CHAPTER 12.

1. With a potential of the form

1
V(r) = mω
2 2
r
2

the perturbation reduces to

1 1 dV (r) ω 2

H1 = 2 2 S • L = 2 (J2 − L2 −S2 )
2m c r dr 4mc
(hω ) 2
= 2( j( j +1) −l(l +1) − 1))
s(s +
4mc

where l is the orbital angular momentum, s is the spin of the particle in the well (e.g. 1/2
for an electron or a nucleon) and j is the total angular momentum. The possible values of
j are l + s, l + s – 1, l + s –2, …|l – s|.
3
The unperturbed energy spectrum is given by E n r l = hω (2n r +l +). Each of the
2
levels characterized by l is (2l + 1)-fold degenerate, but there is an additional degeneracy,
not unlike that appearing in hydrogen. For example nr =2, l = 0. nr =1, l = 2 , nr = 0, l = 4
all have the same energy.
A picture of the levels and their spin-orbit splitting is given below.

2. The effects that enter into the energy levels corresponding to n = 2, are (I) the basic
Coulomb interaction, (ii) relativistic and spin-orbit effects, and (iii) the hyperfine
structure which we are instructed to ignore. Thus, in the absence of a magnetic field,
the levels under the influence of the Coulomb potential consist of 2n2 = 8 degenerate
levels. Two of the levels are associated with l = 0 (spin up and spin down) and six
 levels with l = 0, corresponding to ml = 1,0,-1, spin up and spin down. The latter can
be rearranged into states characterized by J2, L2 and Jz. There are two levels
characterized by j = l –1/2 = 1/2 and four levels with j = l + 1/2 = 3/2. These energies
are split by relativistic effects and spin-orbit coupling, as given in Eq. (12-16). We
ignore reduced mass effects (other than in the original Coulomb energies). We
therefore have

1 1 1 3
∆E =− mec 2α4 3  −
2 n  j +1/ 2 4n 
1 5
=− me c 2α4   j =1 / 2
2 64 
1 1 
=− me c 2α4 j =3 / 2
2 64 

(b) The Zeeman splittings for a given j are

ehB 2 
∆EB = m j =1 / 2
2me j3
ehB 4 
= m j =3 / 2
2me j 3 

1 ehB
me c 2α
5
Numerically
4
≈1.132 × 5
10 − eV , while for B = 2.5T =14.47 ×10− eV ,
128 2me
so under these circumstances the magnetic effects are a factor of 13 larger than the
relativistic effects. Under these circumstances one could neglect these and use Eq. (12-
26).

3. The unperturbed Hamiltonian is given by Eq. (12-34) and the magnetic field interacts
both with the spin of the electron and the spin of the proton. This leads to

S• I S I
H=A 2 + a z+b z
h h h

Here

4  m  I •S
A = α4 me c 2 gP  e  2
3  MP  h
ehB
a=2
2me
ehB
b =−gP
2M p
Let us now introduce the total spin F = S + I. It follows that

S •I 1  2 3 2 3 2
2 = 2 h F(F +1) − h − h
h 2h  4 4 
1
= for F =1
4
3
=− for F =0
4

We next need to calculate the matrix elements of aSz + bI z for eigenstates of F2 and Fz .
These will be exactly like the spin triplet and spin singlet eigenstates. These are

1
1,1| aSz +
〈 bI z |1,1〉=〈χξ +| aSz +bIz | χξ 〉= (a +b)
2
+ + +

2
1 
1,0 | aSz +
〈 bI z |1,0〉=  〈χξ+χξ| aS +bI z | χξ −+χξ 〉=0
 2  +− − + z + + −

1
1 | aSz +
1,−
〈 bIz |1,−
1〉=〈χξ −| aSz +bIz | χξ 〉=− (a +b)
− − −
2

And for the singlet state (F = 0)

2
1  1
〈1,0 | aSz +bI z | 0,0〉=  〈χξ −+χξ +| aSz +bI z | χξ −−χ+ξ−〉= (a −b)
 2 + − +
2
2
1 
〈0,0 | aSz +bI z | 0,0〉=  〈χξ−χξ | aS +bIz | χξ−−χξ 〉=0
 2  +− −+ z + + −

Thus the magnetic field introduces mixing between the |1,0> state and the |0.0> state.
We must therefore diagonalize the submatrix

 A/4 (a − b) / 2−
A/4 0   A /2 (a −b) / 2
 =
 +
 
(a −
 b) / 2 − 3A / 4  0 A / 4
− (a −
 b) / 2 −A /2 

The second submatrix commutes with the first one. Its eigenvalues are easily determined
to be ± A2 / 4 +
(a − b) 2 / 4 so that the overall eigenvalues are

A2 / 4 +
A /4 ±
− b) 2 / 4
(a −

Thus the spectrum consists of the following states:

F = 1, Fz = 1 E=
A /4 + b) / 2
(a +

F =1, Fz = -1 E=
A /4 − b) / 2
(a +

F = 1,0; Fz = 0 E= (A 2 / 4 +
A/4±
− b)2 / 4
(a −

We can now put in numbers.

For B = 10-4 T, the values, in units of 10-6 eV are 1.451, 1.439, 0(10-10), -2.89
For B = 1 T, the values in units of 10-6 eV are 57.21,-54.32, 54.29 and 7 x 10-6.

4. According to Eq. (12-17) the energies of hydrogen-like states, including relativistic +

spin-orbit contributions is given by

E n, j =
−
α
1 me c 2 (Z ) 2 1 1
α 1 1
mec 2 (Z )4 3 
3
2 − − 
2 (1+me / M p ) n 2 n j+
1/ 2 4n 

The wavelength in a transition between two states is given by

2πhc
λ=
∆E

where ∆E is the change in energy in the transition. We now consider the transitions
n =3, j = 3/2  n = 1, j = 1/2 and n = 3 , j = 1/2  n = 1, j = 1/2.. The corresponding
energy differences (neglecting the reduced mass effect) is

(3,3/21,1/2)
1
E=
∆
2
α 1 1
mec 2 (Z )2 (1−)+
9 2
α1
me c 2 (Z ) 4 (1−
4
1
27
)

1 1 1 1 3
(3,1/21,1/2)
2
α
me c 2 (Z ) 2 (1−)+
9 2
α
me c 2 (Z ) 4 (1−
4 27
)

We can write these in the form

13
(3,3/21,1/2) E 0 (1 + (Zα
∆ )2 )
48

1
(3,1/21,1/2) E 0 (1 + (Zα
∆ ) 2)
18

where

1 8
E 0 =mec 2 (Zα
∆ )2
2 9

The corresponding wavelengths are

 13
(3,3/21,1/2) λ
(1−
0
48
(Zα
) )= 2
10 m
588.995 × 9
−

1
(3,1/21,1/2) λ
(1−
0
18
(Zα
) )= 2
10 m
589.592 × 9
−

We may use the two equations to calculate λ0 and Z. Dividing one equation by the other
we get, after a little arithmetic Z = 11.5, which fits with the Z = 11 for Sodium.
(Note that if we take for λ0 the average of the two wavelengths, then , using
λπ πα
0 =2 hc / ∆ E0 = 9 h / 2mc(Z )2 , we get a seemingly unreasonably small value of Z =
0.4! This is not surprising. The ionization potential for sodium is 5.1 eV instead of
Z2(13.6 eV), for reasons that will be discussed in Chapter 14)

2
1  p2 
4. The relativistic correction to the kinetic energy term is −   . The energy
2mc 2 2m
shift in the ground state is therefore
2
1 p2 
 1 1
E=
∆−2 〈
2mc
0 | 
2m

| 0〉
=−2 〈
2mc
0 | (H −
2
m 2 r 2 ) 2 | 0〉 ω
To calculate < 0 | r2 | 0 > and < 0 | r4 | 0 > we need the ground state wave function. We
know that for the one-dimensional oscillator it is

mω
1/4
  − mω
x 2 / 2h
u0 (x) = e
πh

so that for the three dimensional oscillator it is

mω
3/ 4
 −
e mω
r 2 / 2h
u0 (r) =
u0 (x)u0 (y)u0 (z) =
πh 

It follows that
3/2
∞ mω 2 −mωr2 / h
〈0 | r | 0〉=∫0
2 2
4πr dr re =
 πh 
3/ 2 5/2
mω  h  ∞
∫
2
=4π    dyy 4 e −y
πh mω 0

3h
=
2mω
We can also calculate

3/ 2
∞ mω 4 −mωr2 / h
〈0 | r | 0〉=∫0
4 2
4πr dr re =
 πh 
3/ 2 7/2
mω  h  ∞
∫
2
=4π    dyy 6e −y
πh mω 0

15  h 2
=
4 mω

1
We made use of ∫
0
∞
n −
z
dzz e (n +
=
Γ nΓ
1) =(n) and π
( )=
Γ
2
Thus
1  h 
2 2
3  3 
 2 3h  1 2 4 15
E=
∆ − 2  hω− hωmω +m ω

2mc 2    2mω
2   4 4 
mω 
15 (hω)2
=−
32 mc 2

6. (a) With J = 1 and S = 1, the possible values of the orbital angular momentum, such
that j = L + S, L + S –1…|L – S| can only be L = 0,1,2. Thus the possible states are
3
S1 ,3 P1,3 D1 . The parity of the deuteron is (-1)L assuming that the intrinsic parities of
the proton and neutron are taken to be +1. Thus the S and D states have positive
parity and the P state has opposite parity. Given parity conservation, the only possible
3
admixture can be the D1 state.

(b)The interaction with a magnetic field consists of three contributions: the

interaction of the spins of the proton and neutron with the magnetic field, and the L.B
term, if L is not zero. We write

Mp •
H=
− B−
Mn •
B−
ML •
B

eg p eh S p 
Mp = S p =(5.5792)  
2M 2M  h 
egn eh Sn 
where M n = Sn =(−3.8206)
2M 2M  h 
e
ML = L
2M red

We take the neutron and proton masses equal (= M ) and the reduced mass of the two-
3
particle system for equal masses is M/2. For the S1 stgate, the last term does not
contribute.
 If we choose B to define the z axis, then the energy shift is

eBh 3 S pz   S 
− 〈 S1 | gp   gn nz 
+ |3 S1 〉
2M h   h 

We write

S pz  
 Snz g p +
gn S pz + Snz g p − gn S pz − Snz
gp  +gn  
= +
h  h 2 h 2 h

It is easy to check that the last term has zero matrix elements in the triplet states, so
1 S
that we are left with (g p +gn ) z , where Sz is the z-component of the total spin..
2 h
Hence

3 3Bh g p + gn
〈S1 | H1 |3 S1 〉
= − ms
2M 2

where ms is the magnetic quantum number (ms = 1,0,-1) for the total spin. We may
therefore write the magnetic moment of the deuteron as
e gp + gn e
µ eff =
−
2M 2
S= − (0.8793)
2M
S

The experimental measurements correspond to gd = 0.8574 which suggests a small

3
admixture of the D1 to the deuteron wave function.