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ANIMAL EVOLUTION--THE INVERTEBRATES

SHORT ANSWER

1. Cone snails produce a cocktail of paralytic secretions called (1)____________________. These


peptides shut down (2)____________________ in the cell membranes of their victims. One
peptide is one thousand times more potent than (3)____________________ yet not addictive and
is being tested for pain relief in cancer and AIDS patients. All cone snails produce
(4)____________________, which catalyzes an early step in conotoxin production. Humans also
produce this enzyme, but in us it functions in (5)____________________. This enzyme is also
found in insects. It is estimated that the gene has been around for at least
(6)____________________ years, when these three groups shared a common ancestor.

ANS:

1. conotoxins
2. channel proteins
3. morphine
4. gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
5. blood clotting
6. 500 million

PTS: 1 OBJ: Fill-in-the-Blanks


TOP: 25.2 COMPARING BASIC BODY PLANS

2. Choose the most appropriate description for each term.

a. An evolutionary process whereby sensory structures and nerve cells became concentrated in
a head
b. The back surface
c. Animal body cavity lined with a peritoneum--found in most bilateral animals; some worms
lack this cavity, other worms have a false cavity
d. Leading end
e. Animals having body parts arranged regularly around a central axis, like spokes of a bike
wheel
f. Primary tissue layers that give rise to all adult animal tissues and organs
g. Surface opposite the dorsal surface
h. Animal lineage in which blastopore becomes the mouth
i. Animals having right and left halves that are mirror images of each other
j. Series of animal body units that may or may not be similar to one another
k. Trailing end
l. Animal lineage in which blastopore becomes the anus
m. Multicellular organisms with tissues forming organs and organ systems; diploid body cells;
heterotrophic; aerobic respiration; sexual reproduction, sometimes asexual; most are motile
in some part of the life cycle; and the life cycle shows embryonic development

1. ______ animals
2. ______ ventral surface

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3. ______ ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
4. ______ anterior end
5. ______ radial symmetry
6. ______ bilateral symmetry
7. ______ dorsal surface
8. ______ coelom
9. ______ posterior end
10. ______ segmentation
11. ______ cephalization
12. ______ protostomes
13. ______ deuterostomes

ANS:

1. M
2. G
3. F
4. D
5. E
6. I
7. B
8. C
9. K
10. J
11. A
12. H
13. L

PTS: 1 OBJ: Matching TOP: 25.2 COMPARING BASIC BODY PLANS

3. Match each number in the diagram with the appropriate word or phrase in the lettered list.

a. bilateral coelomate ancestry, 3 germ layers


b. protostomes
c. deuterostomes
d. radial ancestry, 2 germ layers
e. true tissues
f. pseudocoel
g. molting
h. coelom lost

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i. chordates
j. cnidarians
k. sponges

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

ANS:

1. K
2. J
3. D
4. E
5. H
6. B
7. F
8. G
9. A
10. I
11. C

PTS: 1 OBJ: Matching TOP: 25.2 COMPARING BASIC BODY PLANS

4. Choose the most appropriate answer for each term.

a. Flagellated cells that absorb and move water through a sponge as well as engulf food
b. Reside in a gelatinous substance between inner and outer cell linings
c. An organism whose two cell layers resemble those of a sponge
d. Form the "collars" of collar cells
e. Random chunks of sponge tissue break off and grow into more sponges
f. Protein fibers and glasslike spicules of silica or calcium carbonate
g. Sexually immature form preceding the adult

1. ______ fragmentation
2. ______ larva
3. ______ amoeboid cells
4. ______ sponge skeletal elements
5. ______ Trichoplax
6. ______ microvilli
7. ______ collar cells

3
ANS:

1. E
2. G
3. B
4. F
5. C
6. D
7. A

PTS: 1 OBJ: Matching


TOP: 25.4 CNIDARIANS -- SIMPLE TISSUES, NO ORGANS

5. All (1)____________________ are radial animals; they include jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals,
and animals such as Hydra. Most of these animals live in the sea and they alone produce
(2)____________________, capsules capable of discharging threads that entangle or pierce prey.
Cnidarians have two common body plans, the (3)____________________ that looks like a bell or
an upside-down saucer, and the (4)____________________ that has a tubelike body with a
tentacle-fringed mouth at one end. The saclike cnidarian gut processes food with its
(5)____________________, a sheetlike lining with glandular cells that secrete digestive
enzymes. A(n) (6)____________________ lines the rest of the body's surfaces. Each of these
linings is referred to as a(n) (7)____________________, a tissue with a free surface that faces the
environment or some type of fluid inside the body. The nervous system is a(n)
(8)____________________, a simple nervous system to control movement and changes in shape.
The (9)____________________ is a layer of gelatinous secreted material that lies between the
epidermis and gastrodermis.

ANS:

1. cnidarians
2. nematocysts
3. medusa
4. polyp
5. gastrodermis
6. epidermis
7. epithelium
8. nerve net
9. mesoglea

PTS: 1 OBJ: Fill-in-the-Blanks


TOP: 25.4 CNIDARIANS -- SIMPLE TISSUES, NO ORGANS

6. Identify each indicated part of the following illustration.

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1.
2.
3.
4.

ANS:

1. feeding polyp
2. reproductive polyp
3. female medusa
4. planula

PTS: 1 OBJ: Labeling


TOP: 25.4 CNIDARIANS -- SIMPLE TISSUES, NO ORGANS

7. Choose from the following. Letters can be used more than once and blanks can have more than
one letter.

a. turbellarians
b. flukes
c. tapeworms

1. ______ Parasitic.
2. ______ Possess a scolex.
3. ______ Ancestral forms probably had a gut but later lost it during their evolution in
animal intestines.
4. ______ Water-regulating systems have one or more tiny, branched tubes called
protonephridia.
5. ______ Only a few types (including planarians) live in freshwater habitats.
6. ______ Their life cycles have sexual and asexual phases and at least two kinds of hosts.
7. ______ Flame cells, each with a tuft of cilia, drive excess water out to the surroundings.
8. ______ Thrive in predigested food in vertebrate intestines.

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9. ______ After division, each half regenerates the missing parts.
10. ______ Proglottids are new units of the body that bud just behind the head.
11. ______ Possess a structure equipped with barbs, hooks, or both.
12. ______ Older proglottids store fertilized eggs; they break off and leave the body in feces.

ANS:

1. B, C
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. C
12. C

PTS: 1 OBJ: Choice


TOP: 25.5 FLATWORMS -- THE SIMPLEST ORGAN SYSTEMS

8. Identify the parts of the animal shown dissected in the accompanying drawings.

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

ANS:

1. branching gut
2. pharynx (protruding)
3. brain
4. nerve cord
5. ovary
6. testis

PTS: 1 OBJ: Labeling


TOP: 25.5 FLATWORMS -- THE SIMPLEST ORGAN SYSTEMS

9. Answer the following exercises with reference to the drawings accompanying the exercise.

1. _______________ What is the common name (or genus) of the animal dissected?
2. _______________ Is the animal parasitic?

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3. _______________ Is the animal hermaphroditic?
4. _______________ Name the coelom type exhibited by this animal.

ANS:

1. planarian (genus name = Dugesia)


2. no
3. yes
4. none (acoelomate)

PTS: 1 OBJ: Short Answer


TOP: 25.5 FLATWORMS -- THE SIMPLEST ORGAN SYSTEMS

10. The numbered items in the following illustration represent missing information; fill in the
corresponding answer blanks to complete the narrative of the life cycle of the beef tapeworm.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

8
ANS:

1. Larvae
2. intermediate
3. human
4. (small) intestine
5. proglottids
6. organs
7. proglottids
8. feces
9. larval
10. intermediate

PTS: 1 OBJ: Labeling


TOP: 25.5 FLATWORMS -- THE SIMPLEST ORGAN SYSTEMS

11. Choose the appropriate answer for each term.

a. Fluid-cushioned coelomic chambers


b. Oligochaete scavengers with a closed circulatory system and few bristles per segment
c. Paired, each a bundle of extensions of nerve cell bodies leading away from the brain
d. Possess many bristles per segment
e. Aquatic organisms with false coeloms
f. Secreted wrapping around the body surface of most annelids that permits respiratory
exchange
g. A rudimentary aggregation of nerve cell bodies that integrate sensory input and muscle
responses for the whole body
h. Lack bristles
i. Except for leeches, chitin-reinforced bristles on each side of the body on nearly all segments
j. Segmented worms
k. An enlargement of the nerve cord in each segment of an earthworm
l. Regulate volume and composition of body fluids; often begin with a funnel-shaped structure
in each segment

1. ______ cuticle
2. ______ annelids
3. ______ earthworms
4. ______ marine polychaetes
5. ______ brain
6. ______ nephridia
7. ______ nerve cords
8. ______ setae or chaetae
9. ______ rotifers
10. ______ hydrostatic skeleton
11. ______ leeches
12. ______ ganglion

ANS:

1. F
2. J

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3. B
4. D
5. G
6. L
7. C
8. I
9. E
10. A
11. H
12. K

PTS: 1 OBJ: Matching TOP: 25.7 ROTIFERS

12. Describe how an earthworm burrows into the soil.

ANS:
The earthworm uses its hydrostatic skeleton to extend longitudinal muscles in the anterior end
while segments in the posterior end have their setae fixed into the wall of the burrow. This pushes
the anterior end of the worm forward. Next the worm fixes the anterior setae and releases the
posterior setae while shortening its segments. This pulls the posterior end forward. The worm
then fixes the posterior setae and repeats the motion.

PTS: 1 OBJ: Short Answer TOP: 25.7 ROTIFERS

13. What is the purpose of the ciliated lobes at the head end of rotifers?

ANS:
They aid in moving food into the mouth (and in locomotion).

PTS: 1 OBJ: Short Answer TOP: 25.7 ROTIFERS

14.

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