WORD supports various page sizes. Setting the correct page size is important if you want to have correct output on printer. You have to set the pages according to your requirement. The margins can also be changed using the page setup dialog box: 1. Click on File>page setup. 2. Choose the margin tab in the dialog box 3. Enter the margin values in the top, bottom, left and right boxes. The preview window will reflect changes. 4. If the document has header and footer, the distance this text appear from the edge of the page can be changed. 5. Change the orientation from portrait or landscape by checking the corresponding selection button. 6. Click OK when finished. 39

b) Page size:1. Click on File>page setup 2. Choose the paper tab. 3. Select the proper paper size from the drop down menu. 4. Click OK when finished. c) Applying borders:- MS WORD allows you to insert border to your text and pages. A complete dialog box has been provided for option related to borders. The following are the various steps to apply border to out text: 1. To place border on specific area, place the cursor in the area in the document that will show the border. 2. Click on the menu bar. Choose Format then border and shading. This opens the border and shading dialog box. 3. Click on the border tab. Choose the setting that you wish to have for the borders. 4. Choose the style of border that you want to have in your document. 5. Click OK to close the dialog box.

HEADER AND FOOTER:The header and footer usually contain title and author information, dates and page numbers. The header appears at the top of the page and footer appear at the bottom of the page. To insert header and footer : Click view on the menu bar. Select heard and footer. The document will appear grayed out with a dotted header and footer box showing at the top and bottom of the page. Type inside the dotted boxes to insert your header and footer Click close on the header and footer toolbar when you finished. Header and footer toolbar: Header and footer toolbar contain buttons that can help you automatically enter important information in your header and footer 40

Some of the useful features located on the header and footer toolbar: 1. Insert auto text:- drop-down menu showing commonly used header and footer information, including, author, page number and date. 2. Insert page number 3. Insert the number of pages 4. Insert date and time 5. Page setup 6. Switch between header and footer 7. close

Delete header and footer: If you choose to delete header and footer, word will automatically delete the header or footer within the entire document. To delete the header or footer: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click view on the menu bar. Select header and footer. Highlight the text within the header and footer Press delete. Click close.

CREATE TABLE:To create a four-column, five-row tableo Choose Table>Insert>Table from the Menu. The Insert Table dialog box opens. o Type 5 in the Number of Columns field. o Type 2 in the number of Rows field. o Select Auto in the Column width field. Selecting Auto allows Microsoft Word to determine the size of your column widths. Alternatively, you can enter the column width you desire. o Click OK. Your table should look like the one shown here, with four columns and five rows.

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ADVANCE FEATURES OF MS WORD:We cover the advance features of WORD such as auto correct, auto text, inserting pictures etc. Each of these has its own advantage Auto text:- Cut and copy both stores information on the clipboard. Each time you store new information on the clipboard, the old information is lost. If you wish to store the text permanently so you can use it repeatedly, use Auto text: 1. Type the following: Auto text information is stored permanently 2. Highlight auto text information is stored permanently. 3. Choose Insert>auto text>new from the menu. 4. Microsoft word suggests a name. The suggestion display in the dialog box. Change the name by typing AT in the please name auto text entry field. 5. Click OK. 6. Click anywhere in the text area to remove highlighting. 7. Place the cursor between the period in the sentence you just typed and the paragraph marker. 8. Press the spacebar twice to leave two blank space. 9. Type AT 10. Press F3. 11. Your text should now read Auto text information is stored permanently. Auto text information is stored permanently.

Auto correct:-Microsoft Words autocorrect facility can automatically correct common spelling mistakes and often-used acronyms, initialisms etc. Adding entries to autocorrect To manually add entries to autocorrect: 1. Co to the tool menu and select autocorrect option. 42

2. In the autocorrect: English dialog, go to the Replace field and enter the incorrect word or acronym/ initialism. 3. In the width field, enter the correct word or full text of acronym/ initialism. 4. Click the add button. 5. Click the OK button SPELL CHECK:- Words check your spelling and grammar as you type. Spelling and error displays with red line under the word. Grammar error displays with a green line under the error. If you want to spell check your entire document, press F7and click the spelling icon or choose tools>spelling and grammar from the menu. If you want to spell check part of your document, highlight the area you want to spell check. Then press F7 and click the spelling icon or choose tools>spelling and grammar from the nu. Type the following exactly as shown. Include all the errors. Open thr door for Vinod. He is a teacher from the town of ferozepur. Highlight: open thr door for Vinod. He is a teacher from the town of ferozepur. Press F7 or click spelling icon on the standard toolbar. The is misplaced, so it is highlighted on the screen and noted in the not in dictionary box. Word suggests correct spellings. These suggestions are found in the suggestions box. To change the word to the correct spelling, make sure the is highlighted in the suggestion box. Click change. The name Vinod is not in the dictionary, but it is correct. Click Ignore once to leave vinod in the document with its current spelling. ferozepur is not found in the dictionary. If you frequently use a word not found in the dictionary by pressing the Add to dictionary button. Word will then recognize the word next time it encounters it. The following should appear on your screen: Word finished checking the selection. Do you want to continue checking the remainder of the document. Click no. If you wanted word to spell-check the entire document, you would have clicked on yes

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

Find and replace:-If you need to find a particular word or piece of text, you can use the find command. If you want to search the entire document, simply execute the find command. If you want to limit your search to select area, highlight the area the execute the find command. After you have found the word or piece of text you are searching 0for, you can replace it with new text by executing the replace command. Find command: 1. Type the following: 43

Vinod is from Easton. He lives on the east side of the town. His son attends eastern high school. 2. Highlight: Vinod is from Easton. He lives on the east side of the town. His son attends eastern high school. 3. Choose Edit>find from the menu. 4. Type east in the find what field. 5. Click find next. Note that the east in the Easton is highlighted 6. Click find next. Note that east is highlighted 7. Click find next. Note that the East in Easton is highlighted. 8. Click find next. The following message will appear: Word has finished searching the selection. Do you want to search the remainder of the document? 9. Click NO. 10. Click cancel. Replace command:1. Highlight: Vinod is from Easton. He lives on the east side of the town. His son attends eastern high school 2. Choose edit>replace from the menu. 3. Type east in the find what box. 4. Click find next. Do not replace the east in Easton. 5. Click find next. 6. In the replace. With box, type west. 7. Click Replace. Word replaces east with west. 8. The east in eastern is highlighted. 9. Click Replace. Eastern will becomes western. 10. The following message will appear: Word has finished searching the selection. Do you want to search the remainder of the document? 11. Click NO. 12. Click close. 13. Your text should now read : Vinod is from Easton. He lives on the west side of town. His son attend the western high school

Password protection:- once you have completed your document there are only a few simple steps required to protect it. First left-click on the tools menu and then select options from the drop down menu. On the option screen that appears you must left-click on the security tab to display the window shown below. Once you have clicked on the security tab you must enter a password to open box. Doing this 44

prevents anyone from being able to open the document without the password you assign. Remember to use a unique password that will not be easy for someone else to figure out. Click on OK once you have chosen password. Once you have done this save the document as you normally would and forward it as usual.

MACRO
A Macro is a shortcut to a task you do repeatedly. Think about the Centre align operation. You first highlight the word you want centered and then click the centre icon in the toolbar. This is a Macro. Its the short way of performing the centre task. You can centre your text by clicking on Format from the menu bar. When the menu drops down, click Paragraph. Youll get a dialogue box popping up. Click the down arrow in the Alignment box, and then click on centre. Click OK on the dialogue box and your text is centered. Clicking the centre icon on the toolbar is much easier its very useful Macro built into Microsoft Word.

The Macro we are going to create will do the following:

o Change some highlighted text to an Arial. 16 point Bold font. Creating a Macroo Open a new Word document. o Type in a few words of text. Anything you like. o Highlight your text, or just a single word of the text. o From the Menu bar, click on Tools. o From the drop-down menu click onMacro. o A Sub-menu appears.
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o Click on Record New Macro.

When you click on Record New Macro, you get the Macro dialogue box popping up. There are four areas to the Record Macro dialogue box: Macro Name, Assign Macro

to, Store Macro in, and Description.

The first thing to do is to give your Macro a name. At the moment it is called Macro 1. Thats not a very descriptive name for what we want our macro to do. Well call our macro Font Changer. This is because macro dont like having spaces between words. You have to put the name of your macro as all one word. The next section is Assign Macro to. You are given the choice of either Toolbars or Keyboard. Ignore this section for now. Well see later how our macro assign to a toolbar, and to the keyboard. The next section Store Macro in.At the moment it reads all documents. In other words,, the macro we create will be able to any new Word document. You can change this so that the macro is created in only the document youre working on. Click the black down arrow to see the title of document you have open. The final section is description, this is just a record of when the macro was created, and who created it. You can change this to anything you like. Malicious folk creating nasty macro will definitely change these details. Once you given your macro a name, click the OK button. When you click the OK button, you are returned to your word document. But now you will see a strange toolbar floating over your page. And the mouse pointer will be different.

RecordThe reason the little floating toolbar says Stop is because your macro is already being recorded. The process has started. You dont have to panic, and hurry it along. The floating toolbar, though, has only two buttons. The square one is the stop button; the two lines and the circle is the pause button. Notice that the mouse pointer has changed, with a little cassette tape on the end of it. This indicates that you are recording your macro. One thing you cant do with a macro is record mouse movements. If you want to move your cursor somewhere in your text, you will have to use arrow keys on your keyboard. For our macro, because we highlighted the text before recording, we dont need to move the cursor. Whatever we do from now on will become part of our macro: o Click on Format from the Menu bar. o From the drop-down menu, click on Font o The Font dialogue box appears. o Select Arial as your Font. o Select Bold. o Select Size 16. o Click the OK button on the Font dialogue box. o You are returned to your page.
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o Click the Stop button on your Floating Macro Reader. o The macro will stop recording, and the process is finished: you have recorded the Macro. If you make a mistake during the recording of your macro, and everything goes horrendously and badly wrong, you can abort the recording and try again; o Click the stop button on your recorder. o Click Tools>Macro>Record New Macro. o In the Macro name part of the dialogue box that pops up, type in the name of the macro that went wrong. In our case that would be Font changer. o Click OK. o Word displays a message box telling you that a macro with that name already exists. It asks if you want to replace it. o Click YES. o You are returned to your document., and the recorder is displayed. o You can now try again. o If things go wrong again, repeat these instructions.

Running a Macro-To use your new macro, do the following:

o o o o o Type in some new text and Highlight it. Click on Tools from the Menu bar. From the drop-down menu, click on macros. From the sub menu that appears, click on Macros. The Macros dialogue box appears. Select the macro that you want, then click the Run button at the top right of the dialogue box. As you can see, the macro we created is in the list, and already highlighted. When the Run button is clicked, the dialogue box will disappear, and the highlighted text will will change to Arial, Bold 16 points. You might argue by clicking on Tools>Macro>Macros, and then fiddling about the dialogue box is not exactly a shortcut surely its just as easy to click on Format>Font, and your changes from here.

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MAIL MERGE
In any working environment, there are situations when a similar type of letter or documents is to be sent to many persons who reside at different locations. The letters may contain the address of each recipient, in addition to the standard information contained in the letter. One way of doing this is to print the letters by changing the address each time in the document after printing such letter but this would mean lot of effort and tome and also results in bad organization. Such problems are taken care of by the Mail Merge facility. In Word Processing, Mail Merge is the process of transferring selected information from one document to another document. Concept of Mail Merge & its Components-Mail Merge is the facility which requires following three information General body of the letter called main document. Header Row, the record structure or the name of the fields, which will identify the data. Data for all the individuals, for whom the letters are to be generated also called data source. Mail Merge option of Word reads this data and physically merges it with Main Document to generate letters for all the persons or for all records in the data file. Main Document-In Mail Merge, Main document is the common letter, which contains the common information for each of the merged document. It also contains the field names, which contain the instructions for carrying out the merge.
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Data Source-Data source is also called the Data file. It stores information to be brought
into the Main document. The data file table contains a column for each category of information, or data field, in the data field. The Header Row is the first row of the table. It contains field names, which indicate the type of information in each column. For Example, list of names and addresses. Each field name must be unique and must begin with an alphabet/letter. Form Letter-Form letter is the resultant document of the Mail Merge operations, which contains the copy of the main document along with each piece of information stored in the data file. Mail Merge option of Word-Thus by now it is clear that for Mail Merge document, you need to Create the main document Create data source Merge the data with document All these operations can be performed by Mail Merge option of Word. You may start Mail Merge with a blank document or one that you have already created. We will use a blank document. Steps of Creating-To begin with mail Merge sequenceo Click Tools in the Menu bar o Select Letters &Mailings o Then Mail Merge Wizard You now see a Microsoft Mail Merge Task Pane appear on the right side of your screen. Notice that the small circle to the left of the Letters has a dot in it. This is the default selection. We will use letters to begin.

Click Next to Continue Step 1Now we will selected Letters, we can proceed to the next step in the wizard. Click Next:

starting document.
We are leaving step 1 of the Mail Merge Wizard and moving to step 2.

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Step 2We indicated earlier that we are going to use a blank document for this. So we will remain with a default selection-Use the current document. At the bottom of the step 2 of 6 task Task Pane, click Next: Select recipients. Notice, in the image on the right that, as you proceed through the Mail Merge Task Panes, you can go backAnd forth at any time you desire. This is logical and handy.

Selecting your Merge File(Access, Word, Excel, Outlook)-You are now in Task Pane 3. In this Task Pane you will select the source list for your Mail Merge. We will be
using an Access database for this. You can use an Excel Spreadsheet, Outlook Mail Contacts, or several other sources. You can also use a new listand can select fields according to your requirements. The Access database file we will be using was created with our Access 2003. Click the

Browse Task Pane 3.

We, as indicated, are going to select an Access Database. It is located on our c:drive in the Folder Mail Merge XP. After we select our database we will click the Open button. You may choose several other file types, as previously indicated. If you click the small down arrow to the right of the Files of type: area in the Select Data Source menu screen you can merge. When we Selectedthe Person 2003 database, the following Select Table menu appeared. This database contains three tables- we are going to choose the Personnel TableAfter we selected personnel, we clicked the OK button. The Mail Merge Recipients menu screen appears. Look at the middle of Task Pane 3 again. Notice that Task Pane now indicates the database you selected and allow you to edit the list which appeared when you made this selection. You are now ready to begin inserting fields into your mail merge document. However it would be prudent to save your Mail Merge letter at this time. Once you have accessed your database, the save feature will not data source. Saving your Mail Merge Document- You will want to save your Mail Merge documents periodically. Use your favourite Save method. We will click File in the Menu Bar and select Save.

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Step 3Creating the Mail Merge document- Having selected our data source, we are now
ready to create our Mail Merge document. Look at the bottom of the step 3 of 6 Task Pane and click Next: Write your letter.

Step 4You will now be taken to the Mail Merge step 4 of 6 Task Pane. The top of this Task Pane looks like the image. You will cover two of the selections Address block and More items. Greeting line is similar to address block.
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We will begin our letter with the Address Block. Click the Address Block selection. The following Insert Address Block menu screen will appear. If you accept the default setting Screen, it will search you your Database and attempt to create an Address similar to the one shown in the previous area. If you have fields that are different, or in addition to those shown, you can click the Match Fields button. Look at the right side of the Match Fields menu screen. Notice that Mail Merge had no problem matching last Name and First Name- since these are the same as our field names. However, also note that it selected our Street Address to Match Address 1 and our zip to match Pin Code. If you desire to change a match, simply choose one of the fields under Required Information or Optional Information and click the down arrow on the box to right. We choose Last Name. when we clicked the arrow fields appeared on the right. To replace a field, simply click on your field on the right. If you change any fields, click the OK button and they will be replaced. You will return to the Insert Address Block menu screen We will use the default Address. You choose the one you desire and then click OK. Tap the Enter key a couple of times to make sure your cursor is below the <<Address Block>>. Your document and cursor should look similar to the one on the right. Now that we have inserted an Address Block. We will use the More Items Selection to show you another way to do this. Click the More Items.selection. The Insert Merge Field Menu Screen at the right will appear. In the Insert Merge Field Menu screen, click the First Name selection, and then click the Insert Button at the bottom of the screen then Click the Close button. Click the More Itemsbutton in the Mail Merge Task Pane on the right again. When the Insert Merge Field Menu Screen Appears, click the following: (when you click A Field Name, click the Insert button after each selection): Last Name(Insert), Street Address(Insert), City(Insert), State(Insert), Pin Code(Insert), and now click the close button. Move your cursor between the First_Name>> and <<Last _Name arrows and click the left mouse button. When you click, your text should now look like as shown below: Now move your cursor between the Last Name and Street Address arrows(>><<) and click the left mouse button. Then tap the Enter Key. Click between the arrows between City and State and tap a comma(,) and then tap the Space Bar. Then click between the arrows between State and Zip and tap the Space Bar. Click to the right of the arrow at the end of Pin Code and tap the Enter Key twice. Now we will insert a greeting. Tap the Enter Key two more Times- just to create some space- and type in Dear and Then tap the Space Bar. Click the More Items button in the

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Task Pane on the right and insert the field First Name. Type a comma after the First name field and tap the Enter Key twice. We are now ready to preview our letter. Click The Next: Preview Your Letters choice at the bottom of the Mail Merge Task Pane on the right of your screen.

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Step 5You will now move to the mail Merge Task Pane screen 5 of 6. You can browse your Address Greeting by clicking the arrows on the right and left if Recipient. As you browse through your document, if you see one you wish to remove, you can click the Exclude this recipient button.

Step 6Lets move on our printing our letters. In the Step 5 of 6 Selection, at the bottom of the Mail Merge Task Pane, select Next: Complete the Merge. First, before we print our merged documents, there is a really IMPORTANT choice- Edit individual letters
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Remember in the Step 5 Task Pane, that if you did not desire to include a specific letterbecause of some minor editing your requirement- you could click the Exclude this recipient button. That would have removed that letter from the printing group. You would then have had to return to that letter and work on it individually. However if you desire to make minor changes to a letter, you do not have to exclude it. You can proceed to this screen and print that letter individually. To do this you would click the Edit Individual lettersselection. Notice you have several choices. You find most users make a note of the Recipient number(s)-and then enter them in the form: area in the Merge to New Document menu on the right. When you click OK, a Word document-of that letter-will open. You would make your changes and then only print the revised letter(s) by selecting Print Current Page. After printing, when you close the revised letter, you would return to your Mail Merge screen and Task Pane. Now we are ready to print the letters. Click the Printselection in the Task Pane. You will be taken to the Merge to New Document menu screen. Since you are now printing all of the letters that were not excluded, make sure that All is selected. Then click the OK button. Once the Print menu screen appears, choose the printer on which you desire to print your merged documents. Then, make sure the All Page range(above) is selected and click the OK button.

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MS- EXCEL
INTRODUCTION:Microsoft Excel is allows us to create professional spread sheets and charts. It is quite useful in entering, editing, analysis and sorting of data. It performs numerous function and formulas to assist you in your projects.MS EXCEL is the replacement of calculator, pencil work. If you want to perform some mathematical calculation then excel can perform it with great ease. You can create charts with color, add clip arts in excel. It is also called spread sheet. With the help of different worksheet a full workbook can be created or in other words workbook contains different worksheets. A new workbooks contain 256 worksheet the worksheet is grid of rows and columns. The insertion of rows and column are called a cell. Each cell on the spreadsheet has a cell address that is the column letter and the row number. Cells can contain text, numbers, or mathematical formulas. Spreadsheet is the replacement of the old paper book work. It consists of rows and columns.

FEATURES OF MS-EXCEL:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Selecting or filling ranges without screen moving. Perform any math action on a range of cells. Insert sticky notes anywhere in your worksheet for quick remainder. The rename or delete the active file features. The quick format features under the format menu. It has powerful facility to share workbook. With this facility a workbook can be shared and modified via a network. Spreadsheet has a feature to protect the workbook with the help of password. The feature of OLE makes it more reliable as a user can insert object and then he can link it with some other document. The results calculated with the spread sheet are reliable and error free. The macro feature helps you to combine the series of action in a workbook. It can store large amount of data because a workbook has a number of worksheets. You can also import or export the data from one worksheet to another. Chart option helps you to represent your information in visual form. Auto sum features helps you to add the contents of a cluster of adjacent cells. Auto fill feature allows you to quickly fill cells with respective data such as chronological dates and numbers.

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STARTING OF MS EXECL:There are various ways to open ms excel. 1. Click on Start->programs->Microsoft excel. 2. Write the excel on run dialog box. 3. Double click on the Microsoft Excel on the desktop.

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ANATONY OF MS EXCEL:-

1) The Title bar:- Title bar is located at the top of screen. On the title bar, Microsoft Excel displays the name of the workbook you are currently working. 2) The menu bar:- the menu bar is directly below the title bar and displays a list of menu that you can use to give command to Excel. Clicking on a menu name displays a drop down menu command. 3) Toolbar:- Some commands in the menu have a picture or icon associated with them. These pictures may also appear as shortcut in the toolbar. 4) Row and column heading:- Letters and numbers identify the rows and columns on an excel spreadsheet. The insertion of rows and columns is called a cell. Use row and column heading to specify a cells reference. 5) Active cell:- The active cell has a dark border around it to indicate your position in the worksheet. All the text and number that you type are inserted into the active cell. Click the mouse on a cell to make it active. 6) Fill handle:- The lower right corner of the active cell has a small box called a fill handle. Your mouse changes to cross- hair when you are on the fill handle. The fill handle allow you to copy data and create series of information. 7) Worksheet:- Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and rows. The columns are lettered A to IV ; the rows are numbered 1 to 655356. The combinatiom of rows and columns make the cell. 8) The formula bar:- If the formula bar is turned on, the cell address displays on the left side of the formula bar. Cell entries display on the right side of the formula bar.

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CREATING A NEW WORK BOOK:Whenever you start MS EXCEL by any of the option, specified earlier, a new workbook is automatically created having named called Book 1 and has an extension xls. Various methods are used to create a new work book in EXCEL. You can create a new work book by using the following steps: Click on file menu and choose NEW option A dialog box, like one shown in figure appears. From the pane window on the right side click the option blank workbook. New workbook will be appearing on screen.

OPEN AN EXISITING FILE:You can open an existing workbook by using the following steps: Choose File>Open from the menu. Select the folder name where your file is located. Choose the file name from the list of files. Click open.

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SAVING A WORKSHEET:The work you have done in the current document should be stored permanently in computer memory. You must give a name to worksheet and stores it in the disk. Following are the steps to save a worksheet: Click on file menu. Click save. The save as dialog box appears if you are saving your document for the first time Specify the correct folder in the Save In box. By default MS offices files are saved in my document folder. Name your document Click Save.

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CELL ADDRESSING:Microsoft Excel records cell address in formula in three different ways, called absolute, relative and mixed. The way formula is recorded is important when you copy it. There are three types of cell addressing: 1. Relative cell addressing 2. Absolute cell addressing 3. Mixed cell addressing Relative cell addressing:- when you copy a formula from one area of worksheet to another , Microsoft Excel records the position of cell relative to the cell that originally contained the formula. The following exercise demonstrate :

1. 2. 3. 4.

Select cell G2, the formula =SUM(C2:F2) is copied in cell G2. Drag the fill handle to cell G5. Release the handle. The multiplication formula is filled into cell G2 to G5. Absolute cell addressing:- Absolute cell addressing keeps the track of specific cell. Absolute cell addressing might be needed is when you want to refer to constant value your formulas. In your formula.

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Let us assume that we want to include a total at the end of each week showing the total amount of money earned. Select cell G2 and enter the formula. Dragging the formula down to cell G5.

Mixed cell addressing:- in Microsoft excel there is also a reference called a mixed reference. This means that only enter the row or column has the dollar symbol. This means the formula absolutely refer to column C but the value in the row is relative to the position of the formula. There are number of ways that you enter relative and absolute value into the formula. One technique is that you can simply type the symbols next to the row or the column.

FUNCTIONS:Function can be a more efficient way of performing mathematical operation than formula. e.g if you wanted to add the values of cells D1 through D10, you would type the formula =D1 +D2+D3 +D4 +D5 +D6+D7+D8+D9+D10. A shortcut way would be to use the SUM function and simply type =SUM( D1: D10). Microsoft Excel has a set of prewritten formulas called functions. When you will use functions, remember the following tips: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Use an equal sign to begin a formula. Specify the function name. Enclose arguments within parentheses. Use a comma to separate arguments. Use a comma to separate arguments. Several other functions and example are given in the table below function Example Description SUM AVERAGE =SUM(A1:100) =AVERAGE(B1:B 10) Finds the sum of cellsA1 through A100 Finds the average cells B1 through B10

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MAX MIN SQRT TODAY COUNT ABS EXP IF

=MAX(C!:C100) =MIN(D1:D100) =SQURT(D10) =TODAY() =COUNT(D1:D100) =ABS(-25) =exp(9) IF(D1>100)D1,D4

Returns the highest number from cell C1 through C100 Returns the lowest number from cells D1 through D100 Finds the square root of the value in the cell D10 Returns the current date Returns the total num of non blank cells in the range D1 to D100 It calculate the absolute value of a number It calculate the exponential value of a number It is used to tell the condition to be true or false. It is a logical function, it tells that if the value in the cell D1 is greater than 100 then return D1 else replace with the value of D4 It returns the day of the month corresponding to a value that represents a date. A number should lie between 1 to 31.

DAY

=DAY(D1)

Operations Performed on Worksheets:There are various operations performed on worksheets. Some common operations are as under:

Selecting worksheet Adding worksheet Copying/Moving worksheet Renaming worksheet Deleting worksheet Selecting Worksheet-Ina simple workbook there are three worksheets and by default
this first sheet is active. With the help of mouse you can choose any sheet according to your need. Excel display a tab for each sheet in the workbook. It is located just above the status bar at bottom of screen.

There are number of steps to perform Selection operations:

o Open the worksheet. o By first sheet is active. o You can select any sheet i.e. sheet 2 or sheet 3 by clicking on it according to your need.
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Scrolling Tabs-A faster and easier way to move between the sheets is to use the tab
scrolling buttons on the left of the tabs.

Scroll buttons
This button is used to display sheets from sheet 1. This button is used to move one step at a time in left direction. This button is used to move one step at a time in right direction. This button is used to displays sheet 3 or whichever is the last sheet in workbook. Adding Worksheet-You can add a new sheet to the workbook by using the worksheet command from Insert menu bar. Excel inserts a new sheet to your workbook. There is number of steps to performing this operation: o In this step select the current sheet before which you want to insert a new sheet. For Example: if you want to insert the worksheet 4 before sheet 1 then highlight sheet 1. o Click on the Insert menu and select Worksheet command. o The new sheet 4 will be inserted before sheet 1.

Alternate Methodo In this step select the current sheet before which you want to insert a new sheet. For
Example: if you want to insert worksheet 4 before sheet 2 then highlight sheet 2. o Right click the sheet before whose you want want to insert the new sheet. o From pop up menu choose insert option. o New sheet will be inserted on desired place. Copying/Moving Worksheet-This operation is used to move or copy one sheet to other position. There are number of steps to perform this operation: o Open the worksheet in which operation is being done in this case it is book1.xls. o Select entire sheets contents. o Click on Edit menu. You will find copy or move option from popup menu. o Click on move or copy option. o Three options appeared under this tab To book, Before select and create a copy. o To book tab shows the name of currently opened sheet, here it is book1.xls. o Before Sheet tab tell sheet 2 or any other sheet in which you wish to copy. o Create a copy is used to tell whether you want a copy of sheet Or just want to move the sheet from its original location. o Click on OK button. o New sheet will be positioned on desired location. Alternate Method-You can also copy or move sheet with right click on sheet before which you will perform operation. Renaming Worksheet-You can rename sheet according to your need. By default the name of the sheet is sheet 1, sheet 2 etc. There are number of steps to perform this operation: o Open the worksheet in this case it is book1.xls.
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o Double click on sheet tab to rename it in this case double click sheet 1 for rename OR you can also right click on sheet and rename it. o Type the new name whatever you want to give the sheet. Deleting Sheet-If you want to permanently delete the sheet then you should use the delete option. After using delete option you cant recover it so first of all displays worksheet and use delete option. There are number of steps to perform this operation: o Open the worksheet which you want to delete; in this case it is book 1.xls o Click on the Edit menu and choose delete Sheet command. OR you can also Right click the mouse on sheet and choose delete option. o Excel gives you a warning asking you to permanently delete the sheet. o Click OK button.

DATA FORMATTING:Introduction
As you become more proficient with MS-Excel you will like to translate efforts in some presentation or a report. By doing this the worksheet will become more clear and easy to understand. To do this you will.have to format your data so that the information becomes more accessible and meaningful. By formatting your data, you can integrate your worksheet with an existing presentation. There are various tools to format data: Auto Format Format Painter Buttons on Formatting toolbar. Auto Format-Excel has many preset table table formatting options. Add these styles by following these steps: o Open the Worksheet. o Highlight the cells that will be formatted select the range of cells. o Select format menu and select Auto Format command from the menu. o On the Auto Format dialogue box, select the format you want to apply to the table by clicking on it with the mouse. Use the Scroll bar to view all of the formats available. You can also select 3D formats. o Click the Options button to select the elements that the formatting will apply to. It contains the setting of numbers, font setting, alignment of text, border required or not, height/width setting. o Click OK finished.

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 Format Painter-A handy feature on the standard toolbar for formatting text is Format Painter. If you have formatted a cell with a certain font style, date format, border, and other formatting options, and you want to format another cell or group of cells the same way, place the cursor within the cell containing the formatting you want to copy. Click the Format Painter button in the standard toolbar. To copy the formatting to many group of cells, double click the Format Painter button. The Format Painter remains active until you press the Esc key to turn it off. There are number of steps to perform this operation: o Select the range A1 to C5. o On the toolbar, click the Format Painter button. After clicking on format painter button it look like a paint brush with a plus sign. o With new pointer select the cell A8. o The formatting is copied to the range A8 to C12.

CHART WIZARD
Introduction
Charts allows you to present data entered into the worksheet in a visual format using a variety of graph types. Before you can make a chart you must first enter data into a worksheet. Microsoft Excel offers a special feature called Chart Wizard. With Chart Wizard option you can quickly and easily turn your data into dynamic charts for use in presentations or in reports. Also if you change the values in chart then it will automatically change the values in charts also. Chart Wizard-There are two ways in which you can create charts: either on the same sheet as your data or on a separate chart sheet in the same workbook. when you create a chart on the same sheet as your data, you can easily view both data and chart at the same time. When you create a chart on the separate chart sheet in the same workbook it is called a chart sheet, but you can not view both data and chart at the same time. The chart wizard brings you through the process of creating a chart by displaying a series of dialog boxes: o Enter the data into the worksheet and highlight all the cells that will be included in the chart including headers. o Click the Chart Wizard button on the standard toolbar to view the first Chart Wizard dialog box. Chart Wizard-Step1 of 4 dialog box appears on screen, which allows you to select chart from a wide range of chart types. o Choose the Chart Type and the Chart Subtype if necessary. Click Next.
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o Now you have selected Chart type Column and sub type on first chart as described in clustered column. o If you want to Preview the cluster column chart with selected range. To do so, press and hold the mouse click on the box on lower part of window which says Press and hold to view Sample o Click Next button. o Chart Wizard step 2 of4 appears on screen. Chart Source Data- Select the data range and Click Next. o Chart wizard step 3 of 4 appears. Chart Options- Enter the name of the chart and titles for the X- and Y-axes. Other options for the axes, grid lines, legend, data labels, and data table can be changed by clicking on the tabs. Press Next to move to the next set of options. o Chart Wizard step 4 of 4 appears on screen. Chart Location-click As New Sheet if the chart should be placed on a new, blank worksheet or select As Object in if the chart should be embedded in an existing sheet and select the worksheet from the drop-down menu. o Click Finish to create the chart. Resizing The Chart-When you are in a process of creating a chart, you do not have to worry about its size and location. This is because you can always adjust the chart by dragging and resize it by pulling black handles. There are number of steps to resize the chart as under: o To resize the chart, click on its border and drag any of the nine black handles to change the size. o Handles on the corners will resize the chart proportionally while handles along the lines will stretch the chart. Moving The Chart-Select the border of the chart, hold down the left mouse button, and drag the chart to a new location. Elements with in the chart such as the title and labels may also be moved within the chart. Click on the element to activate it, and use the mouse to drag the element to move it.

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MACRO Introduction
On few occasions you would have done some work in excel which would have been repetitive in nature. For Example, if you are a regular user of Excel, you might set up most of your worksheet under common heading or format. In such an event, rather than entering the same sequence of heading or formatting over and over again, you can create a Macro. Then, instead of typing the same heading or using the same formatting command repetitively, you can run Macro, which will enter and format the headings automatically. Creating Macros-Macros are used when you want to perform some work repetitively, such as applying bold, italics, and a large type size of title to sheet, you can save time by automating these task. You can record a Macro for almost all type of actions. In order of create a Macro, you simply turn on the Macro Recorder, perform the sequence of tasks that you want to record and then turned off the macro recorder. Once the Macro is recorded, you can run it by choosing the Macro name in the Macro dialogue box. Recording Macros-Macros can speed up any common editing sequence you may execute in an Excel Spreadsheet. In this Example, we will make a simple Macro that will set all the margins on the page to one inch. Perform following steps: o Select the cell B1 on new worksheet i.e. Sheet 1. In case you desire to be able to use this Macro anywhere in the sheet, you need to select the cell you will start before you begin 1recording. o Select Tools menu and select on Macro option from popup menu click Record New Macro from the Menu bar. o Name the Macro in the Macro name field. The name can not contain spaces and must not begin with a number. o If you would look like to assign a shortcut key to the Macro for easy use, enter the letter under Shortcut key. Enter a lower case letter to make a CTRL+number shortcut and enter an upper case letter to assign a CTRL+SHIFT+number shortcut key. If you select a shortcut key that excel already uses, your Macro will overwrite that function. o Select an option from the Store Macro in Drop-down menu. o Enter a description of the Macro in the Description field. This is only for your reference only so you remember what the macro does. o Click OK when you are ready to start recording. o Click the Stop button Running A Macroo Select cell by B1 from worksheet i.e. sheet 2. o To run a Macro you have created, select Tools menu from popup menu click on Macro from the menu bar. o From the Macros window, highlight the Macro name in the list and click Run.
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o If the Macro is long and you want to stop it while it is running, press BREAK. o Press on Run button. o Macro runs and all the header information added in the worksheet 2.

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MS-POWERPOINT
INTODUCTION:Microsoft PowerPoint is powerful tool to create professional looking presentation and slide show. PowerPoint allows you to construct presentation from scratch or by using the easy to use wizard. Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Microsoft office system, and runs on Microsoft windows computer. PowerPoint is widely used by business people, educators, students and trainers. It is commonly used in advancing because of its wide range of visual effects. It is very easy to get started with power point by using the help file with the program. Its not hard to create a very simple power point presentation with the text and some graphics. When you start to get better, the more powerful features are very useful. These includes the slide master, which allows you to modify aspects of every slide including global copy/paste, custom animation schemes, background effects and interactive power point with systems of links and buttons, where the user choose option.

FEATURES OF POWER POINT:4. PowerPoint can be used to create colored overhead transparencies. 5. PowerPoint can be used to create black and white over head transparencies. 6. It contains six slide views for various purpose. 7. It support graphs and organisation charts. 8. It has full support for browsers. 9. It support various auto shapes through drawing toolbar. 10. It allows you to print handouts of slides. 11. It supports playing of animated gif pictures. 12. PowerPoint has a support for scanners to input images. 13. It can create slide shows for computer screen or projectors. 14. It can create slide shows for computer screen or projector 15. It also provide printed outline of the presentation.

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STARING OF MS-POWERPOINT
1. Double click on the Microsoft PowerPoint icon on the desktop. 2. Click on start->programs->Ms-PowerPoint.

A PowerPoint presentation consists of slides that contain text, graphics, charts and other data types. When you start PowerPoint, you can start with a blank presentation or you can begin from template or use the AutoContent wizard .

If you open PowerPoint and the following figure doesnt then perform the following steps:-a. Select File option from the menu bar. b. Click on New option.

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AutoContent wizard:- the autocontent wizard provides templates and ideas for a variety of presentation types. Page through the wizard by clicking the Next button on bottom of each page after making necessary choices.

Design template:- PowerPoint provides many templates with the different backgrounds and text formatting to begin your presentation. Preview each design by highlighting the templates name on the list. Press OK after you have chosen the design.

Blank presentation:- Select blank presentation to build the presentation from scratch with no preset graphics or formatting. After you choose blank presentation, select the layout of your slide from the New slide dialog box. Choose from the slide dialog box . choose from the slide with titles and bullets, titles only, titles and clipart, and other options.

ANATOMY OF POWERPOINT:-

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1. Title bar:- The title bar generally appears at the top of the screen. The title bar displays the title of the current presentation. 2. Menu bar:-The menu bar displays the menu. You use the menu to give instruction to the PowerPoint. 3. Toolbar:-PowerPoint has several toolbar shortcut to menu commands. The most commonly use toolbar are the standard toolbar and formatting toolbar 4. Rulers:-Rulers are vertical and horizontal guides. You can use them to determine where you want to place an object. They are marked in inches. 5. Placeholders:- Placeholders hold the object in your slide. You use placeholders to hold text, clip art and charts. 6. Status bar:- The status bar generally appears at the bottom of the screen. The status bar display the number of the slide that is currently displayed, the total number of slides, and the name of the design template in use or the name of the background. 7. Outline tab:- the outline tab displays the text command in your presentation. 8. Task pane:-the task pane enables you to select the specific task you want to perform 9. Vertical splitter bar:- you can click and drag the vertical splitter bar to change the size of your panes. 10. Minimize button:- you use the minimize button to remove a window from view. While a window is minimized, its title appears on the taskbar. 11. Restore button:- you use the restore button to cause a window to fill the screen. After you maximize a window, if you click the restore button, the window returns to its former size. 12. Close button:- you the close button to exit the window and close the program. 74

OPENING THE PRESENTATION:Select this option to open a PowerPoint presentation that already exists. Select the folder the file is located in from the Look in: drop down menu and highlight the file from the list. Click to open the presentation.

CREATE NEW SLIDE:75

Follow the step to create a new slide into presentation. 1. Do one of the following: Choose insert>new slide from the menu. Click new slide button. Press control-M The apply slide layout pane will appear on the right side of the screen. The apply slide layout provide you with slide template you can use to create when creating your PowerPoint presentation. There are four types of text layout templates: Title slide:- the title slide contains two text placeholder that you can use to display a title and a subtitle of your presentation. Title only:- the title only slide contains a single placeholder. You can use to display it. Title and text:- the title and text template provides a placeholder for a title and a placeholder for text. 2. To select layout, click the layout you want in the apply slide layout pane. The layout will then appear in the slide pane. 3. To add text, click inside the placeholder and type. 4. To add an additional slide your presentation do one of the following : Right click on the slide layout. A menu will appear. Choose insert New slide. Click on down arrow next to the slide layout. Choose insert New slide.

APPLYING DESIGN TEMPLATE:Design template provides attractive background for your PowerPoint slides. To apply design template: Do one of the following: Choose Format>slide design from the menu. Click the slide design icon. Design template will appear on the right side of the screen. To apply design template to all sides in your presentation do one of the following:] Click on the design template. Right click on the template. A menu will appear to all slides. 76

Click on the down arrow next to template. A menu will appear. Choose apply all slides.

ADDING CLIP ART:To add a clip art image to the slides to a slide, follow these steps 1. Select Insert>>Picture>>Clip Art from the menu bar or click the picture button on the drawing toolbar 2. To find an image, click in the white box following search for clips and enter keywords describing the image you want to find. 77

3. 4. 5. 6.

OR Click one of the category icons. Click once on the image to want to add to the slide and a selection bar will appear. Click once on the image you want to add to the slide and the following popup menu ill appear:-

Insert clip to add the image to the slide. Preview clip to view the image full size before adding it to the slide. Drag the bottom, right corner of the preview window to resize the image and click the x close button to end the preview Add clip to favourites will add the select images to your favourites directory that can be chosen from the insert clip art dialog box. Find similar to the one you have chosen Click the close button in the top, right corner of the insert clip window to stop adding clip art to the slide.

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MS-Front
MS-FrontPage is a powerful tool used for creation of web pages and web sites with ease.It helps in planning,building and maintaining large web sites. The MS-Frontpages interface is customizable and so easy to use that even the non-professional people can also simple start designing webpages and web sites. You can add and format text,pictures and other pages contents using neuns and tool bar buttons. Unlike HTML where users had to remember complex tags to build webpages. The MS-FrontPage provide graphical user interface to do the same.Users can simple choose from the list of options available to build up their websites. MS-FrontPage is a WYSIWYG(what you see is what you get).You can actually see what your page will look like while creating it. It also makes publishing of your web pages very simple.You can upload your website to the server and even to create if necessary. MS-FrontPage comes with MS-Office. So if MS-Office is already installed that you might also have MS-FrontPage installed on your computer. However,if you have standalone version of MS-FrontPage then you can simple install it b following a series of steps in the wizard that is displayed when installed proceeds. MS-FrontPage 98, MS-FrontPage 2000, MS-FrontPage 2002MS-FrontPage 2007 are some of the versions of FrontPage, software. We will be using MS-FrontPage 2000 through the course. FEATURES OF MS-FRONTPAGE MS-FrontPage 2000 provides a number of features that make it most suitable software for designing websites.:1. GUI interface:- MS-FrontPage provides a Graphical User Interface to create page which is very easy to operate. Users can also view the HTML code of the designed web pages. MS-FrontPage also automatically adds color codes to differentiate between tags,attribute names , attribute value , comments , scripts and text on a page which can also turn off color coding. 2. Themes available:- There are a large number of pre-designed themes available that can help to provide a consistent look to a web page or an entire web site. You can also customize any of the predesigned themes. 3. Positioning:- MS-FrontPage provides the feature of positioning the elements such as text and graphics anywhere on a page. Generally, the positioning order is sequential. Positioning can also be applied to a group of elements together. The various styles of positioning are absolute-style positioning. Floating style positioning , Z-order positioning , Relative-Style positioning. 4. Manages Work Flow:- MS-FrontPage monitors task status for you. You can create tasks to track work that needs to be done , prioritize the importance of task and associate the task with a specific file. On saving a page associated with a task in Page view , FrontPage asks if you want to change the task status to completed. 5. Spell Check:- Ms-FrontPAge allows automatic checking of the spelling of a word as you type, misspelled words are highlighted which can then be corrected. 79

6. Alllows to use VB editor:- MS-FrontPage allows to create macros , applications, controls and forms for you web using the VB editor. You can even create web sites and changes their structure within a programming environment. 7. Multlingual Support:- MS-FrontPage is available in man languages. You can set the language for each page making it easier for you to create a web site in multiple languages Moreover it also allows to display the front page user interface in one language but create content in other languages. 8. MS-FrontPage fully intergrates with fully MS-Office 200 applications usch as MS-Word MSexcel, MS-Access and MS-Powerpoint. It is easy to use information from MS-Office components as you can use information from MS-Excel databse. Moreover many themes available are common with other MS-office applications such as MS-Word, Ms-Excel, Ms-Access , MSFrontpage also allows to add MS-Office web components such as spreadsheet, pivot table views and chart to web pages 9. Web server management is very easy in MS-Frontpage. It uses the same management console as windows NT ans IIAS(internet information services) you can also manage webs remotely. 10. MS-FrontPage allows to target a specific environment such as web browser, web server etc.It automatically restricts features that will not work on target computer. 11. MS-FrontPage allows you to customise and personalize tool bars according to once requirements. 12. MS-FrontPage provides more control over publishing as you can specify which web pages you want to publish and which you dont want to. Moreover you can publish to any ISP.

HOW TO START MS-FRONTPAGE:We assume MS-FrontPAge is already installed in your PC.MS-FrontPage requires that you must atleast run window 98. It is also compatible with MS-Internet Explorer version 3.0 and later. If you are using Netscape you can use version 305 or later MS-FrontPAge is already installed with MS-Office 2000. However if you have purchase a stand alone versions that you need to install it by following the steps in wizard. You can open MS-FrontPage application window by following either of the methods:1. Clicking at the start button on the task bar. As a result a pop up menu is displayed, follow Start>Programs>Microsoft frontpage. On clicking it MS-FrontPage window will open. 2. Using run command: In the run dialog box type FRONTPG in open drop down box or search for FRONTPG.EXP , file using the browser button. when you are done click OK button. 3. Using shortcut: If some shortcut is made on the desktop on any other location that you can double click on it to run. 4. Using Dos: At the common prompt you can specify the path to reach the common pages and click enter.

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5. Using Find: in order to open MS-FrontPage using find option we search for file name FRONTPG.EXE. after searching the file it can be open by double clicking on its icon. 6. Using my Computer or window explrer.: you can either move to my computer or windows explorer after the filename FRONTPG is located you can double click on its icon to open it.

ANATOMY OF MS-FRONTPAGE:

All Windows based Application Programs operate in much the same way. As such, many of the features of a given program are common to all. Therefore, if you are in any way familiar with using programs such as Word or WordPerfect, you have probably seen much of the following. Let's start with the basic components of the program interface (what you actually see when you look at FrontPage). Here is a screen-shot from FrontPage 2000 showing a new document followed by a breakdown of the major components:
The Title Bar The Views Bar The Menu Bar Normal Interface The Tool Bar HTML Interface The Formatting Bar Preview Interface

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1. The Title Bar This is the bar at the top of the program interface for most Windows programs. In this case, the title bar indicates that the program is Microsoft FrontPage and includes a picture of the FrontPage Icon (a familiar up-left arrow in a blue circle). Additionally, the title bar also normally includes the Minimize button , the Maximize button , and the Close Program button . The first two allow you to jump quickly from program to program while the third allows you to close it down and complete a session. Always make sure you save your work before closing the program... normally it will prompt you to save before closing but I've experienced situations where the program has skipped this step.

2. The Menu Bar This bar is featured directly under the title bar in a given program. Whereas the headings or names of the menus in the menu bar are quite common, a quick perusal of each will quickly show you that this is not the case! Each heading in the menu bar has a drop-down list which appears when the heading is clicked. Again, this is a common feature. Additionally, you will notice that in the heading: File, that the F is underlined whereas in the heading: View, the V is underlined. This is indicates a shortcut for those of us who are keyboard friendly rather than mouse-happy... that is, you can access the same dropdown menu by holding the <Alt> key and pressing the underlined letter. Hence <Alt> + "a" will yield the dropdown Table menu. Likewise, the same principle applies for selecting items from within the dropdown menu. Hitting Esc (Escape) on your keyboard will close the dropdown menus. Note: if a double chevron (ie down arrows) appear at the bottom of a dropdown menu, this indicates that only the most commonly used items have been shown. This common list is subject to change, depending on your use of the unseen items. For your understanding of this matter, I have included two screenshots of each dropdown menu: a shot of the initial dropdown menu (first image in each section) and an expanded dropdown menu (second image in each section). FILE MENU:New this choice will allow you to open a new page or web depending on your desire. There are other options but will not be dealing with them in this introduction.. Open and Close -- these allow you to open a new page or close the current page. Be sure to save your work! Open Web this links the user directly to the My Webs section in My Documents located on the C:\ directory. We will discuss more on the concept of
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webs in another section. Save Allows the user to save the current document. Save As... Sometimes it is desirable or necessary to save the current document under a different name. Save All Saves all open pages automatically. Search Finds files and pages based on the criteria you set. Import allows you to copy files and folders directly into your website. Preview in Browser sometimes it is better to view your page in an internet browser program like Explorer or Netscape. Page Setup allows you to modify the design and layout of your page. Print Preview gives you a different perspective of your work (not often used in this program because the idea is not to print but to publish). Print self explanatory. If you have configured your system to send email from outlook express, this will allow you to send your work as an email attachment. Properties allows you to view the properties of the current or selected page(s). Recent Files allows you to view the last few files that you have had open. Recent Webs has the same function as Recent Files, but with complete webs. This makes for quick referencing. Exit Quit the program. If you have not saved your current page or web, the program will prompt you to do so. If you choose no, then your information will be lost.

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EDIT MENU Undo automatically reverses any blunders that you may have made (eg. You cut something out by accident and you want it to come back. Redo When you realize that you want something reversed back to the original change. Cut removes a selected item/text and places it on the clipboard. Copy copies a selected item/text without removing it and places it on the clipboard. Paste inserts an item from the clipboard into a selected area... you can paste cut and copied items/text. Paste Special sometimes the items selected, cut, or copied have a special format (eg. A table). Delete cuts a selection without placing it on the clipboard. Select All selects all items/text in an open document/page. Find allows you to search through a document/page for specified text or web. Replace searches for and replaces text or webs. Check Out makes a specified file unavailable for editing by anyone but you.
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Check In allows others to edit a previously checked out file. Undo Check Out simply does what it says. Task not normally used by average users.

VIEW MENU

Page allows you to view the page you have selected to work on. It is the view you use when you create, edit, and publish. Folders shows how the content of a web is organized. Reports allows the viewing of various site reports or summaries. Navigation allows you to see the structure of your web in an organized chart/diagram. Hyperlinks allows you to view the status of hyperlinks in your web. Tasks allows you to view tasks that you have set for yourself using the edit menu... this is a way of helping you plan you web. Views Bar allows you to view or hide the displays bar on the left of your screen. This bar contains quick links to many of the options listed in this menu. Folder List allows you to view the complete contents of your web while still working on individual pages.

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Navigation Pane allows you to view the navigational structure of your web. Reveal Tags displays or hides html tags in the Normal tab view. Toolbars allows you to display or hide a variety of toolbars that are available for your use. Refresh a very useful tool... you will need to refresh your page/web constantly if you want to be sure that any changes you have made are going to be effective. Basically, this works the same as the refresh option in a web browser.

INSERT MENU

Break inserts a page break at the selected insertion point. Many browsers will not display empty paragraphs (this tends to make a page look jumbled) but they will display breaks as blank spaces. Horizontal Line inserts a basic line that can be modified for use as a separator bar, a heading bar, etc.. Date and Time... inserts the date and time according to the format you choose. Symbol a wide variety of symbols are available for your use. is just one example. Comment Sometimes an author or editor may want to make a comment on an item or selection of text. Navigation... insert navigation points based on the structure of the website. Component inserts a component such as a scrolling marquee, a hover button, etc. This is a very useful tool. Database insert a new or previously composed database into your website. Form insert a form such as a text box or a depressible button, etc Advanced - contains features such as ActiveX Controls, Java Applet controls, etc. This is beyond the scope of our current discussion. Picture allows you to insert a picture from a file, clip art, or other location (eg.
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From the internet). File... allows you to insert a previously created file directly into your site. Bookmark a kind of link for internal navigation in a website. It creates a hyperlink between two points on the same page. Hyperlink similar to a bookmark but it links the selected text/item to another page either in your own web, an email address, or on the internet.

FORMAT MENU

Font this item allows you to change the colour, size, appearance, etc. of the font you are using. Paragraph allows you to format an entire paragraph (spacing, placement, etc.) Bullets and Numbering allows you to set a bullet list/number list; allows you to change the style of bullet/numbering, etc. Borders and Shading formats the border/shading of tables and other selected items on a page, including the page itself. Position sets the wrap style and positioning of selected pictures and items. Dynamic HTML Effects allows you to insert java script at the click of a button which will cause the appearance of the text or item that you select, depending on the selection. More on this in later sessions.
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Theme Front Page has a number of themes that can be selected; these create a sense of unity and coherence in a web. More on themes in later sessions. Style creates or modifies the style for a page (the font, paragraph settings, etc.) Style Sheet Links... links the active page to a cascading style sheet. Shared Borders... sets shared borders for the current page or for the entire web. Shared borders are regions where you want your material to appear consistently. Page Transition... creates a special effect when a user enters or leaves a page (eg. Dissolve, Spiral, Box In, etc.) Background part of the Properties of your page. you can modify the background, font, hyperlink, colour or even insert an image. Note: Images appear tiled therefore some may not be suitable for web design due to contrast with other visuals and text. Remove Formatting a failsafe... at any time, you can remove the last change to the format. This has the same function as undo. Properties this controls how the font is presented on the page or entire site.

TOOLS MENU

Spelling... this is the spell checker for Front Page. It is always a good idea to double check. Thesaurus... why use the same words over and over? Recalculate Hyperlinks... updates the display of the current web. Macro a macro is a user defined shortcut for performing commonly used actions.
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You can write short programs that make your work easier (<ctrl>+i = italics is a preinstalled macro). Add-Ins... registers, loads, and unloads add-ins that you have installed on your computer. Customize... Allows you to add and take options away from existing menus and toolbars. Web Settings... displays web settings for viewing and editing. Options... allows you to customize your internet loading options, such as whether to overwrite existing pages during upload, etc. Page Options... displays options for viewing and editing pages, including general options for creating thumbnail images, font settings, color coding for the HTML tab, and browser- compatibility settings.

TABLE MENU

Draw Table allows you to use the mouse to create a table by dragging the image. Insert allows you to specify the dimensions and number of rows/columns before inserting the table. Delete Cells allows you to select and delete specific cells in a table. Select allows you to choose cells, rows, columns, or the entire table for modification. Merge Cells Joins two or more cells together to make one larger cell. Split Cells... breaks a cell into two cells. Distribute Rows Evenly - spaces unevenly set row heights to average intervals. Distribute Columns Evenly - sets all columns in a table to equal widths. AutoFit -automatically sets the width of all columns to the exact dimensions of their contents.
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Convert - gives the user the option to automatically convert text into tables or tables into text. You can create tables to surround your text or take tables filled with text and remove the table borders leaving just the text. Properties - controls how the columns, rows, cells, text, borders, etc. are presented in a table. FRAME MENU Split Frame - splits a selected frame either vertically or horizontally. Delete Frame - I won't insult your intelligence. Open Page in New Window -- frames can be quite small and make the pages displayed within them quite difficult to work on... for this reason, this option allows you to open the same page in a new window for design/editing... changes will be made to both open versions of the page. Save Page - saves a page in an individual frame rather than as part of a group. Save Page As... - sometimes it is desirable to save a page under a different name... your reasons are your own. Frame Properties - allows you to manage how the frames are displayed on a given page.

HELP MENU What's This? - this allows you to click on any icon in the menus or in the toolbar and get a brief explanation of its function. Office on the Web - this links directly to Microsoft's Office Website Detect and Repair... - automatically searches out, detects, and fixes any problems that may have occurred in your FrontPage document. NOTE: never depend entirely on these things... it's like using the "spill chick" to fix spelling mistakes!

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About Microsoft FrontPage - this provides you with licensing information, technical support, network information, system information, copyright date and program version number, etc.

The Tool Bar

This bar is located directly under the Menu Bar and essentially contains shortcuts (in the form of depressible buttons) to commonly used items in the various menus. Each item is indicated by an Icon (pictorial image) which looks similar to what it represents. The Tool Bar may be modified to fit the user's preferences... the one pictured above contains each available item. These can be removed by clicking on the down-arrow at the extreme right of the bar and selecting "Add or Remove Buttons". NOTE: Some of the icons are initially presented without colour, like the "Publish Web" button... this means that until you do something (like highlight some text, for example) it is unavailable for use. Here is an explanation of the buttons in the Tool Bar: This is the New Page button. Essentially, clicking this button opens a new page in the workspace window. A down-arrow next to this button initiates a dropdown menu which offers further options of starting a new Web, a new Folder, or a new Task. This is the Open button. Like its counterpart in the File menu, it allows you to open an existing page and the down-arrow next to it allows you to open an existing web.
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This is the Save button allows you to quickly save your current page. Notice that this does not include a Save As... option. Be careful -- always check to make sure you aren't going to overwrite something you don't want to lose! This is the Publish Web button. It allows you to publish the files in the current web when you are ready to present your web for public viewing, or when you want to update the files in your web. You can publish using HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) if the the FrontPage Server Extensions are installed on the Web server to which you are publishing. It also allows you to publish the current web using FTP (File Transfer Protocol) if the FrontPage extensions are not on your server. NOTE: generally, I find it best to upload my webs using a WSFTP Program. More on this under the section for Publishing to the Internet. This is the Folder List button which allows you to open and close an explorer like view of all folders in a given web. The Print button simply prints all text and images displayed in the normal view of your workspace window. The Preview button allows the user to see what the page will look like when it is displayed in a web browser... the default setting is to preview in Internet Explorer. NOTE: In order to preview in a browser, you must have already saved all information in the page you wish to view. This is the Spell Check button. The name says it all... it will check the spelling of a word, in a paragraph, or in an entire page. Be careful... sometimes words will appear to be spelled wrong, such as a person/place name, when it is actually correct. Additionally, abbreviations and Canadian spelling (ie: colour) will show up as misspelled as well. Use spell check as a resource, not as a rule! This is the Cut button. It will appear greyed-out until you select some text or an image. It literally cuts out what you have selected. Don't worry... you can paste it back-in (as long as you don't cut something else first). When an item is cut or copied, it is saved to the Clipboard... a place where Windows stores cut and copied images, text, etc. and keeps it for a period of time just in case you want it back again. Similar to Cut, the Copy button saves material to the clipboard but it does so without actually removing the selected item first.

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Paste from Clipboard allows you to paste items you have cut from other places directly into your FrontPage document. Format Painter allows you to copy the formatting of a selection directly to other text... basically it allows quick and easy reformatting of various items without going through all of the steps for each item. The Undo button allows you to quickly undo a mistake (such as accidental cutting or formatting). Redo is used when you accidentally undo something. It's hard to make mistakes that last in FrontPage! This is the Insert Component button. It is used to insert features that go beyond the normal text you are used to using. These features include items

like , , and a variety of other items that would require knowledge of code forms to accomplish. The Insert Table button is an essential tool for all web design. Basically, the most efficient way to format a webpage would be to use tables (hidden or otherwise). This button allows you to insert a table with a specified number of rows and columns by highlighting empty blocks in a sample matrix. Insert Picture from File allows you to quickly insert a picture from any location on your computer. It ought to be noted however that your pictures ought to be all saved in the same parent directory folder as the webpage/site. The Insert Hyperlink button allows you to convert normal text or pictures into links to another position on a page, on another page in your web, or to another file located somewhere on the internet. The Refresh button allows you to re-load a page after you have made changes. Some changes cannot be viewed until the page has been refreshed.

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The Stop button is almost self-explanatory. That is, it stops a current action. However, it is important to note that it only applies to two kinds of actions: loading a page or following a hyperlink. As such, it is most often greyed out as shown here. The Show All displays all hidden page elements such as line breaks, unknown html tags, form markers (such as in a scrolling marquee or other java form) etc. For most users, this button is irrelevant. Front Page Help -- self explanatory. Click here if you can't figure out how to do something or have some questions that you need answered. The Formatting Bar / Font Bar

This bar is used to directly make specifications as to the layout of text and images on a page. Primarily, the formatting bar is designed to manipulate text but many of its functions can govern the display of images or table-layout as well. For this reason, the formatting bar is often referred to as the "font bar." A quick look will explain why. Again, as with the Tool Bar all of these elements are merely shortcuts to their counterparts in the dropdown menus. Here is a breakdown of the major elements of this bar:
The Style formatting option allows you to select from a list of font-styles. This saves the time of inserting code... for example "Heading 1" (indicated in code by <h1>...</h1>) is the largest formatting for font display on a webpage.

The Font formatting option allows you to choose from a large variety of fonts (these are installed by default with the FrontPage software an d can beadded to through downloads and fontpackage purchases).

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The Font Size formatting option allows the user to choose from a variety of display sizes

from a minimum of 8 to a maximum of

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The Bold button allows you to bold any selected text, regardless of size, style, etc.

This button places any selected text in Itallics.

The Underline button underlines any selected text.

The Align Left button juxtaposes the selected text and/or images, etc. with the left margin of the page or to the left border of a table.

The Align Center button centers all selected text and images on the page or in a table.

The Align Right button juxtaposes the selected text and/or images, etc. with the right margin of the page or to the right border of a table.

The Numbering button allows you to create a numbered list from scratch or convert existing text into a numbered list.

Bullets is a button which performs a function similar to Numbering, but instead of having progressive increments, shapes indicate each point in the list.

The Decrease Indent button is useful for formatting previously created lists (butteted or numbered). It moves an indented bullet back to become part of the frame list. It is also used in place of 95

undo when a mistake is made with the Increase Indent button!

The Increase Indent is used to move the selected text further away from the margin or to create sub-lists within established lists. These sub-lists are marked graphically by position and by an alternate bullet shape.

Highlight Color allows you to create a coloured background behind any selected text to make it stand-out from the rest of a document. Generally this item isn't used because it is a rather elementary and overt method of emphasis.

The Font Color allows you to change the colour of any selected text.

The Add or Remove Buttons tool is selected by depressing the downarrow at the end of the formatting bar. Here, I have shown the menu with all items selected. If you didn't want to have the highlight color displayed (because you never use it) you could get it out of your way for good.

The Views Bar

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The Views bar, shown by default at the left of the workspace in FrontPage, lets you switch quickly from one view of your web to another. You can hide the Views bar if you want more space to view pages in Page view, reports in Reports view, and so on. To do this, you must open the dropdown menu from Views (ironically enough) and remove the check mark next to the Views Bar item in the list. If the Views Bar is not currently displayed in your copy of FrontPage, follow the same steps to make it visible.

Normal Interface In my description of the program, I noted that FrontPage allowed the user to compose web documents without having to worry about knowing HTML. The Normal Mode, indicated by the Normal Tab at the bottom of the composition window, is the main workspace of the average FrontPage user... it makes it possible to construct relatively complex documents without even having to look at a line of code -- this kind of format is known as WYSIWYG. Basically, this is a pseudo-technical adjective used to describe any kind of formatting which allows the text and images to be printed (or displayed) exactly as it appears on the screen during construction. HTML Interface While it is possible to construct web documents entirely in WYSIWYG fashion, I also hinted in my earlier discussions of FrontPage that it would not be invaluable to have some sort of HTML knowledge. In other words, you don't need to know HTML but if you do, it could actually make certain things easier. To facilitate those of you who already know some basic HTML, FrontPage also has an HTML Interface which can be accessed by clicking on the HTML Tab next to the normal tab at the bottom of the screen. This interface allows the user to manipulate the FrontPage
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document from the inside-out, as it were, by altering, adding to, taking away, etc. parts of the code. Additionally, java scripts, etc. can be inserted (with the right knowledge) into the document, allowing for endless possibilities in terms of what can be created and displayed. NOTE: For those of you who are unfamiliar with HTML, this interface provides an added benefit -- by starting with a blank page and inserting items in the normal interface and switching back and forth between it and the HTML interface, you can actually learn HTML! Preview Interface The Preview Interface, accessed through the Preview Tab , allows sneak peeking at the finished result before a document is ready for upload. Similar to a web browser, Preview allows the user to explore hyperlinks, see components like marquees in action, examine the effects of hover buttons, etc. It should be noted however, that the layout may not be precisely as it will appear in a browser and that in order to preview certain items (eg. hover buttons) it is necessary to save all changes first.

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