Engineering Mathematics - 4 - 10MAT41

Taylors and Picards methods 2
Dr. V. Ramachandra Murthy

Numerical Methods

Unit-I: Numerical Methods-I

Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of first order
and first degree: Picards method, Taylors series method, Modified
Eulers method, Runge-Kutta method of fourth order. Milnes and
Adams-Bashforth predictor and corrector methods [ No derivation of
formulae]

Unit-II: Numerical Methods-II

Numerical solution of simultaneous first order differential
equations: Picards method, Runge-Kutta method of fourth order.
Numerical solution of second order ordinary differential equations:
Picards method, Runge-kutta method and Milnes method.

Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations(ODE)

The most general form of an ODE of n
th
order is given by

-------- (1)

A general solution of Eqn (1) is of the form

------- (2)

If particular values are given to the constants then the resulting solution
is called a particular solution.

To obtain a particular solution from the general solution (2), we
must be given n conditions so that the constants can be determined. If
all the n conditions are specified at the same value of x then the problem
is termed as initial value problem. If the conditions are specified at more
than one value of x, then the problem is termed as boundary value
problem.

0
dx
y d
...., ,.........
dx
y d
,
dx
y d
,
dx
dy
y, x,
n
n
3
3
2
2
=
|
|
\
|
( ) 0 c ...., ,......... c , c , c y, x,
n 3 2 1
=

Though there are many analytical methods for finding the solution
of the equation of the form (1), there exist large number of ODEs whose
solution cannot be obtained by the known analytical methods. In such
cases, we use numerical methods to get an approximate solution of a
given differential equation under the prescribed conditions.

Numerical solution of a Differential Equation
Consider the first order differential equation

Let be the solution values at the points
We wish to find the approximate values to these solution
values.

Let the initial condition be . Let the exact solution y(x) of the
given differential equation be represented by a continuous curve. Divide
the interval on which the solution is derived into a finite number
of equispaced subintervals.

0
x

1
x

2
x

1 - m
x

m
x

For each , the approximate values of the dependent variable y(x) are
calculated using a suitable recursive formula. These values are
and these are shown by points. Computation of these approximate
values is known as Numerical solution of the Differential equation.

Numerical solution of ODEs of first order and first degree

Single step Methods:

Taylors series method
y) f(x,
dx
dy
=
) x ........y( ), y(x ), y(x
m 1 0
m
x ,...,
1
x ,
0
x
m 1 0
y ........, , y , y
0 0
y ) y(x =
[ ]
m
x ,
0
x
Approximate
solution
Exact solution
i
x
m 1 0
y ......, , y , y
0 0
y ) y(x , y) f(x,
dx
dy
= =

Picards method
Modified Eulers method
Runge-Kutta method of fourth order

Taylors Series method

Let y = f(x) be a solution of the equation

Expanding it by Taylors series about we get

This may be written as

Putting , we get

Similarly

In general,

Where

Problem (1):

Solve numerically up to x=1.2 with h=0.1 by Taylors

x
0
=1 x
1
=1.1 x
2
=1.2
0 0
y ) y(x , y) f(x,
dx
dy
= =
0
x x =
( ) ( ) ( )
..... ) (x f
3!
x x
) (x f
2!
x x
) (x f
1!
x x
) f(x f(x)
0
///
3
0
0
//
2
0
0
/
0
0
+
+ =
( ) ( ) ( )
..... y
3!
x x
y
2!
x x
y
1!
x x
y y(x)
///
0
3
0
//
0
2
0
/
0
0
0
+
+ =
h x x x
0 1
+ = =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
1
3
//
1
2
/
1 1 2 2
+ + + + = =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
),........ (x f y ), (x f y ), f(x y
n
// //
n n
/ /
n n n
= = =
0 y(1) y, x
dx
dy
= + =

series method
correct to
four decimal places.

Soln: Given data: , h=0.1

From the Taylors series, we have

---------- (1)

Where n=0, 1, 2,.

Put n=0 in Eqn (1)

----------- (2)

Substituting all these values in Eqn(2) we get

y
0
=0 y
1
=? y
2
=?
y x y
/
+ =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
y x y
/
+ =
/ //
y 1 y + =
// ///
y 1 y + =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
1 0 1 y x y
0 0
/
0
= + = + =
2 1 1 y 1 y
/
0
//
0
= + = + =
2 y y
//
0
///
0
= =
( ) ( )
..... (2)
3!
0.1
(2)
2!
0.1
(1)
1!
0.1
0 f(1.1) y
3 2
1
+ + + + = =
0.1103 y(1.1) y
1
= =

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

---------(3)


_________________________________________________________

Problem (2):

Apply Taylors series method to find the value of y(1.1) and y(1.2)

correct to 4 decimal places given that ; y(1)=1 taking the

first four terms of the Taylors series expansion.



------------(1)

x
0
=1 x
1
=1.1 x
2
=1.2
y
0
=1 y
1
=? y
2
=?
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
1
3
//
1
2
/
1 1 2 2
+ + + + = =
1.2103 0.1103 1.1 y x y
1 1
/
1
= + = + =
2.2103 1.2103 1 y 1 y
/
1
//
1
= + = + =
2.2103 y y
//
1
///
1
= =
( ) ( )
... (2.2103)
3!
0.1
(2.2103)
2!
0.1
(1.2103)
1!
0.1
0.1103 y
3 2
2
+ + + + =
0.2427 y(1.2) y
2
= =
3
1
/
xy y =
.....
///
n
y
3!
3
h
//
n
y
2!
2
h
/
n
y
1!
h
n
y )
1 n
f(x
1 n
y + + + + =
+
=
+
3
1
xy
dx
dy
=
3
1
/
xy y = /
3
2
3
1
//
.y .y
3
1
x. y y
+ = ( )
(
\
|
+ + =
2
/
3
5
//
3
2
/
3
2
///
y y
3
2
y y
3
x
y y
3
2
y


Put n=0 in Eqn (1)

----------- (2)


Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

---------(3)


..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
1
3
//
1
2
/
1 1 2 2
+ + + + = =
( )( ) 1 1 1 y x y
3
1
3
1
0 0
/
0
= = =
1.3333 (1)
3
1
(1) (1) .y .y
3
1
. x y y
3
2
3
1
/
0
3
2
0 0
3
1
0
//
0
=
|
\
|
+ = + =
( ) 8888 . 0 y y
3
2
y y
3
x
y y
3
2
y
2
/
0
3
5
0
//
0
3
2
0
0
/
0
3
2
0
///
0
=
(
+ =

( ) ( )
..... (0.8888)
3!
0.1
(1.3333)
2!
0.1
(1)
1!
0.1
1 y
3 2
1
+ + + + =
1.1068 y(1.1) y
1
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) 4242 . 1 1.1378 1.1068 (1.1)
3
1
1.1068 .y .y x
3
1
y y 3
2 -
3
1
/
1
3
2 -
1 1
3
1
1
//
1
= + = + =
( ) 1.1378 1.1068 (1.1) y x y
3
1
3
1
1 1
/
1
= = =
( ) 8438 . 0 y y
3
2
y y
3
x
y y
3
2
y
2
/
1
3
5
1
//
1
3
2
1
1
/
1
3
2
1
///
1
=
(
+ =

( ) ( )
(0.8438)
3!
0.1
(1.4242)
2!
0.1
(1.1378)
1!
0.1
1.1068 y
3 2
2
+ + + =
1.2278 y(1.2) y
2
= =

Problem (3):

Use Taylors series method to approximate y when x=0.1 correct to 4

decimal places given that and y=1 when x=0 by taking the

first five terms of the Taylors series expansion.



----------(1)

Where n=0, 1, 2,.

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)

-----------(2)

1
2
1 0
2
0
0
3
0
= + = + = y x y


y(0.1)=1.1272

x
0
=0 x
1
=0.1
y
0
=1 y
1
=?
2 /
y x 3 y + =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
2 /
y x 3 y + =
// //
2yy 3 y + =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
2
y 3x
dx
dy
+ =
( ) ( )
2
/ // ///
y yy 2 y + =
( ) ( )
// / /// // / // / /// IV
y 3y yy 2 y 2y y y yy 2 y + = + + =
5 (2)(1)(1) 3 y 2y 3 y
/
0 0
//
0
= + = + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 12 1 (1)(5) 2 y y y 2 y
2
2
/
0
//
0 0
///
0
= + = + =
( ) ( ) 54 (3)(1)(5) (1)(12) 2 y 3y y y 2 y
//
0
/
0
///
0 0
IV
0
= + = + =
( ) ( ) ( )
1.1272 (54)
4!
0.1
(12)
3!
0.1
(5)
2!
0.1
(1)
1!
0.1
1 y
4 3 2
1
= + + + + =

Problem (4):

Given with the initial condition y=1 when x=0. Compute

y(0.2) correct to 4 decimal places by using Taylors series method.



------------(1)

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)

-----------(2)


x
0
=0 x
1
=0.2
y
0
=1 y
1
=?
xy 1 y
/
+ =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
xy 1
dx
dy
+ =
xy 1 y
/
+ = y xy y
/ //
+ =
/ // / / // ///
2y xy y y xy y + = + + =
// /// // // /// IV
3y xy 2y y xy y + = + + =
1 1 (0)(1) y y x y
0
/
0 0
//
0
= + = + =
2 (2)(1) (0)(1) 2y y x y
/
0
//
0 0
///
0
= + = + =
1 (0)(1) 1
0
y
0
x 1
/
0
y = + = + =
3 (3)(1) (0)(2) 3y y x y
//
0
///
0 0
IV
0
= + = + =
( ) ( ) ( )
........ (3)
4!
4
0.2
(2)
3!
3
0.2
(1)
2!
2
0.2
(1)
1!
0.2
1
1
y + + + + + =
1.2228 y(0.2) y
1
= =

Problem (5):

Use Taylors series method to find the value of y at x=0.1 and x=0.2

correct to 5 decimal places from , y(0)=1.



----------(1)

Where n=0, 1, 2,.

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)

-----------(2)


x
0
=0 x
1
=0.1 x
2
=0.2
y
0
=1 y
1
=? y
2
=?
1 - y x y
2 /
=
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
1 - y x
dx
dy
2
=
/ 2 //
y x 2xy y + =
// 2 / // 2 / / ///
y x 4xy 2y y x 2xy 2xy 2y y + + = + + + =
/// 2 // / /// 2 // // / / IV
y x 6xy 6y y x 2xy 4xy 4y 2y y + + = + + + + =
1 - y x y
2 /
=
0 (0)(-1) 2(0)(1) y x y 2x y
/
0
2
0 0 0
//
0
= + = + =
2 (0)(0) 4(0)(-1) 2(1) y x y 4x 2y y
//
0
2
0
/
0 0 0
///
0
= + + = + + =
1 1 (0)(1) 1 - y x y
0
2
0
/
0
= = =
-6 (0)(2) 6(0)(0) 6(-1) y x y 6x 6y y
///
0
2
0
//
0 0
/
0
IV
0
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
0.90030 ... (-6)
4!
4
0.1
(2)
3!
3
0.1
(0)
2!
2
0.1
(-1)
1!
0.1
1
1
y = + + + + + =


Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

---------(3)


_________________________________________________________

Problem (6):

Using Taylors series method find y to five decimal places when x=1.02

given that and y=2 when x=1
x
0
=1 x
1
=1.02
y
0
=2 y
1
=?
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
1
3
//
1
2
/
1 1 2 2
+ + + + = =
1.40590 =
0.99099 1 (0.90030) 1(0.1) - y x y
2
1
2
1
/
1
= =
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 17015 . 0 99099 . 0 1 . 0 9003 . 0 1 . 0 2 y x y 2x y
2
/
1
2
1 1 1
//
1
= + = + =
(0.17015) (0.1) 99099) 4(0.1)(-0. 2(0.9003) y x y 4x 2y y
2 //
1
2
1
/
1 1 1
///
1
+ + = + + =
( ) ( )
( )
(-5.82979)
4!
0.1

(1.40590)
3!
0.1
(0.17015)
2!
0.1
(-0.99099)
1!
0.1
0.9003 y
4
3 2
2
+
+ + + =
0.80226 y(0.2) y
2
= =
-5.82979
(1.40590) (0.1) 7015) 6(0.1)(0.1 ) 6(-0.99099
y x y 6x 6y y
2
///
1
2
1
//
1 1
/
1
IV
1
=
+ + =
+ + =
1)dx - (xy dy =




------------(1)

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)

-----------(2)


..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
1 - xy
dx
dy
=
1 - xy y
/
= y xy y
/ //
+ =
/ // / / // ///
2y xy y y xy y + = + + =
// /// // // /// IV
3y xy y 2 y xy y + = + + =
3 2 (1)(1) y y x y
0
/
0 0
//
0
= + = + =
5 2(1) (1)(3) 2y y x y
/
0
//
0 0
///
0
= + = + =
1 1 (1)(2) 1 - y x y
0 0
/
0
= = =
14 (3)(3) (1)(5) 3y y x y
//
0
///
0 0
IV
0
= + = + =
( ) ( ) ( )
.... (14)
4!
4
0.02
(5)
3!
3
0.02
(3)
2!
2
0.02
(1)
1!
0.02
2
1
y + + + + + =
02000 . 2 y(1.02)
1
y = =


Problem (7):

Employ Taylors method to obtain the approximate value of y at x=0.2 for

the differential equation y(0)=0, correct to three places of

decimal.



----------(1)

Where n=0, 1, 2,.

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)

-----------(2)

x
0
=0 x
1
=0.2
y
0
=0 y
1
=?
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
x
3e 2y
dx
dy
+ =
x /
3e 2y y + =
x /
3e 2y y + =
x / //
3e 2y y + =
x // ///
3e 2y y + =
x /// IV
3e 2y y + =
3 3e (2)(0) 3e 2y y
0 x
0
/
0
0
= + = + =
9 3e (2)(3) 3e 2y y
0 x /
0
//
0
0
= + = + =
21 3e (2)(9) 3e 2y y
0 x //
0
///
0
0
= + = + =
45 3e (2)(21) 3e 2y y
0 x ///
0
IV
0
0
= + = + =



_________________________________________________________

Problem (8):

Solve for x=1.1 and x=1.2, given y(1)=1 correct to four

decimal places by using Taylors series method.



----------(1)

Where n=0, 1, 2,.

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)

-----------(2)

x
0
=1 x
1
=1.1 x
2
=1.2
y
0
=1 y
1
=? y
2
=?
( ) ( ) ( )
.... (45)
4!
4
0.2
(21)
3!
3
0.2
(9)
2!
2
0.2
(3)
1!
0.2
0
1
y + + + + + =
0.811 y(0.2) y
1
= =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
3
x y
dx
dy
+ =
3 /
x y y + =
3 /
x y y + =
2 / //
3x y y + = 6x y y
// ///
+ = 6 y y
/// IV
+ =
5 3(1) (2) 3x y y
2 2
0
/
0
//
0
= + = + =
11 6(1) (5) 6x y y
0
//
0
///
0
= + = + =
2 (1) (1) x y y
3 3
0 0
/
0
= + = + =
17 6 11 6 y y
///
0
IV
0
= + = + =


Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

---------(3)


_________________________________

Problem(9):

Solve , y(0)=0 by Taylors series method for x=0.2 correct

to four decimal places. {Ans: y(0.2)=0.1947}

Problem(10):

Solve , y(0)=1 by Taylors series method for x=0.1 in steps

of 0.05 correct to four decimal places. {Ans: y(0.1)=0.9950}

.....
///
1
y
3!
3
h
//
1
y
2!
2
h
/
1
y
1!
h
1
y )
2
f(x
2
y + + + + = =
( ) ( ) ( )
1.2269 .... (17)
4!
4
0.1
(11)
3!
3
0.1
(5)
2!
2
0.1
(2)
1!
0.1
1
1
y = + + + + + =
2.5579 (1.1) (1.2269) x y y
3 3
1 1
/
1
= + = + =
6.1879 3(1.1) (2.5579) 3x y y
2 2
1
/
1
//
1
= + = + =
12.7879 6(1.1) (6.1879) 6x y y
1
//
1
///
1
= + = + =
18.7879 6 12.7879 6 y y
///
1
IV
1
= + = + =
( ) ( ) ( )
5158 . 1
... (18.7879)
4!
4
0.1
(12.7879)
3!
3
0.1
(6.1879)
2!
2
0.1
(2.5579)
1!
0.1
2269 . 1
2
y
=
+ + + + =
2xy - 1
dx
dy
=
0 xy
dx
dy
= +


Picards method

Consider the initial value problem ---------- (1)

Integrating Eqn(1) from , we get

---------- (2)

Equation (2) is called Integral equation. Such an equation can be
solved by successive approximation.

The first approximation y
1
of y is given by

The second approximation is given by

Similarly
. .
. .
. .

The process of iteration is stopped when the values of and are
the same to the desired accuracy.
_________________________________________________________

Problem (1):

Solve , y (0) =0 by Picards method up to third approximation.

Soln: Given data:

Picards iterative formula is given by

------- (1)

0 0
y ) y(x , y) f(x,
dx
dy
= =
x to x
0
+ =
x
x
0
0
y)dx f(x, y y
+ =
x
x
0 0 1
0
)dx y f(x, y y
+ =
x
x
1 0 2
0
)dx y f(x, y y
+ =
x
x
2 0 3
0
)dx y f(x, y y
+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
1 - n
y
n
y
2
y 1
dx
dy
+ =
0 y ; 0 x ; y 1 y) f(x,
0 0
2
= = + =
+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
( ) ( ) + = + + =
x
0
2
1 - n
x
0
x
0
2
1 - n n
dx y 1.dx dx y 1 0 y
( ) + =
x
0
2
1 - n n
dx y x y

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

Put n=2 in Eqn(1)

Put n=3 in Eqn(1)

Problem (2):

Use Picards method to approximate y when x=0.1 & x=0.2 for

y(0)=0 by considering third approximation correct to 4 decimal places.

Soln: Given data:


--------(1)

Step (1): To find y (0.1)

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

Put n=2 in Eqn(1)
x
0
=0 x
1
=0.1 x
2
=0.2
y
0
=0 y(0.1)=? y(0.2)=?
( ) ( ) x dx 0 x dx y x y
x
0
x
0
2
0 1
= + = + =
( ) ( )
3
x
x dx x x dx y x y
3
x
0
2
x
0
2
1 2
+ = + = + =
( )
63
x
15
2x
3
x
dx
3
x
x x dx y x y
7 5 3
x
0
2
3
x
0
2
2 3
+ + =
|
|
\
|
+ + = + =
2
y x
dx
dy
+ =
2
y x y) f(x, + =
+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
( ) + + =
x
x
2
1 - n 0 n
0
dx y x y y
( ) ( ) 0.0050
2
x
dx 0 x 0 dx y x y y
0.1
0
2
0.1
0
x
x
2
0 0 1
0
=
|
|
\
|
= + + = + + =


Put n=3 in Eqn(1)

Thus 0050 . 0 ) 1 . 0 ( = y .
Step (2): To find y(0.2)

Let

---------- (2)

Put n=1 in Eqn(2)

Put n=2 in Eqn(2)

Similarly by putting n=3 in Eqn(2), we obtain

Thus
0200 . 0 ) 2 . 0 ( = y _____________________________________________
___________

Problem (3):

Use Picards method to solve , y(0)=1 for x=0.2 .

x
0
=0 x
1
=0.2
y
0
=1 y(0.2)=?
( ) ( ) ( ) 0.0050
2
x
dx 0.0050 x 0 dx y x y y
0.1
0
2
0.1
0
2
x
x
2
1 0 2
0
=
|
|
\
|
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) 0.0050
2
x
dx 0050 . 0 x 0 dx y x y y
0.1
0
2
0.1
0
2
x
x
2
2 0 3
0
=
|
|
\
|
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) 02 . 0 dx 0.0050 x 0050 . 0 dx y x 0050 . 0 y
0.2
0.1
2
0.2
0.1
2
0 1
= + + = + + =
1 . 0 x
0
=
0.0050 y
0
=
( ) + + =
0.2
0.1
2
1 - n n
dx y x 0.0050 y
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0.0200
x 0.02
2
x
0.0050
dx 0.02 x 0.0050 dx y x 0.0050 y
0.2
0.1
2
2
0.2
0.1
2
0.2
0.1
2
1 2
=
|
|
\
|
+ + =
+ + = + + =
( ) ( ) 0.0200 dx 0.02 x 0.0050 y
0.2
0.1
2
3
= + + =
y x
dx
dy
2
=
y x y) f(x,
2
=

Soln: Given data:


-------(1)

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

Put n=2 in Eqn(1)

Put n=3 in Eqn(1)

Put n=4 in Eqn(1)

Similarly

Since y
4
& y
5
are the same up to four places of decimals

y(0.2)=0.8355

_________________________________________________________

Problem (4):

Solve , y (0) =0 by Picards method up to the third

approximation.

Soln: Given data:


+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
( ) + =
0.2
0
1 - n
2
n
dx y x 1 y
( ) ( ) 0.8026 dx 1 x 1 dx y x 1 y
0.2
0
2
0.2
0
0
2
1
= + = + =
( ) ( ) 0.8421 dx 0.8026 x 1 dx y x 1 y
0.2
0
2
0.2
0
1
2
2
= + = + =
( ) ( ) 0.8342 dx 0.8421 x 1 dx y x 1 y
0.2
0
2
0.2
0
2
2
3
= + = + =
( ) ( ) 0.8358 dx 0.8342 x 1 dx y x 1 y
0.2
0
2
0.2
0
3
2
4
= + = + =
8355 . 0 y
5
= 8355 . 0 y
6
=
2xy x
dx
dy
2
+ =
0 y ; 0 x ; 2xy x y) f(x,
0 0
2
= = + =
+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
( )

+ + =
x
0
1 n
2
n
dx 2xy x 0 y

--------(1)

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

Put n=2 in Eqn(1)

Put n=3 in Eqn(1)

_________________________________________________________

Problem(5):

Solve by Picards method , y(0)=1 for x=0.1 Correct to four

decimal places.

Soln: Given data:


---------(1)

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

x
0
=0 x
1
=0.1
y
0
=1 y(0.1)=?
( )
15
x
2
3
x
dx
3
x
2x x dx 2xy x y
5 3
x
0
3
2
x
0
1
2
2
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ = + =
( ) ( )
3
x
dx x dx 2xy x y
3
x
0
2
x
0
0
2
1
= = + =
+ + =
+ =
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
x
0
dx
15
5
x
2
3
3
x
2x
2
x
x
0
dx
2
2xy
2
x
3
y
7
x
105
4
5
x
15
2
3
3
x
x
0
dx
6
x
15
4
4
x
3
2
2
x
3
y + + =
+ + =
|
|
\
|
xy 1
dx
dy
+ =
xy 1 y) f(x, + =
+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
( )

+ + =
0.1
0
1 n n
dx xy 1 1 y
( ) ( ) 1.105
2
x
x 1 x 1 1 dx xy 1 1 y
0.1
0
0.1
0
2
0.1
0
0 1
=
|
|
\
|
+ + = + + = + + =

Put n=2 in Eqn(1)

Put n=3 in Eqn(1)

Since y
2
& y
3
are the same up to four places of decimals y(0.1)=1.1055

Problem (6):

Given the differential equation , with the condition y=1 when

x=0, use Picards method to obtain y for x=0.2 correct to four decimal

places.

Soln: Given data:


---------(1)

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

Put n=2 in Eqn(1)

Similarly,

x
0
=0 x
1
=0.2
y
0
=1 y(0.2)=?
y x
dx
dy
=
y - x y) f(x, =
+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
( )

+ =
0.2
0
1 n n
dx y - x 1 y
( ) ( ) 0.82 x
2
x
1 1 - x 1 dx y - x 1 y
0.2
0
0.2
0
2
0.2
0
0 1
=
|
|
\
|
+ = + = + =
( ) ( )
0.856 0.82x -
2
x
1
dx 0.82 - x 1 dx y - x 1 y
0.2
0
2
0.2
0
0.2
0
1 2
=
|
|
\
|
+ =
+ = + =
8500 . 0 y 7, n
8500 . 0 y 6, n
8499 . 0 y 5, n
8502 . 0 y 4, n
8488 . 0 y 3, n for
7
6
5
4
3
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =

Since y
6
& y
7
are the same up to four places of decimals

y(0.2)=0.8500

Problem (7):

Given the differential equation , with the condition y=1 when

x=0. Use Picards method to obtain y for x=0.1 correct to three decimal

places.

Soln: Given data:


---------(1)

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

Put n=2 in Eqn(1)

x
0
=0
x
1
=0.1
y
0
=1 y(0.1)=?
+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
x y
x y
dx
dy
+
=
x y
x - y
y) f(x,
+
=
|
\
|
+
+ =
0.1
0
1 n
1 n
n
dx
x y
x y
1 y
dx
1 x
2
1 1 dx
1 x
2
1 x
1 x
1 dx
1 x
2 1 x
1
dx
x 1
1 x
1 dx
x 1
x 1
1 dx
x y
x y
1 y
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
0
0
1

|
\
|
+
=
|
\
|
+
+
+
=
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
\
|
+
+ =
|
\
|
+
+ =
|
|
\
|
+
+ =
( ) ( ) [ ] 090 . 1 1 x log 2 x 1 y
0.1
0
0.1
0 1
= + + =
( ) [ ] ( )
1.091 7561) 2.18(0.087 0.1 1
x 1.090 x log 2.18 1 dx 1
1.090 x
2.18
1
dx
1.090 x
1.090) (x - 2(1.090)
1 dx
x 1.090
1.090 1.090 x - 1.090
1
dx
x 1.090
x 1.090
1 dx
x y
x y
1 y
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0
1
1
2
= + =
+ + =
|
\
|

+
+ =
|
\
|
+
+
+ =
|
\
|
+
+
+ =
|
\
|
+
+ =
|
|
\
|
+
+ =


Put n=3 in Eqn(1)

Since y
2
& y
3
are the same up to three places of decimals

y(0.1)=1.091

_________________________________________________________

Problem(8):

Solve , y(0)=1 by Picards method up to third approximation

and hence find the value of y at x=0.1.

Soln: Given data:


---------(1)

Put n=1 in Eqn(1)

( ) [ ] ( )
1.091
0.1
0
x
0.1
0
1.091 x log 2.182 1
dx
0.1
0
1
1.091 x
2.182
1
dx
0.1
0
1.091 x
1.091) (x - 2(1.091)
1
dx
0.1
0
x 1.091
1.091 1.091 x - 1.091
1
dx
0.1
0
x 1.091
x 1.091
1
0.1
0
dx
x
2
y
x
2
y
1
3
y
=
+ + =
|
\
|

+
+ =
|
\
|
+
+
+ =
|
\
|
+
+
+ =
|
\
|
+
+ =
|
|
\
|
+
+ =

2
x y
dx
dy
=
2
x y y) f(x, =
+ =
x
x
1 - n 0 n
0
)dx y f(x, y y
( ) + =
x
0
2
1 n n
dx x y 1 y
( ) ( )
3
x
x 1
3
x
x 1 dx x 1 1 dx x y 1 y
3
x
0
3
x
0
2
x
0
2
0 1
+ =
(
+ = + = + =


Put n=2 in Eqn(1)

Put n=3 in Eqn(1)

y(0.1)=1.1051

_________________________________________________________

Problem(9):

Solve , y(0)=1 for x=0.1 by Picards method correct to four

decimal places. {Ans: y(0.1)=1.1270}

Problem(10):

Use Picards method to solve , y(0)=0 for x=0.4

{Ans: y(0.4)=0.0214}

( )
60
x
12
x
6
x
2
x
x 1
dx
12
x
3
x
2
x
x 1 1
dx x
3
x
12
x
2
x
x 1 1 dx x y 1 y
5 4 3 2
x
0
4 3 2
x
0
2
3 4 2
x
0
2
2 3
+ + =
|
|
\
|
+ + =
|
|
\
|
+ + + = + =

2
y 3x
dx
dy
+ =
2 2
y x
dx
dy
+ =


Modified Eulers method

Consider first order differential equation

0 0
y ) y(x , y) f(x,
dx
dy
= =

Modified Eulers formula is given by

___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Problem(1):
Determine the value of y for x=0(0.05)0.1 given that
1 y(0) y,
2
x
dx
dy
= + = , using Modified Eulers method up to four places of
decimal.

Soln: Given data: ( ) y
2
x y x, f + = , h=0.05

0
0
x =

Modified Eulers Formula is given by

( )
( )
( )
( )
0,1,2,... n
0,1,2,... r ______(2)
n
y ,
n
x hf
n
y
0
1 n
y where
1) _______(
(r)
1 n
y ,
1 n
x f
n
y ,
n
x f
2
h
n
y
1 r
1 n
y
=
= + =
+
(
\
|
+
+
+ + =
+
+

Step-(1): (To find y(0.05) )
1
y(x
1
y = = )
Put n=0 in Equations (1) and (2)

( )
( )
( )
( ) 0,1,2,... n formula) s (Euler'
n
y ,
n
x hf
n
y
0
1 n
y where
,.. 2 , 1 , 0
(r)
1 n
y ,
1 n
x f
n
y ,
n
x f
2
h
n
y
1 r
1 n
y
= + =
+
=
(
\
|
+
+
+ + =
+
+
r
0.05
1
x = 0.1
2
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y = ?
2
y =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(4)
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y where
3) _______(
(r)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1 r
1
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

Initial approximation:
From Eqn(4)

( )
( )
[ ] 1.05 1 0 0.05 1
0
y
2
0
x 0.05 1
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y
= + + =
(
+ + =
+ =

First approximation:
Put r=0 in Eqn(3)

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0513 . 1 1.05
2
0.05 1
2
0
2
0.05
1
(0)
1
y
2
1
x
0
y
2
0
x
2
0.05
1
(0)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1
1
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Second approximation:
Put r=1 in Eqn(3)

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0513 . 1 1.0513
2
0.05 1
2
0
2
0.05
1
(1)
1
y
2
1
x
0
y
2
0
x
2
0.05
1
(1)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
2
1
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Since
( ) 1
1
y and
( ) 2
1
y are the same correct to four decimal places
y(0.05)=1.0513

Step-(2): (To find y(0.1) )
2
y(x
2
y = = )

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(6)
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
y
0
2
y where
_______(5)
(r)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
y1
1 r
2
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(6)
( )
( )
( ) 1.1039 1.0513
2
0.05 0.05 1.0513
1
y
2
1
x 0.05 1.0513
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
y
0
2
y
=
(
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + = + =

Put r=0 in Eqn(5)

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1.1054
1.1039
2
0.1 1.0513
2
0.05
2
0.05
1.0513
(0)
2
y
2
1
x
1
y
2
1
x
2
0.05
1.0513
(0)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
1
y
1
2
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Put r=1 in Eqn(5)

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1055 . 1 1.1054
2
0.1 1.0513
2
0.05
2
0.05
1.0513
(1)
2
y
2
1
x
1
y
2
1
x
2
0.05
1.0513
(1)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
1
y
2
2
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Similarly
( )
1055 . 1
3
2
y =
Since
( ) ( ) 3
2
y &
2
2
y(0.1)=1.1055
Problem(2):
Obtain the solution of the equation y x
dx
dy
+ = with y=1 when x=0 for y
at x=0.6 in steps of 0.3 using Modified Eulers method correct to four

decimal places.
Soln: Given data: ( ) y x y x, f + = , h=0.3

0
0
x =


( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(2)
n
y ,
n
x hf
n
y
0
1 n
y where
1) _______(
(r)
1 n
y ,
1 n
x f
n
y ,
n
x f
2
h
n
y
1 r
1 n
y
+ =
+
(
\
|
+
+
+ + =
+
+

1
y(x
1
y = = )

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(4)
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y where
3) _______(
(r)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1 r
1
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(4)

( )
( )
[ ] [ ] 1.3 1 0 0.3 1
0
y
0
x 0.3 1
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y
= + + = + + =
+ =

Put r=0 in Eqn(3)

( )
( )
( ) ( )
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =
(0)
1
y
1
x
0
y
0
x
2
0.3
1
(0)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1
1
y

( ) ( ) [ ] 3660 . 1 1.3 0.3 1 0
2
0.3
1 = + + + + =
Put r=1 in Eqn(3)

0.3
1
x = 0.6
2
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y = ?
2
y =


( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] 3703 . 1 1.3660 0.3 1 0
2
0.3
1
2
1
y
(1)
1
y
1
x
0
y
0
x
2
0.3
1
(1)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
2
1
y
= + + + + =
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Similarly
( )
3703 . 1
3
1
y =
Since
( ) ( ) 3
1
y &
2
1
y(0.3)=1.3703

2
y(x
2
y = = )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(6)
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
y
0
2
y where
_______(5)
(r)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
0
y
1 r
2
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+


From Eqn(6)
( )
( ) ( )
( ) [ ] 1.8114 1.3703 0.3 0.3 1.3703
1
y
1
x 0.3 1.3703
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
y
0
2
y
= + + =
+ + = + =

Put r=0 in Eqn(5)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =
(0)
2
y
2
x
1
y
1
x
2
0.3
3703 . 1
(0)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
1
y
1
2
y

( ) ( ) [ ] 8827 . 1 1.8114 0.6 1.3703 0.3
2
0.3
3703 . 1 = + + + + =

Similarly
( ) ( ) ( )
8869 . 1
4
2
y , 8869 . 1
3
2
y , 8667 . 1
2
2
y = = =

y(0.6)=1.8869


Problem(3):
Using Modified Eulers method find y(0.2) given that y x
dx
dy
+ = ; y(0)=1
correct to four decimal places.


0
0
x = 0.2
1
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(2)
n
y ,
n
x hf
n
y
0
1 n
y where
1) _______(
(r)
1 n
y ,
1 n
x f
n
y ,
n
x f
2
h
n
y
1 r
1 n
y
+ =
+
(
\
|
+
+
+ + =
+
+

To find y(0.2) )
1
y(x
1
y = =
( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(4)
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y where
3) _______(
(r)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1 r
1
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(4)
( )
( )
[ ] [ ] 1.2 1 0 0.2 1
0
y
0
x 0.2 1
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y
= + + = + + =
+ =

Put r=0 in Eqn(3)
( )
( )
[ ] 24 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 0 1 0
2
0.2
1
(0)
1
y
1
x
0
y
0
x
2
0.2
1
(0)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1
1
y
= + + + + =
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Put r=1 in Eqn(3)

( )
( )
( )
[ ] 244 . 1 24 . 1 2 . 0 1 0
2
0.2
1
2
1
y
(1)
1
y
1
x
0
y
0
x
2
0.2
1
(1)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
2
1
y
= + + + + =
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Similarly
( )
2444 . 1
3
1
y = &
( )
2444 . 1
4
1
y =
Since
( ) ( ) 4
1
y &
3
1
y(0.2)=1.2444

Problem(4):
Use Modified Eulers method to find the approximate value of y(1.1) for
the solution of the initial value problem 2xy
dx
dy
= , y(1)=1 correct to three
decimal places. Perform two iterations.
Soln: Given data: ( ) 2xy y x, f = , h=0.1
1
0
x = 1.1
1
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(2)
n
y ,
n
x hf
n
y
0
1 n
y where
1) _______(
(r)
1 n
y ,
1 n
x f
n
y ,
n
x f
2
h
n
y
1 r
1 n
y
+ =
+
(
\
|
+
+
+ + =
+
+

To find y(1.1) )
1
y(x
1
y = =


( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(4)
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y where
3) _______(
(r)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1 r
1
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(4)


( )
( )
[ ] [ ] 1.2 ) 1 )( 1 )( 2 ( 0.1 1
0
y
0
2x 0.1 1
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y
= + = + =
+ =

Put r=0 in Eqn(3)

( )
( )
[ ] 1.232 ) 2(1.1)(1.2 2(1)(1)
2
0.1
1
(0)
1
y
1
2x
0
y
0
2x
2
0.1
1
(0)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1
1
y
= + + =
(
+ + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Put r=1 in Eqn(3)

( )
( )
( )
[ ] 1.2355 32) 2(1.1)(1.2 2(1)(1)
2
0.1
1
2
1
y
(1)
1
y
1
2x
0
y
0
2x
2
0.1
1
(1)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
2
1
y
= + + =
(
+ + =
(
\
|
+ + =

The value of y(1.1) after two iteration is y(0.2)=1.2355

Problem(5):
Find y(1.2) and y(1.4) by Modified Eulers method given that
3
x
x
2y
dx
dy
+ = , y(1)=0.5 correct to three decimal places.

Soln: Given data: ( )
3
x
x
2y
y x, f + = , h=0.2
1
0
x = 1.2
1
x = 1.4
1
x =
0.5
0
y = ?
1
y = ?
1
y =


( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(2)
n
y ,
n
x hf
n
y
0
1 n
y where
1) _______(
(r)
1 n
y ,
1 n
x f
n
y ,
n
x f
2
h
n
y
1 r
1 n
y
+ =
+
(
\
|
+
+
+ + =
+
+



Step(1): To find y(1.2) )
1
y(x
1
y = =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(4)
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y where
3) _______(
(r)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1 r
1
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(4)
( )
( )
( )
( )
0.9
3
1
1
2(0.5)
0.2 0.5
3
0
x
0
x
0
2y
0.2 0.5
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y
=
(
+ + =
(
+ + =
+ =

Put r=0 in Eqn(3)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0227 . 1
3
1.2
1.2
0.9 2
3
1
1
0.5 2
2
0.2
0.5
3
1
x
1
x
(0)
1
2y
3
0
x
0
x
0
2y
2
0.2
0.5
(0)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1
1
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
(
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Put r=1 in Eqn(3)


( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
043 . 1
3
1.2
1.2
1.0227 2
3
1
1
0.5 2
2
0.2
0.5
3
1
x
1
x
(1)
1
2y
3
0
x
0
x
0
2y
2
0.2
0.5
(1)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
2
1
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
(
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Similarly
( )
046 . 1
3
1
y = and
( )
046 . 1
4
1
y =
Since
( ) ( ) 4
1
y &
3
1
y(1.2)=1.2444

2
y(x
2
y = =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(6)
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
y
0
2
y where
5) _______(
(r)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
1
y
1 r
2
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(6)
( )
( )
( )
( )
1.740
3
1.2
1.2
2(1.046)
0.2 046 . 1
3
1
x
1
x
1
2y
0.2 046 . 1
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
y
0
2
y
=
(
+ + =
(
+ + =
+ =

Put r=0 in Eqn(5)


( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
916 . 1
3
1.4
1.4
1.74 2
3
1.2
1.2
1.046 2
2
0.2
046 . 1
3
2
x
2
x
(0)
2
2y
3
1
x
1
x
1
2y
2
0.2
046 . 1
(0)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
1
y
1
2
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
(
(
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Similarly
( )
941 . 1
2
2
y =

( )
944 . 1
3
2
y =
,
( )
945 . 1
4
2
y =
,
( )
945 . 1
5
2
y =

Since
( ) ( ) 5
2
y &
4
2
y are the same correct to three decimal places
y(1.4)=1.945

Problem(6):
solve y 1
dx
dy
= , y(0)=0 by Modified Eulers method for x=0.1 correct to

Soln: Given data: ( ) y 1 y x, f = , h=0.1
0
0
x = 0.1
1
x =
0
0
y = ?
1
y =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(2)
n
y ,
n
x hf
n
y
0
1 n
y where
1) _______(
(r)
1 n
y ,
1 n
x f
n
y ,
n
x f
2
h
n
y
1 r
1 n
y
+ =
+
(
\
|
+
+
+ + =
+
+

To find y(0.1) )
1
y(x
1
y = =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(4)
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y where
3) _______(
(r)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1 r
1
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(4)
( )
( )
[ ] 1 . 0 0 1 0.1 0
]
0
1 [
0 0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y
= + =
+ = + = y h y

Put r=0 in Eqn(3)
( )
( )
[ ] 095 . 0 1 . 0 1 0 1
2
0.1
0
(0)
1
y 1
0
1
2
h
0
(0)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1
1
y
= + + =
(
+ + + =
(
\
|
+ + = y y

Put r=1 in Eqn(3)
( )
( )
0952 . 0 ] 095 . 0 1 0 1 [
2
0.1
0
(1)
1
y 1
0
y - 1
2
h
0
y
(1)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
2
1
y
= + + =
(
+ + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Similarly
( )
0952 . 0
3
1
y = ,
Since
( ) ( ) 4
1
y &
3
1
y(0.1)=0.0952

Problem(7):
Use Modified Eulers method to solve the differential equation
2
y x
dx
dy
+ = ,y(0)=1 for x=0.2 in steps of 0.1 correct to three
decimal places.

2
y x y x, f + = , h=0.1
0
0
x = 0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x =

1
0
y = 1.1174
1
y = 1.2762
2
y =

( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(2)
n
y ,
n
x hf
n
y
0
1 n
y where
1) _______(
(r)
1 n
y ,
1 n
x f
n
y ,
n
x f
2
h
n
y
1 r
1 n
y
+ =
+
(
\
|
+
+
+ + =
+
+

1
y(x
1
y = =
( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(4)
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y where
3) _______(
(r)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1 r
1
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(4)
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 1 . 1
2
1 0 0.1 1
2
0
y
0
x 0.1 1
0
y ,
0
x hf
0
y
0
1
y
=
(
+ + =
(
+ + =
+ =

Put r=0 in Eqn(3)
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1155 . 1
2
1.1 1 . 0
2
1 0
2
0.1
1
2
(0)
1
y
1
x
2
0
y
0
x
2
h
0
y
(0)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
1
1
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
(
\
|
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Put r=1 in Eqn(3)

( )
( )
( )
1172 . 1 ]
2
) 1155 . 1 ( 1 . 0
2
) 1 ( 0 [
2
0.1
1
2
(1)
1
y
1
x
2
0
y
0
x
2
h
0
y
(1)
1
y ,
1
x f
0
y ,
0
x f
2
h
0
y
2
1
y
= + + + + =
(
(
\
|
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =


Similarly
( )
1174 . 1
3
1
y = ,
( )
1174 . 1
4
1
y =
Clearly
( ) ( ) 4
1
y &
3
1
y are same correct to four decimal places.
y(0.1)=1.1174
2
y(x
2
y = = )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ______(6)
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
y
0
2
y where
_______(5)
(r)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
1
y
1 r
2
y
+ =
(
\
|
+ + =
+

From Eqn(6)
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 2522 . 1
2
1.1174 1 . 0 0.1 1.1174
2
1
y
1
x h
1
y
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
y
0
2
y
=
(
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + = + =

Put r=0 in Eqn(5)
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 1.2732
2
1.2522 0.2
2
1.1174 0.1
2
0.1
1.1174
2
(0)
2
y
2
x
2
1
y
1
x
2
h
1
y
(0)
2
y ,
2
x f
1
y ,
1
x f
2
h
1
y
1
2
y
=
(
+ + + + =
(
(
\
|
+ + + + =
(
\
|
+ + =

Similarly
( ) ( ) ( )
2762 . 1
4
2
y , 2762 . 1
3
2
y , 2758 . 1
2
2
y = = =
Since
( ) 3
2
y and
( ) 4
2
y(0.2)=1.2762

Problem(8):
Find y(4.4) by Modified Eulers method taking h=0.2 from the differential
equation
5x
2
y - 2
dx
dy
= , y(4)=1 correct to Four decimal places.

{Ans:y(4.4)=1.0187}


Problem(9):
Solve y
2
x
dx
dy
+ = , y(0)=1 for x=0.02 taking h=0.01 by Modified Eulers
method correct to Four decimal places. Carry out two iterations after
each step.

{Ans:y(0.02)=1.020}
_________________________________________________________
__

Runge-Kutta Method of 4
th
order

Consider
0
y )
0
y(x , y) f(x,
dx
dy
= =
The Runge-Kutta method of 4
th
order is given by
[ ]
( )
( )
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+

Problem(1):
By employing Runge-Kutta method of fourth order solve the differential
equation y 6x
/
2y = ,y(0)=1 for x=0.2 in steps of 0.1 correct to four
decimal places.
2
y
3x y x, f + = , h=0.1
0
0
x = 0.1
1
x = 0.2
1
x =
1
0
y = 1.0664
1
y = 1670 . 1
2
y =

th
order is given by


[ ]
( )
( )

+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
-------------------- (1)

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
0
y
1
y + + + + = --------------------------- (2)

( )
( )

+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k where

( )
0.05
2
1
3(0) 0.1
2
0
y
0
3x h
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k
=
(
+ =
(
+ =
=

0.0662
2
0.05
1
2
1
2
0.1
0 3 0.1
2
1
k
0
y
2
1
2
h
0
x 3 h
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
=
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

0.0666
2
0.0662
1
2
1
2
0.1
0 3 0.1
2
2
k
0
y
2
1
2
h
0
x 3 h
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
=
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =


( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0.0833 0.0666 1
2
1
0.1 0 3 0.1
3
k
0
y
2
1
h
0
x 3 h
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
=
(
+ + + =
(
+ + + =
+ + =

Substituting all these values in Eqn(2), we get
[ ] 1.0664 0.0833 2(0.0666) 2(0.0662) 0.05
6
1
1
1
y = + + + + =
Put n=1 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
1
y
2
y + + + + = ---------------------- (3)
Where

( )
( )
3
k
1
y h,
1
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
2
k
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
k
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
0.0833
2
1.0664
3(0.1) 0.1
2
1
y
1
3x h
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
k
=
(
+ =
(
+ =
=

0.1004
2
0.0833
1.0664
2
1
2
0.1
0.1 3 0.1
2
1
k
1
y
2
1
2
h
1
x 3 h
2
1
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
2
k
=
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

0.1008
2
0.1004
1.0644
2
1
2
0.1
0.1 3 0.1
2
2
k
1
y
2
1
2
h
1
x 3 h
2
2
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
3
k
=
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =


( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0.1183 0.1008 1.0664
2
1
0.1 0.1 3 0.1
3
k
1
y
2
1
h
1
x 3 h
3
k
1
y h,
1
x hf
4
k
=
(
+ + + =
(
+ + + =
+ + =


[ ]
1.1670
0.1183 2(0.1008) 2(0.1004) 0.0833
6
1
1.0664
2
y
=
+ + + + =

Problem(2):
Apply Runge-Kutta method of fourth order to find an approximate value
of y(0.1) and y(0.2) of
2
y x
dx
dy
+ = , y(0)=1 correct to three decimal
places.
2
y x y x, f + = , h=0.1
0
0
x = 0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y = ?
2
y =
th
order is given by
[ ]
( )
( )

+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
-------------------------(1)
Put n=0 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
0
y
1
y + + + + = --------------------------(2)

( )
( )
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k where
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
( ) ( ) 0.1
2
1 0 0.1
2
0
y
0
x h
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k
=
(
+ =
(
+ =
=

0.1152
2
2
0.1
1
2
0.1
0 0.1
2
2
1
k
0
y
2
h
0
x h
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
=
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

0.1168
2
2
0.1152
1
2
0.1
0 0.1
2
2
2
k
0
y
2
h
0
x h
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
=
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0.1347
2
0.1168 1 0.1 0 0.1
2
3
k
0
y h
0
x h
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
=
(
+ + + =
(
+ + + =
+ + =

[ ] 1.1164 0.1347 2(0.1168) 2(0.1152) 0.1
6
1
1
1
y = + + + + =
Put n=1 in Eqn(1) [ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
1
y
2
y + + + + = -----------(3)
Where


( )
( )
3
k
1
y h,
1
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
2
k
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
k
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
( ) ( ) 0.1346
2
1164 . 1 (0.1) 0.1
2
1
y
1
x h
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
k
=
(
+ =
(
+ =
=

(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =
2
2
1
k
1
y
2
h
1
x h
2
1
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
2
k

0.1551
2
2
0.1346
1.1164
2
0.1
0.1 0.1 =
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =

0.1575
2
2
0.1551
1.1164
2
0.1
0.1 0.1
2
2
2
k
1
y
2
h
1
x h
2
2
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
3
k
=
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0.1822
2
0.1575 1.1164 0.1 0.1 0.1
2
3
k
1
y h
1
x h
3
k
1
y h,
1
x hf
4
k
=
(
+ + + =
(
+ + + =
+ + =

[ ]
2734 1.
0.1822 2(0.1575) 2(0.1551) 0.1346
6
1
1.1164
2
y
=
+ + + + =


Problem(3):
Use Runge-Kutta method of fourth order to approximate y when x=0.1,
given that y=1 when x=0 and y x
dx
dy
+ =

0
0
x = 0.1
1
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y =
th
order is given by
[ ]
( )
( )
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+
------------------(1)
Put n=0 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
0
y
1
y + + + + = -------------------(2)
( )
( )
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k where
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
( ) [ ] [ ] 0.1 1 0 0.1
0
y
0
x h
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k
= + = + =
=


0.11
2
0.1
1
2
0.1
0 0.1
2
1
k
0
y
2
h
0
x h
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
=
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

1105 . 0
2
0.11
1
2
0.1
0 0.1
2
2
k
0
y
2
h
0
x h
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
=
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ] 0.1210 0.1105 1 0.1 0 0.1
3
k
0
y h
0
x h
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
= + + + =
+ + + =
+ + =

[ ]
1103 1.
0.1210 2(0.1105) 2(0.11) 0.1
6
1
1
1
y
=
+ + + + =

Problem(4):
Use Runge-Kutta method of fourth order to obtain an approximation to
y(1.5) for the solution of 2xy
dx
dy
= ;y(1)=1 correct to four decimal places.
Soln: Given data: ( ) 2xy y x, f = , h=0.5
1
0
x = 1.5
1
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y =
th
order is given by

[ ]
( )
( )

+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
------------------(1)

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
0
y
1
y + + + + = --------------------------(2)
( )
( )
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k where
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
[ ] [ ] 1 2(1)(1) 0.5
0
y
0
2x h
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k
= = =
=

1.875
2
1
1
2
0.5
1 2 0.5
2
1
k
0
y
2
h
0
x 2 h
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
=
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

4218 . 2
2
1.875
1
2
0.5
1 2 0.5
2
2
k
0
y
2
h
0
x 2 h
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
=
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =


( )
( )( ) [ ]
( )( ) [ ] 5.1327 2.4218 1 0.5 1 2 0.5
3
k
0
y h
0
x 2
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
= + + =
+ + =
+ + =
h
[ ]
4543 . 3
5.1327 2(2.4218) 2(1.875) 1
6
1
1
1
y
=
+ + + + =

Problem(5):
Obtain the values of y at x=0.1, 0.2 using Runge-Kutta method of 4
th

order for the differential equation y
/
y = ; y(0)=1 correct to four decimal
places.
Soln: Given data: ( ) -y y x, f = , h=0.1
0
0
x = 0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y = ?
2
y =
th
order is given by
[ ]
( )
( )

+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
-----------(1)
Put n=0 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
0
y
1
y + + + + = -------------(2)
( )
( )
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k where
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=


( )
[ ] [ ] -0.1 1 - 0.1
0
y - h
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k
= = =
=

095 . 0
2
0.1
- 1 0.1
2
1
k
0
y h
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
=
(
\
|
=
(
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

0952 . 0
2
0.095
1 0.1
2
2
k
0
y h
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
=
(
\
|
=
(
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

( )
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] -0.0904 0.0952 - 1 0.1
3
k
0
y h
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
= =
+ =
+ + =

[ ] 9048 . 0 0.0904 - 2(-0.0952) 2(-0.095) 0.1 -
6
1
1
1
y = + + + =
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
1
y
2
y + + + + = -------------(3)
( )
( )
3
k
1
y h,
1
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
2
k
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
k
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
( ) [ ] [ ] -0.0904 9048 . 0 0.1
1
y - h
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
k
= = =
=


-0.0859
2
0.0904
0.9048 0.1
2
1
k
1
y h
2
1
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
2
k
=
(
=
(
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

-0.0861
2
0.0859
0.9048 0.1
2
2
k
1
y h
2
2
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
3
k
=
(
\
|
=
(
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =

( )
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] 0.0818 0.0861 - 0.9048 0.1
3
k
1
y h
3
k
1
y h,
1
x hf
4
k
= =
+ =
+ + =

[ ]
8187 . 0
0.0818 - 2(-0.0861) 2(-0.0859) 0.0904 -
6
1
0.9048
2
y
=
+ + + =

Problem(6):
By using the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order find the approximate
values of y(0.5) and y(1), given that
y x
1
dx
dy
+
= y(0)=1 correct to four
decimal places.
Soln: Given data:
y x
1
dx
dy
+
= , h=0.5
0
0
x = 0.5
1
x = 1
2
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
= y ?
2
y =
th
order is given by

[ ]
( )
( )

+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
---------------------(1)
Put n=0 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
0
y
1
y + + + + = -----------------------(2)
( )
( )
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k where
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
0.5
1 0
1
0.5
0
y
0
x
1
h
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k
=
(
+
=
(
+
=
=

3333 . 0
2
0.5
1
2
5 . 0
0
1
0.5
2
1
k
0
y
2
h
0
x
1
h
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
=
(
(
(
+ + +
=
(
(
(
+ + +
=
|
\
|
+ + =

3529 . 0
2
0.3333
1
2
0.5
0
1
0.5
2
2
k
0
y
2
h
0
x
1
h
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
=
(
(
(
+ + +
=
(
(
(
+ + +
=
|
\
|
+ + =


( )
0.2698
0.3529 1 0.5 0
1
0.5
3
k
0
y h
0
x
1
h
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
=
(
+ + +
=
(
+ + +
=
+ + =

[ ] 3570 . 1 0.2698 2(0.3529) 2(0.3333) 0.5
6
1
1
1
y = + + + + =
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
1
y
2
y + + + + = --------------(3)
( )
( )
3
k
1
y h,
1
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
2
k
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
k
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
0.2692
1.357 0.5
1
0.5
1
y
1
x
1
h
1
y ,
1
x hf
1
k
=
(
+
=
(
+
=
=

2230 . 0
2
0.2692
1.3570
2
5 . 0
0.5
1
0.5
2
1
k
1
y
2
h
1
x
1
h
2
1
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
2
k
=
(
(
(
+ + +
=
(
(
(
+ + +
=
|
\
|
+ + =

2253 . 0
2
0.2230
1.357
2
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
2
2
k
1
y
2
h
1
x
1
h
2
2
k
1
y ,
2
h
1
x hf
3
k
=
(
(
(
+ + +
=
(
(
(
+ + +
=
|
\
|
+ + =


( )
0.1936
0.2253 1.357 0.5 0.5
1
0.5
3
k
1
y h
1
x
1
h
3
k
1
y h,
1
x hf
4
k
=
(
+ + +
=
(
+ + +
=
+ + =

[ ]
5835 . 1
0.1936 2(0.2253) 2(0.2230) 0.2692
6
1
1.3570
2
y
=
+ + + + =

Problem(7):
By using the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order solve the initial value
problem 2y
x
3e
/
y + = ; y(0)=0 at x=0.1 correct to three decimal places.
Soln: Given data: ( ) 2y
x
3e y x, f + = , h=0.1
0
0
x = 0.1
1
x =
0
0
y = ?
1
y =

th
order is given by
[ ]
( )
( )
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+
---------------(1)
Put n=0 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
0
y
1
y + + + + = -------------------(2)

( )
( )
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k where
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
0.3 2(0)
0
3e 0.1
0
2y
x
3e h
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k
0
=
(
+ =
(
+ =
=

0.345
2
0.3
0 2
)
2
0.1
(0
3e 0.5
2
1
k
0
y 2
)
2
h
(x
3e h
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
=
(
(
(
\
|
+ +
+
=
(
(
(
\
|
+ +
+
=
|
\
|
+ + =

0.349
2
0.345
0 2
)
2
0.1
(0
3e 0.1
2
2
k
0
y 2
)
2
h
(x
3e h
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
0
=
(
(
(
\
|
+ +
+
=
(
(
(
\
|
+ +
+
=
|
\
|
+ + =

( )
( ) ( )
401 . 0
349 . 0 0 2
) 1 . 0 (0
3e 1 . 0
3
k
0
y 2
h) (x
3e h
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
0 0
=
(
+ +
+
=
(
+ +
+
=
+ + =

[ ]
348 . 0
0.401 2(0.349) 2(0.345) 0.3
6
1
0
1
y
=
+ + + + =

Problem(8):
Obtain the value of y at x=0.2 using Runge-Kutta method of 4
th
order for

the differential equation
x y
x - y
/
y
+
= ; y(0)=1 correct to four decimal
places.
x y
x - y
y x, f
+
= , h=0.2
0
0
x = 0.2
1
x =
1
0
y = ?
1
y =

th
order is given by
[ ]
( )
( )
) 1 .( .......... .......... ..........
3
k
n
y h,
n
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
n
y ,
2
h
n
x hf
2
k
n
y ,
n
x hf
1
k where
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
n
y
1 n
y
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ + + + =
+

Put n=0 in Eqn(1)
[ ]
4
k
3
2k
2
2k
1
k
6
1
0
y
1
y + + + + = -----------------(2)
( )
( )
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k where
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
=

( )
0.2
0 1
0 - 1
0.2
0
x
0
y
0
x
0
y
h
0
y ,
0
x hf
1
k
=
(
+
=
(
=
=


0.1666
2
0.2
0
2
0.2
1
2
0.2
0
2
0.2
1
0.2
2
h
0
x
2
1
k
0
y
2
h
0
x
2
1
k
0
y
h
2
1
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
2
k
=
(
(
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
=
(
(
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
=
|
\
|
+ + =

0.1661
2
0.2
0
2
0.1666
1
2
0.2
0
2
0.1666
1
0.2
2
h
0
x
2
2
k
0
y
2
h
0
x
2
2
k
0
y
h
2
2
k
0
y ,
2
h
0
x hf
3
k
=
(
(
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
=
(
(
(
(
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
=
|
\
|
+ + =

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1414 . 0
2 . 0 0 1661 . 0 1
2 . 0 0 1661 . 0 1
0.2
h
0
x
3
k
0
y
h
0
x
3
k
0
y
0.2
3
k
0
y h,
0
x hf
4
k
=
(
+ + +
+ +
=
(
+ + +
+ +
=
+ + =

[ ]
1678 . 1
0.1414 2(0.1661) 2(0.1666) 0.2
6
1
1
1
y
=
+ + + + =

Problem(9):
Evaluate y(1.1) by fourth order Runge-Kutta method given that
2
x
1
x
y
/
y = + , y(1)=1 correct to four decimal places.
{Ans: y(1.1)=0.9958}

Problem(10):
Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order solve
2
x
2
y
2
x
2
y
dx
dy
+
=
y(0)=1 at x=0.2 and 0.4.
{Ans: y(0.2)=1.1959,
y(0.4)=1.3751}



Numerical Methods
Predictor-Corrector methods
(Multi Step Methods)

The methods in which the construction of involves the use of not
only
the solution but also some of its predecessors
are called Multi step methods.
Milnes Predictor-Corrector Method

Consider the differential equation
Milnes predictor and corrector formula is given by

Problem(1)

Find y(2) if y(x) is the solution of , given that y(0)=2,
y(0.5)=2.636, y(1)=3.595, y(1.5)=4.968 using Milnes Predictor-Corrector
method correct to four decimal places.
Soln: Given data , h=0.5
x
0
= 0 x
1
= 0.5 x
2
= 1.0 x
3
= 1.5 x
4
= 2.0
y
0
= 0 y
1
= 2.636 y
2
= 3.595 y
3
= 4.968 y
4
= ?

Milnes Predictor formula is given by
1 n
y
+
n
y ,....etc)
2 - n
y ,
1 - n
y (i.e
0 0
y ) y(x ; y) f(x,
dx
dy
= =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f : Note
(r)
4
y ,
4
x f
(r)
4
f ,
3
y ,
3
x f
3
f ,
2
y ,
2
x f
2
f ,
1
y ,
1
x f
1
f where
formula Corrector (2)
(r)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
1) (r
c 4,
y
formula Predictor (1)
3
2f
2
f
1
2f
3
4h
0
y
p 4,
y
= =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
= = = =

|
\
|
+ + + =
+
+ + =
2
y x
dx
dy +
=
2
y x
y) f(x,
+
=
( ) (1) 2f f 2f
3
4h
y y
3 2 1 0 p 4,
+ + =


Substituting all the values in eqn(1) we get,

Milnes Corrector formula is given by

First improvement: Put r=0 in eqn(2)

Second improvement: Put r=1 in eqn(2)

2
y x
) y , f(x f
i i
i i i
+
= =
i
x i
y
0.5 x
1
=
1 x
2
=
1.5 x
3
=
636 . 2 y
1
=
595 . 3 y
2
=
968 . 4 y
3
=
568 . 1
2
2.636 0.5
2
y x
f
1 1
1
=
+
=
+
=
2975 . 2
2
3.595 1
2
y x
f
2 2
2
=
+
=
+
=
234 . 3
2
4.968 1.5
2
y x
f
3 3
3
=
+
=
+
=
{ } 871 . 6 ) 234 . 3 ( 2 2975 . 2 ) 568 . 1 ( 2
3
4(0.5)
2 y
p 4,
= + + =
( ) ( )
(r)
4 4
(r)
4
(r)
4 3 2 2
1) (r
c 4,
y , x f f where ) 2 ( f 4f f
3
h
y y = + + + =
+
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 6.8731 4.4355 4(3.234) 2.2975
3
0.5
3.595 y
4.4355
2
6.871 2
2
y x
y , x f y , x f f
Where , f 4f f
3
h
y y
(1)
c 4,
p 4, 4
p 4, 4
(0)
4 4
(0)
4
(0)
4 3 2 2
(1)
c 4,
= + + + =
=
+
=
+
= = =
+ + + =
( )
( ) ( )
( )
6.8733
4.4365 4(3.234) 2.2975
3
0.5
3.595 y
4.4365
2
6.8731 2
2
y x
y , x f y , x f f
where
f 4f f
3
h
y y
(2)
c 4,
(1)
c 4, 4 (1)
c 4, 4
(1)
4 4
(1)
4
(1)
4 3 2 2
(2)
c 4,
=
+ + + =
=
+
=
+
= = =
+ + + =


Third improvement: Put r=2 in eqn(2)

Since are the same up to four decimal places
y(2)=6.8733

Problem(2):
Use Milnes method to find y(0.3) from , y(0)=1 after
computing y(-0.1),y(0.1) and y(0.2) by Taylors series method correct to
four decimal places..
Soln: Given data , h=0.1, ,
We shall first find y(-0.1),y(0.1) and y(0.2) by Taylors series method.
By Taylors series method, we have
_____(1)

Put n=0 in eqn(1)

____(2)

2 2
y x
dx
dy
+ =
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 6.8733 4.4366 4(3.234) 2.2975
3
0.5
3.595 y
4.4366
2
6.8733 2
2
y x
y , x f y , x f f
where
f 4f f
3
h
y y
(3)
c 4,
(2)
c 4, 4 (2)
c 4, 4
(2)
4 4
(2)
4
(2)
4 3 2 2
(3)
c 4,
= + + + =
=
+
=
+
= = =
+ + + =
(3)
c 4,
(2)
c 4,
y & y
2 2
y x y) f(x, + =
0 x
0
= 2 y
0
=
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
n
3
//
n
2
/
n n 1 n 1 n
+ + + + = =
+ +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
// / /// // / // / /// IV
2
/ // ///
/ //
2 2 /
y 3y yy 2 y 2y y y yy 2 y
y yy 2 2 y
2yy 2x y
y x y Given
+ = + + =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
..... y
3!
h
y
2!
h
y
1!
h
y ) f(x y
///
0
3
//
0
2
/
0 0 1 1
+ + + + = =
( ) ( )
( ) 28 y y 3 y y 2 y
8 y y y 2 2 y
2 y 2y 2x y
1 y x y
//
0
/
0
///
0 0
IV
0
2
/
0
//
0 0
///
0
/
0 0 0
//
0
2
0
2
0
/
0
= + =
= + + =
= + =
= + =


y(0.1)=1.1114
similarly y(-0.1)=0.9087, y(0.2)=1.2529
Thus





( ) ( ) ( )
1.1114
....... (28)
4!
0.1
(8)
3!
0.1
(2)
2!
0.1
(1)
1!
0.1
1 y
4 3 2
1
=
+ + + + + =
0.1 x
0
=
1 y
1
=
0 x
1
= 0.1 x
2
= 0.2 x
3
= 0.3 x
4
=
9087 . 0 y
0
= 1114 . 1 y
2
= 2529 . 1 y
3
= ? y
4
=
( ) (3)
3
2f
2
f
1
2f
3
4h
0
y
p 4,
y + + =
( ) ( )
2
i
2
i i i i
y x ) y , f(x f + = =
i
x
i
y
0 x
1
= 1 y
1
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 0 y x f
2 2 2
1
2
1 1
= + = + =
0.1 x
2
= 1114 . 1 y
2
=
( ) ( ) 2452 . 1 y x f
2
2
2
2 2
= + =
0.2 x
3
=
2529 . 1 y
3
= ( ) ( ) 6097 . 1 y x f
2
3
2
3 3
= + =
{ } 4385 . 1 ) 6097 . 1 ( 2 2452 . 1 ) 1 ( 2
3
4(0.1)
0.9087 y
p 4,
= + + =
0 ,
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
f
p 4,
y
(0)
4
f
(r)
4
y ,
4
x f
(r)
4
f where ) 4 (
(r)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
1) (r
c 4,
y
= =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =
+
r and


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 4395 . 1 1592 . 2 4(1.6097) 1.2452
3
0.1
1.1114
(1)
c 4,
y
1592 . 2
2
1.4385
2
0.3
2
p 4,
y
2
4
x
(0)
4
f
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f Where ,
(0)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(1)
c 4,
y
= + + + =
= + = + =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =


( )
( ) ( )
( )
4396 . 1
(3)
c 4,
y similarly
1.4396 1621 . 2 4(1.6097) 1.2452
3
0.1
1.1114
(2)
c 4,
y
2.1621
2
1.4395
2
0.3
2
(1)
c 4,
y
2
4
x
(1)
c 4,
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
where
(1)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(2)
c 4,
y
=
= + + + =
= + =
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(3)
c 4,
y &
(2)
c 4,
y are the same up to four decimal places
y(0.3)=1.4396

Problem(3):
Using Milnes method find y(4.4) given that 0 2
2
y
/
5xy = +
y(4)=1, y(4.1)=1.0049, y(4.2)=1.0097, y(4.3)=1.0143 correct to four
decimal places.
Soln: 0.1 h ,
5x
2
y 2
y) f(x, : data Given =
=

( ) (1)
3
2f
2
f
1
2f
3
4h
0
y
p 4,
y + + =

4
0
x =
0049 . 1
1
y =
4.1
1
x = 4.2
2
x = 4.3
3
x = 4.4
4
x =
1
0
y = 0097 . 1
2
y = 0143 . 1
3
y = ?
4
y =



{ } 0816 . 1 ) 0451 . 0 ( 2 0466 . 0 ) 0483 . 0 ( 2
3
4(0.1)
1
p 4,
y = + + =


|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =
+ (r)
4
y ,
4
x f
(r)
4
f where ) 2 (
(r)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
1) (r
c 4,
y

0 ,
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
f
p 4,
y
(0)
4
f = = r and


( )
i
5x
2
i
y 2
)
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f

= =
i
x
i
y
4.1
1
x =
4.2
2
x =
4.3
3
x =
0049 . 1
1
y =
0097 . 1
2
y =
0143 . 1
3
y =
( ) ( )
0.0483
5(4.1)
2
1.0049 2
1
5x
2
1
y 2
1
f =
=
( ) ( )
0.0466
5(4.2)
2
1.0097 2
2
5x
2
2
y 2
2
f =
=
( ) ( )
0.0451
5(4.3)
2
1.0143 2
3
5x
2
3
y 2
3
f =
=

( )
( )
( )
( ) 0187 . 1 0.0437 4(0.0451) 0.0466
3
0.1
1.0097
(1)
c 4,
y
0437 . 0
5(4.4)
2
1.0186 2
4
5x
2
p 4,
y 2
p 4,
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
Where ,
(0)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(1)
c 4,
y
= + + + =
=
= =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =


( )
( ) 0187 . 1 0437 . 0 4(0.0451) 0.0466
3
0.1
1.0097
(2)
c 4,
y
0437 . 0
5(4.4)
2
1.0187 2
4
5x
2
(1)
c 4,
y 2
(1)
c 4,
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
where
(1)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(2)
c 4,
y
= + + + =
=
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(2)
c 4,
y &
(1)
c 4,
y(4.4)=1.0187

Problem(4):
Given
2
y
2
x 1
2
1
dx
dy
|
\
|
+ = and y(0)=1, y(0.1)=1.06, y(0.2)=1.12,
y(0.3)=1.21. Evaluate y(0.4) by Milnes Predictor-Corrector method.

Soln : 0.1 h ,
2
y
2
x 1
2
1
|
\
|
+ =

0
0
x =
06 . 1
1
y =
0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x = 0.3
3
x =
1
0
y = 12 . 1
2
y = 21 . 1
3
y = ?
4
y =
0.4
4
x =


( ) (1)
3
2f
2
f
1
2f
3
4h
0
y
p 4,
y + + =


{ } 2771 . 1 ) 7979 . 0 ( 2 6522 . 0 ) 5674 . 0 ( 2
3
4(0.1)
1
p 4,
y = + + =


) 2 (
(r)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
1) (r
c 4,
y
|
\
|
+ + + =
+

0 ,
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
f
p 4,
y
(0)
4
f ,
(r)
4
y ,
4
x f
(r)
4
f e wher = =
|
\
|
= r and


2
i
y
2
i
x 1
2
1
)
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f
|
\
|
+ = =
i
x i
y
0.1
1
x =
0.2
2
x =
0.3
3
x =
06 . 1
1
y =
12 . 1
2
y =
21 . 1
3
y =
5674 . 0
2
1
y
2
1
x 1
2
1
1
f =
|
\
|
+ =
6522 . 0
2
2
y
2
2
x 1
2
1
2
f =
|
\
|
+ =
7979 . 0
2
3
y
2
3
x 1
2
1
3
f =
|
\
|
+ =

( ) ( )
( ) 2796 . 1 0.9459 4(0.7979) 0.6522
3
0.1
1.12
(1)
c 4,
y
9459 . 0
2
2771 . 1
2
4 . 0 1
2
1
2
p 4,
y
2
4
x 1
2
1
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
Where ,
(0)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(1)
c 4,
y
= + + + =
= |
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =


( ) ( )
( )
1.2797
(3)
c 4,
y Similarly
1.2797 0.9496 4(0.7979) 0.6522
3
0.1
1.12
(2)
c 4,
y
0.9496
2
1.2796
2
0.4 1
2
1
(1)
c 4,
y
2
4
x 1
2
1
(1)
4
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
Where ,
(1)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(2)
c 4,
y
=
= + + + =
= |
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(3)
c 4,
y &
(2)
c 4,
y(0.4)=1.2797

Problem(5):
Using Milnes predictor-corrector method solve
2
y 2y
dx
dy
=
y(0)=1 for x=0.2 if y(0.05)=1.0499, y(0.1)=1.0996, y(0.15)=1.1488
correct to four decimal places.

Soln: 0.05 h ,
2
y 2y y) f(x, : data Given = =

( ) (1)
3
2f
2
f
1
2f
3
4h
0
y
p 4,
y + + =

0
0
x =
0499 . 1
1
y =
0.05
1
x = 0.1
2
x = 0.15
3
x = 0.4
4
x =
1
0
y = 0996 . 1
2
y = 1488 . 1
3
y = ?
4
y =
2
i
y -
i
2y )
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f = =
i
x
i
y
0.05
1
x = 0499 . 1
1
y =
9975 . 0
2
1
y -
1
2y
1
f = =


9960 . 0
2
2
y -
2
2y
2
f = =


{ } 1969 . 1 ) 9778 . 0 ( 2 9960 . 0 ) 9975 . 0 ( 2
3
4(0.05)
1
p 4,
y = + + =


0 ,
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
f
p 4,
y
(0)
4
f ,
(r)
4
y ,
4
x f
(r)
4
f where
) 2 (
(r)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
1) (r
c 4,
y
= =
|
\
|
=

|
\
|
+ + + =
+
r and


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 1.1974 0.9612 4(0.9778) 0.9960
3
0.05
1.0996
(1)
c 4,
y
0.9612
2
1.1969 1.1969 2
2
p 4,
y
p 4,
2y
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
Where ,
(0)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(1)
c 4,
y
= + + + =
= = =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =


( ) ( )
( )
1.1974
0.9610 4(0.9778) 0.9960
3
0.05
1.0996
(2)
c 4,
y
0.9610
2
1.1974 1.1974 2
2
(1)
c 4,
y
(1)
c 4,
2y
(1)
4
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
Where ,
(1)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(2)
c 4,
y
=
+ + + =
= =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(2)
c 4,
y &
(1)
c 4,
y(0.2)=1.1974
0.1
2
x =
0.15
3
x =
0996 . 1
2
y =
1488 . 1
3
y = 9778 . 0
2
3
y -
3
2y
3
f = =


Problem(6):
Solve the initial value problem 1 y(0) ;
2
xy 1
dx
dy
= + =
for x=0.4 by Milnes predictor and corrector method correct to three
decimal places, given that

Soln: 0.1 h ,
2
y 1 y) f(x, : data Given = + = x


( ) (1)
3
2f
2
f
1
2f
3
4h
0
y
p 4,
y + + =

( )( ) 122 . 1
2
105 . 1 1 . 0 1
2
1
y
1
x 1
1
f = + = + =

( )( ) 299 . 1
2
223 . 1 2 . 0 1
2
2
y
2
x 1
2
f = + = + =

( )( ) 1.550
2
1.355 0.3 1
2
3
y
3
x 1
3
f = + = + =


{ } 526 . 1 ) 550 . 1 ( 2 299 . 1 ) 122 . 1 ( 2
3
4(0.1)
1
p 4,
y = + + =
x 0.1 0.2 0.3
y 1.105 1.223 1.355
0
0
x =
105 . 1
1
y =
0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x = 0.3
3
x = 0.4
4
x =
1
0
y = 223 . 1
2
y = 355 . 1
3
y = ?
4
y =
2
i
y
i
x 1 )
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f + = =
i
x
i
y
0.1
1
x =
0.2
2
x =
0.3
3
x =
105 . 1
1
y =
223 . 1
2
y =
355 . 1
3
y =



0 ,
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
f
p 4,
y
(0)
4
f ,
(r)
4
y ,
4
x f
(r)
4
f where
) 2 (
(r)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
1) (r
c 4,
y
= =
|
\
|
=

|
\
|
+ + + =
+
r and


( ) ( )( )
( ) 1.537 1.931 4(1.550) 1.299
3
0.1
1.223
(1)
c 4,
y
1.931
2
1.526 0.4 1
2
p 4,
y
4
x 1
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
Where ,
(0)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(1)
c 4,
y
= + + + =
= + = + =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =


( )( )
( )
1.537
1.944 4(1.550) 1.299
3
0.1
1.223
(2)
c 4,
y
944 . 1
2
1.537 0.4 1
2
(1)
c 4,
y
4
x 1
(1)
4
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
Where ,
(1)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(2)
c 4,
y
=
+ + + =
= + =
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(2)
c 4,
y &
(1)
c 4,
y(0.4)=1.537

Problem(7):
Part of a Numerical solution of ( ) ( )y 0.1 x 0.2
dx
dy
+ = is shown in the
following table.

x 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
y 2.0000 2.0103 2.0211 2.0323

Use Milnes Predictor and corrector method to find the next entry in the
table, correct to four decimal places.

Soln: ( ) ( ) 0.05 h , y 0.1 x 0.2 y) f(x, : data Given = + =


( ) (1)
3
2f
2
f
1
2f
3
4h
0
y
p 4,
y + + =

( ) ( )
i
y 0.1
i
x 2 . 0 )
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f + = =

( ) ( ) 2110 . 0 0103 . 2 1 . 0 05 . 0 2 . 0
1
f = + =

( ) ( ) 2221 . 0 0211 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0
2
f = + =

( ) ( ) 2332 . 0 0323 . 2 1 . 0 15 . 0 2 . 0
3
f = + =


{ } 0444 . 2 ) 2332 . 0 ( 2 2221 . 0 ) 2110 . 0 ( 2
3
4(0.05)
1
p 4,
y = + + =


0 ,
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
f
p 4,
y
(0)
4
f ,
(r)
4
y ,
4
x f
(r)
4
f where
) 2 (
(r)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
1) (r
c 4,
y
= =
|
\
|
=

|
\
|
+ + + =
+
r and

0
0
x =
0103 . 2
1
y =
0.05
1
x =
0.1
2
x =
0.15
3
x = 0.2
4
x =
2
0
y =
0211 . 2
2
y =
0323 . 2
3
y =
?
4
y =
i
x
i
y
0.1
1
x =
0.2
2
x =
0.3
3
x =
105 . 1
1
y =
223 . 1
2
y =
355 . 1
3
y =


( )
( )
( ) 0444 . 2 0.2444 4(0.2332) 0.2221
3
0.05
2.0211
(1)
c 4,
y
0.2444 4 (0.1)2.044 0.2 2 . 0
p 4,
(0.1)y
4
x 2 . 0
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
Where ,
(0)
4
f
3
4f
2
f
3
h
2
y
(1)
c 4,
y
= + + + =
= + =
+ =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(1)
c 4,
y &
p 4,
y(0.2)=2.0444

Problem(8):
Determine the value of y(0.4) using Milnes predictor and corrector
method correct to four decimal places. Given that
1 y(0) ;
2
y xy
/
y = + = Use Taylors series method to get the values of
y(0.1),y(0.2) and y(0.3).

{Ans: y(0.1)=1.1167, y(0.2)=1.2767, y(0.3)=1.5023
1.8376} y(0.4)
(4)
c 4,
y 1.8376
(3)
c 4,
y 1.8375,
(2)
c 4,
y 1.8369,
(1)
c 4,
y 1.8397,
p 4,
y
=
= = = = =

Problem(9):
By using the Milnes predictor-corrector method find an approximate
solution of the equation 0 x ,
x
2y
/
y = at the point x=2 given that y(1)=2,
y(1.25)=3.13, y(1.5)=4.5 , y(1.75)=6.13.

{Ans:
8.00} y(2)
8.00
(2)
c 4,
y 8.00,
(1)
c 4,
y 8.01,
p 4,
y
=
= = =



Adam-Bashforth Predictor-Corrector Method
Consider the differential equation
0
y )
0
y(x ; y) f(x,
dx
dy
= =
Adam-Bashforth Predictor-Corrector formula is given by
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f : Note
(r)
4
y ,
4
x f
(r)
4
f ,
3
y ,
3
x f
3
f ,
2
y ,
2
x f
2
f ,
1
y ,
1
x f
1
f where
formula Corrector
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y
formula Predictor
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y
= =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
= = = =
\
|
+ + + =
+
+ + =

Problem(1):
Solve for y(2) given that ;
2
y x
dx
dy +
= y(0)=2, y(0.5)=2.636, y(1.0)=3.595,
y(1.5)=4.968 by Adam-Bashforth Predictor Corrector method correct to
Soln: 0.5 h ,
2
y x
+
=

0
0
x = 0.5
1
x = 1.0
2
x = 1.5
3
x = 2.0
4
x =
636 . 2
1
y = 595 . 3
2
y = 968 . 4
3
y = ?
4
y =

Adams Predictor formula is given by

( ) -(1) - - - - - - -
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y + + =

2
0
y =


i
x

i
y 2
i
y
i
x
)
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f
+
= =

0
0
x =

2
0
y =
1
2
2 0
2
0
y
0
x
)
0
y ,
0
f(x
0
f =
+
=
+
= =

0.5
1
x =

636 . 2
1
y =

568 . 1
2
636 . 2 5 . 0
2
1
y
1
x
)
1
y ,
1
f(x
1
f
=
+
=
+
= =

1
2
x =

595 . 3
2
y =
2975 . 2
2
595 . 3 0 . 1
2
2
y
2
x
)
2
y ,
2
f(x
2
f
=
+
=
+
= =

1.5
3
x =

968 . 4
3
y =

234 . 3
2
968 . 4 5 . 1
2
3
y
3
x
)
3
y ,
3
f(x
3
f
=
+
=
+
= =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8707 . 6
1 9 1.568 37 2.2975 59 3.234 55
24
0.5
4.968
p 4,
y
becomes Eqn(1)
=
+ + =

Adam-Bashforth Corrector formula is given by
(2)
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y
|
\
|
+ + + =
+

0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f = =
|
\
|
=



( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6.8730
1.568 2.2975 5 3.234 19 4.4353 9
24
0.5
4.968
(1)
c 4,
y
4.4353
2
6.8707 2
2
p 4,
y
4
x
p 4,
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(0)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(1)
c 4,
y
=
+ + + =
=
+
=
+
= =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6.8733
1.568 2.2975 5 3.234 19 4.4365 9
24
0.5
4.968
(2)
c 4,
y
4.4365
2
6.8730 2
2
(1)
c 4,
y
4
x
(1)
c 4,
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(1)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(2)
c 4,
y
=
+ + + =
=
+
=
+
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Third improvement: Put r=2 in eqn(2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6.8733
1.568 2.2975 5 3.234 19 4.4366 9
24
0.5
4.968
(3)
c 4,
y
4.4366
2
6.8733 2
2
(2)
c 4,
y
4
x
(2)
c 4,
y ,
4
x f
(2)
4
y ,
4
x f
(2)
4
f
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(2)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(3)
c 4,
y
=
+ + + =
=
+
=
+
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(3)
c 4,
y &
(2)
c 4,
y(2)=6.8733


Problem(2):
Obtain the solution of the initial value problem
2
x y
2
x
dx
dy
= , y(1)=1 at
x=1(0.1)1.3 by Taylors series method and at x=1.4 by Adams-Bashforth
Soln: 0.1 h 1,
0
y 1,
0
x y), (1
2
x y
2
x
2
x y) f(x, Given = = = + = + =
By Taylors series method, we have
.....
///
n
y
3!
3
h
//
n
y
2!
2
h
/
n
y
1!
h
n
y )
1 n
f(x
1 n
y + + + + =
+
=
+
_____(1)
/
y
2
x y) 2x(1
//
y
y) (1
2
x
/
y Given
+ + =
+ =

///
y
2
x
//
6xy
/
6y
IV
y Similarly,
//
y
2
x y) 2(1
/
4xy
///
y
+ + =
+ + + =

Put n=0 in eqn(1) .....
///
0
y
3!
3
h
//
0
y
2!
2
h
/
0
y
1!
h
0
y )
1
f(x
1
y + + + + = = ------
(2)

66 1x18 6x1x6 6x2
///
0
y
2
0
x
//
0
y
0
6x
/
0
6y
IV
0
y
18 1x6 1) 2(1 4x1x2
//
0
y
2
0
x )
0
y 2(1
/
0
y
0
4x
///
0
y
6 1x2 1) 2(1)(1
/
0
y
2
0
x )
0
y (1
0
2x
//
0
y
2 1) 1(1 )
0
y (1
2
0
x
/
0
y
= + + = + + =
= + + + = + + + =
= + + = + + =
= + = + =

( ) ( ) ( )
1.2332
....... (66)
24
4
0.1
(18)
3!
3
0.1
(6)
2!
2
0.1
(2)
1!
0.1
1
1
y
=
+ + + + + =

Put n=1 in eqn(1) .....
///
1
y
3!
3
h
//
1
y
2!
2
h
/
1
y
1!
h
1
y
2
y + + + + = ----------(3)

( )
( )
99.5907
///
1
y
2
1
x
//
1
y
1
6x
/
1
6y
IV
1
y
25.8968
//
1
y
2
1
x )
1
y 2(1
/
1
y
1
4x
///
1
y
7.8853
2.7021
2
1.1 1.2332) 2(1.1)(1
/
1
y
2
1
x )
1
y (1
1
2x
//
1
y
2.7021 1.2332) (1
2
1.1 )
1
y (1
2
1
x
/
1
y
= + + =
= + + + =
=
+ + = + + =
= + = + =

( ) ( )
( )
1.5475
....... (99.5907)
4!
4
0.1
(25.8968)
3!
3
0.1
(7.8853)
2!
2
0.1
(2.7021)
1!
0.1
1.2332
2
y
=
+ +
+ + + =

similarly 9785 . 1
3
y =

Thus

5475 . 1
2
y = 9785 . 1
3
y =

Adam Predictor formula is given by
( )
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y + + = ---------(4)

( ) ( )
i
y 1
2
i
x )
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f + = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 1
2
1
0
y 1
2
0
x
0
f = + = + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7021 . 2
1.2332 1
2
1.1
1
y 1
2
1
x
1
f
=
+ = + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6684 . 3
1.5475 1
2
1.2
2
y 1
2
2
x
2
f
=
+ = + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0336 . 5
1.9785 1
2
1.3
3
y 1
2
3
x
3
f
=
+ = + =

1
0
x =
2332 . 1
1
y =
1.1
1
x = 1.2
2
x = 1.3
3
x = 1.4
4
x =
1
0
y = ?
4
y =
i
x
i
y
1
0
x = 1
0
y =
1.1
1
x = 2332 . 1
1
y =
1.2
2
x = 5475 . 1
2
y =
1.3
3
x = 9785 . 1
3
y =


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8707 . 6
1 9 1.568 37 2.2975 59 3.234 55
24
0.5
4.968
p 4,
y
becomes Eqn(4)
=
+ + =


|
\
|
+ + + =
+
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y ---------(5)
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f = =
|
\
|
=


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7.0005
2.5717 1
2
1.4
p 4,
y 1
2
4
x
p 4,
y ,
4
x f
0
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(0)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(1)
c 4,
y
=
+ = + = =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2.5743
2.7021 3.6684 5 5.0336 19 7.0005 9
24
0.1
1.9785
(1)
c 4,
y
=
+ + + =


( ) ( ) ( )
2.5745
(3)
c 4,
y Similarly 2.5745
(2)
c 4,
y
7.0056
2.5743 1
2
1.4
(1)
c 4,
y 1
2
4
x
(1)
c 4,
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(1)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(2)
c 4,
y
= =
=
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(3)
c 4,
y &
(2)
c 4,
y(1.4)=2.5745



Problem(3):
Solve for y(0.4) given that ;
2
y x
dx
dy
= y(0)=1, y(0.1)=0.9117,
y(0.2)=0.8494, y(0.3)=0.8061 by Adam-Bashforth Predictor Corrector
Soln 0.1 h ,
2
y x y) f(x, : data Given : = =

( )
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y + + = --------(1)

( )
2
i
y -
i
x )
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f = =

( ) ( ) 1
2
1 - 0
2
0
y -
0
x
0
f = = =

( ) ( )
7311 . 0
2
0.9117 - 0.1
2
1
y -
1
x
1
f
=
= =

( ) ( )
0.5214
2
0.8494 - 0.2
2
2
y -
2
x
2
f
=
= =

( ) ( )
0.3497
2
0.8061 - 0.3
2
3
y -
3
x
3
f
=
= =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7789 . 0
1 - 9 0.7311 - 37 0.5214 - 59 0.3497 - 55
24
0.1
0.8061
p 4,
y
becomes Eqn(1)
=
+ + =


0
0
x =
1
0
y = 9117 . 0
1
y =
0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x =
8494 . 0
2
y =
0.3
3
x =
8061 . 0
3
y =
0.4
4
x =
?
4
y =
0.3
3
x = 8061 . 0
3
y =
0.2
2
x = 8494 . 0
2
y =
0.1
1
x = 9117 . 0
1
y =
0
0
x = 1
0
y =
i
x
i
y

|
\
|
+ + + =
+
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y ---------(2)
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f = =
|
\
|
=


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0.7784
0.7311
0.5214 - 5 0.3497 - 19 0.2066 - 9
24
0.1
0.8061
(1)
c 4,
y
0.2066
2
0.7789 0.4
2
p 4,
y
4
x
p 4,
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(0)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(1)
c 4,
y
=
|
|
\
|
+
+ =
= = = =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =


( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0.7785
(3)
c 4,
y Similarly
0.7785
0.7311 0.5214 - 5 0.3497 - 19 0.2059 - 9
24
0.1
0.8061
(2)
c 4,
y
0.2059
2
0.7784 0.4
2
(1)
c 4,
y
4
x
(1)
c 4,
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(1)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(2)
c 4,
y
=
=
+ + =
= =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(3)
c 4,
y &
(2)
c 4,
y(0.4)=0.7785

Problem(4):
Solve ;
2
xy
dx
dy
= for x=0.4 using Adam-Bashforth Predictor Corrector
method correct to four decimal places. Given that y(0)=1, y(0.1)=1.01,
y(0.2)=1.022, y(0.3)=0.1023.

Soln: 0.1 h ,
2
xy
y) f(x, : data Given = =

( )
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y + + = --------(1)

i
x
i
y
2
i
y
i
x
)
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f = =
0
0
x = 1
0
y =
0
2
0(1)
2
0
y
0
x
0
f = = =
0.1
1
x = 01 . 1
1
y =
0505 . 0
2
0.1(1.01)
2
1
y
1
x
1
f = = =
0.2
2
x = 022 . 1
2
y =
1022 . 0
2
0.2(1.022)
2
2
y
2
x
2
f = = =
0.3
3
x = 023 . 1
3
y =
1534 . 0
2
0.3(1.023)
2
3
y
3
x
3
f = = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0408 . 1
0 9 0.0505 37 0.1022 59 0.1534 55
24
0.1
1.023
p 4,
y
becomes Eqn(1)
=
+ + =

|
\
|
+ + + =
+
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y ---------(2)
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f = =
|
\
|
=
0
0
x =
1
0
y =
01 . 1
1
y =
0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x =
022 . 1
2
y =
0.3
3
x = 0.4
4
x =
023 . 1
3
y =
?
4
y =

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1.0410
0505 . 0
0.1022 5 0.1534 19 0.2081 9
24
0.1
023 . 1
(1)
c 4,
y
2081 . 0
2
) 0.4(1.0408
2
p 4,
y
4
x
p 4,
y ,
4
x f
0
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(0)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(1)
c 4,
y
=
|
|
\
|
+
+
+ =
= = = =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

( ) ( ) ( )
1.0410
0505 . 0
0.1022 5 0.1534 19 0.2082 9
24
0.1
023 . 1
(2)
c 4,
y
2082 . 0
2
) 0.4(1.0410
2
(1)
c 4,
y
4
x
(1)
c 4,
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(1)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(2)
c 4,
y
=
|
|
\
|
+
+
+ =
= = =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(2)
c 4,
y &
(1)
c 4,
y(0.4)=1.0410

Problem(5):
Solve ;
y x
1
dx
dy
+
= for x=0.8 using Adam-Bashforth Predictor Corrector
method correct to four decimal places. Given that y(0)=2, y(0.2)=2.0932,
y(0.4)=2.1754, y(0.6)=2.2492.
Soln:
0.2 h ,
y x
1
+
=

2492 . 2
3
y =

Adam- Predictor formula is given by
( )
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y + + = --------(1)

0
0
x =
0932 . 2
1
y =
0.2
1
x = 0.4
2
x =
2
0
y = 1754 . 2
2
y =
0.3
3
x =
0.4
4
x =
?
4
y =


i
x

i
y
i
y
i
x
1
)
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f
+
= =

0
0
x =

2
0
y =
5 . 0
2 0
1
0
y
0
x
1
0
f =
+
=
+
=

0.2
1
x =

0932 . 2
1
y =
4360 . 0
0932 . 2 2 . 0
1
1
y
1
x
1
1
f =
+
=
+
=

0.4
2
x =

1754 . 2
2
y =
3882 . 0
1754 . 2 4 . 0
1
2
y
2
x
1
2
f =
+
=
+
=

0.6
3
x =

2492 . 2
3
y =
3509 . 0
2492 . 2 6 . 0
1
3
y
3
x
1
3
f =
+
=
+
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2.3160
0.5 9 0.4360 37 0.3882 59 0.3509 55
24
0.2
2.2492
p 4,
y
becomes Eqn(1)
=
+ + =


|
\
|
+ + + =
+
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y ---------(2)
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f = =
|
\
|
=
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2.3162
0.4360 0.3882 5 0.3509 19 0.3209 9
24
0.2
2.2492
(1)
c 4,
y
0.3209
2.3160 0.8
1
p 4,
y
4
x
1
p 4,
y ,
4
x f
0
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(0)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(1)
c 4,
y
=
+ + + =
=
+
=
+
= =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2.3162
0.4360 0.3882 5 0.3509 19 0.3209 9
24
0.2
2.2492
(2)
c 4,
y
0.3209
2.3162 0.8
1
(1)
c 4,
y
4
x
1
(1)
c 4,
y ,
4
x f
(1)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(1)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(2)
c 4,
y
=
+ + + =
=
+
=
+
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(2)
c 4,
y &
(1)
c 4,
y(0.8)=2.3162

Problem(6):
Using Adam-Bashforth Predictor Corrector method evaluate y(1.4) if y
satisfies
2
x
1
x
y
dx
dy
= + and y(1)=1, y(1.1)=0.996, y(1.2)=0.986,
y(1.3)=0.972 correct to three decimal places.

Soln: 0.1 h ,
2
x
xy 1
x
y
2
x
1
= =

Adam-Bashforth Predictor formula is given by
( )
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y + + = --------(1)

1
0
x =
996 . 0
1
y =
1.1
1
x =
1.2
2
x =
1
0
y =
986 . 0
2
y =
1.3
3
x = 1.4
4
x =
972 . 0
3
y = ?
4
y =


i
x

i
y
( )
2
i
x
i
y
i
x - 1
)
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f = =

0
0
x =

1
0
y =
( ) ( )
0
2
1
1x1 - 1
2
0
x
0
y
0
x - 1
0
f = = =

.1 1
1
x =

996 . 0
1
y =
( ) ( )
0.079
2
1.1
1.1x0.996 - 1
2
1
x
1
y
1
x - 1
1
f
=
= =

1.2
2
x =

986 . 0
2
y =
( ) ( )
0.127
2
1.2
1.2x0.986 - 1
2
2
x
2
y
2
x - 1
2
f
=
= =

1.3
3
x =

972 . 0
3
y =
( ) ( )
155 . 0
2
1.3
1.3x0.972 - 1
2
3
x
3
y
3
x - 1
3
f
=
= =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
955 . 0
0 9 0.079 - 37 0.127 - 59 0.155 - 55
24
0.1
0.972
p 4,
y
becomes Eqn(1)
=
+ + =

Adams-Bashforth Corrector formula is given by

|
\
|
+ + + =
+
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y --------(2)
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f = =
|
\
|
=

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 955 . 0 0.079 0.171 - 5 0.155 - 19 0.171 - 9
24
0.1
0.972
(1)
c 4,
y
-0.171
2
1.4
) 1.4)(0.955 - 1
2
4
x
p 4,
y
4
x - 1
p 4,
y ,
4
x f )
(0)
4
y
, 4
(
(0)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(0)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(1)
c 4,
y
= + + =
= = = = =
|
\
|
+ + + =
x f
Since
(1)
c 4,
y &
p 4,
y(1.4)=0.955


Problem(7):
Using Adam-Bashforth Predictor Corrector method obtain the solution of
y
2
x
dx
dy
= at x=0.4 correct to four places of decimals given that

x: 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
y: 1 0.9051 0.8212 0.7491

Soln: 0.1 h y, -
2
x y) f(x, : data Given = =

Adam-Bashforth Predictor formula is given by
( )
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y + + = --------(1)

i
x

i
y
( )
i
y -
2
i
x )
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f = =

0
0
x =

1
0
y =
( ) ( ) 1 1 -
2
0
0
y -
2
0
x
0
f = = =

.1 0
1
x =

9051 . 0
1
y =
( ) ( ) 8951 . 0 9051 . 0 -
2
0.1
1
y -
2
1
x
1
f = = =

0.2
2
x =

8212 . 0
2
y =
( ) ( ) 7812 . 0 8212 . 0 -
2
0.2
2
y -
2
2
x
2
f = = =

0.3
3
x =

7491 . 0
3
y =
( ) ( ) 6591 . 0 7491 . 0 -
2
0.3
3
y -
2
3
x
3
f = = =
0
0
x =
9051 . 0
1
y =
0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x =
1
0
y =
8212 . 0
2
y =
0.3
3
x = 0.4
4
x =
7491 . 0
3
y =
?
4
y =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6896 . 0
1 - 9 0.8951 - 37 0.7812 - 59 0.6591 - 55
24
0.1
0.7491
p 4,
y
becomes Eqn(1)
=
+ + =

|
\
|
+ + + =
+
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y --------(2)
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f = =
|
\
|
=

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.6896 0
0.8951 0.7812 - 5 0.6591 - 19 0.5296 - 9
24
0.1
0.7491
(1)
c 4,
y
-0.5296 0.6896 -
2
0.4
p 4,
y -
2
4
x
p 4,
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(0)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(1)
c 4,
y
=
+ + =
= = = =
|
\
|
+ + + =

Since
(1)
c 4,
y &
p 4,
y(0.4)=0.6896

Problem(8):
y
x
2e
dx
dy
= for x=0.4 under the conditions y(0)=2, y(0.1)=2.010,
y(0.2)=2.040 and y(0.3)=2.090 correct to four decimal places.

Soln: 0.1 h -y,
x
2e y) f(x, : data Given = =

Adams Predictor formula is given by

( )
0
9f
1
37f
2
59f
3
55f
24
h
3
y
p 4,
y + + = --------(1)

0
0
x =
010 . 2
1
y =
0.1
1
x = 0.2
2
x =
2
0
y = 040 . 2
2
y =
0.3
3
x = 0.4
4
x =
090 . 2
3
y =
?
4
y =


i
x

i
y
i
y
x
2e )
i
y ,
i
f(x
i
f
i
= =

0
0
x =

2
0
y =
0 2
0
2e
0
y
x
2e
0
f
0i
= = =

.1 0
1
x =

010 . 2
1
y =
0.2003 2.010
0.1
2e
1
y
x
2e
1
f
i
= = =

0.2
2
x =

040 . 2
2
y =
0.4028 2.040
0.2
2e
2
y
x
2e
2
f
2
= = =

0.3
3
x =

090 . 2
3
y =
0.6097 2.090
0.3
2e
3
y
x
2e
3
f
3
= = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2.1615
0 9 0.2003 37 0.4028 59 0.6097 55
24
0.1
2.090
p 4,
y
becomes Eqn(1)
=
+ + =


|
\
|
+ + + =
+
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(r)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
1) (r
c 4,
y --------(2)
0 r for
(r)
c 4,
y
(r)
4
y &
p 4,
y
(0)
4
y where
(0)
4
y ,
4
x f
(0)
4
f = =
|
\
|
=


( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2.1615
0.2003 0.4028 5 0.6097 19 0.8221 9
24
0.1
2.090
(1)
c 4,
y
2.1615
0.4
2e
p 4,
y
x
2e
p 4,
y ,
4
x f )
(0)
4
y
, 4
(
(0)
4
f
where
1
f
2
5f
3
19f
(0)
4
9f
24
h
3
y
(1)
c 4,
y
4
=
+ + + =
= = = =
|
\
|
+ + + =
x f

Since
(1)
c 4,
y &
p 4,
y(0.4)=2.1615



Problem(8):
2
y x
dx
dy
= at x=0.8 correct to four places of decimals given that
x: 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
y: 0 0.0200 0.0795 0.1762

{Ans: y(0.8)=0.2416}

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Taylors and Picards methods 2

Dr. V. Ramachandra Murthy

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