NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

LINEAR SYSTEM HOMEWORK 3

Instructor: Student: Student ID: Department: Class:

Prof. Szu Chi Tien Nguyen Van Thanh P96007019 Inst. of Manufacturing & Information Systems 1001- N154000 Linear System

October 26, 2011

Contents
Problem 1 ....................................................................................................................... 2 Problem 2 ..................................................................................................................... 10 Problem 3 ..................................................................................................................... 19 Appendix A Matlab code for Problem 1 Part 4 ........................................................... 24 Appendix B Matlab code for Problem 1 Part 5 ........................................................... 25 Appendix C Matlab code for Problem 2 Part 2 ........................................................... 26 Appendix D Matlab code for Problem 2 Part 3 ........................................................... 27 Appendix E Matlab code for Problem 2 Part 4 ........................................................... 28

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Problem 1
Consider the nonlinear state equations (which were studied extensively in class)

1. Find A and B of the linearized state equations evaluated at the above given nominal condition, where

Is the system stable? Solution Rewrite the nonlinear state equations { Solve { ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( )

To find equilibrium states. Take one equilibrium state with , Linear System Theory Page 2

We can write as form { Where, ( ) ( ) ( )

[ [ ]

0 1

( )

( )

0 1

( )

The polynomial characteristic equation of matrix A ( ) ( )

The real part of the eigenvalues of matrix A are zero. Hence, the system is marginally stable. E.g. ( ) ( ) 0 1 , see Fig. 1.1.

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Figure 1.1 Perturbed state responses.

Solution ( )
Solution for that system differential equations is

( )

( )
0

( )
1

*(

) +

{0

1 }

{[

]}

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[ ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ]0 ( )

( ) ] ( ) 1 [ ( ( ( ) ( ) ( )) ] ( ))

( )

( )

The perturbed state responses are shown in Fig. 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Perturbed state responses with

( )

( )

Solution

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( )

( )

0 1

( )

By taking the Laplace transform, we obtain

( )

( )

( )

0 1

( )

1 0

][

( )

( (

) )

( )

{[

( (

) )

]}

( ) ( )

( )) ]

The perturbed state responses are shown in Fig. 1.3.

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Figure 1.3 Perturbed state responses with

( )

( )

( )

4. Under the conditions of Part 2, solve the full nonlinear state equations for x(t) (using numerical integration) for 0t 20 sec. Compare graphically the results to those obtained from the linearized state equations x(t) xeq + x(t). Is the linear state model representative of the nonlinear system? (Note: see supplementary reading for writing your own function to solve the nonlinear equation). Solution The nonlinear and linearized states responses are shown in Fig.1.4.

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Figure 1.4 The nonlinear and linearized state responses, under the conditions of Part 2 We can see that, the linearized state responses oscillate around the nonlinear state responses with amplitude = 0.005. Hence, the linearized model can represent the nonlinear system. Note: please see the Appendix A for Matlab code

5. Under the conditions of Part 3, solve the full nonlinear state equations for x(t) (using numerical integration) for 0 t 20 sec. Compare graphically the results to those obtained from the linearized state equations x(t) xeq + x(t). Is the linear state model representative of the nonlinear system? (note: see supplementary reading for writing your own function to solve the nonlinear equation). Linear System Theory Page 8

Solution

Figure 1.5 The nonlinear and linearized state responses, under the conditions of Part 3 The nonlinear and linearized states responses are shown in Fig.1.5. We can see that, when t becomes larger, the linearized state responses go far away from the nonlinear state responses. Hence, the linear state model is not representative of the nonlinear system. Note: please see the Appendix B for Matlab code 6. Is the linearized system controllable? Solution The linearized system is Linear System Theory Page 9

( )

( )

0 1

( )

We will use the controllability matrix to test the system is controllable or not. Controllability matrix , 0 1 ( )

Controllability matrix C has full rank. Hence, the system is controllable.

Problem 2
Given the following linear time-invariant system

I will use Matlab to solve this problem. 1. Is the system controllable? Explain. Solution The controllability matrix , 0 1 ( )

The controllability matrix C has full rank. Hence, the system is controllable.

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2. Find a control input u(t) that bring the system states to ( )

- , where,

. Confirm your results with simulation of the responses ( ) for 0 t 15 sec. Solution From Par1, the system is controllable, thus the controllability Grammian matrix is invertible. The controllability Grammian matrix

Given x(0) and x(tf), we choose a control input u(t)

, ( ) ( ( ( ) [ ( ( . ( ) ) [ 0 )/ ( ( [ (

) ) ) 1 ( ( ) ] ) ] )

( )) ( ))

( (

( )) ] ( ))

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( )

( ( )) ( ( ( ( )) ) ( ( ( ) ))) ( ( ) ) ( ) ))) ( ( ( ) ( )) ) ( ( (

( ) ( (

) ( ( ) ( ) (

( ) ( (

) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) )

))) ( ( ) ( ( ( ) )) ))) ( ( ) ( )

( )

) (

We can find the response through

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( )

( (

)) ( ) ( ) ( )) ( )) )) ( ( )) ( ( ( ( ) (

( ( ( ) ( (

))

( ) ( ( ( ) ( ( ) )) ( )) ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) )) )) ( ) ) ( ) )

( ) ( ( )) )) ( ) ( )) )

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )) ( ( ) )) ( ) )) ( ) (

)) (

( ) ( ( ( ( ( ) ( )

( )) (

( )

) ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ( )) )

) ( )

( ( )

)) (

( ) (

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Figure 2.1 Input and state responses (tf = 10) Fig. 2.1 Shows the control input and the state responses. From the state responses, we have ( ) 0 1

So, we can find a input to make x(t=10) = xf, hence the system is controllable. Note: the Matlab code is shown in the appendix C.

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3. Repeat Part 2 where tf =1 sec. Confirm your results with simulation of the responses x(t) for 0 t 15 sec. How does this control input u(t) compare with the previous control obtained in Part 2? (i.e., higher or smaller control input).

Solution Similar to Part 2, so I will directly show the figure.

Figure 2.2 Input and state responses (tf = 1) From the state responses, we have ( ) 0 1

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So, we can find a input to make x(t = 1) = xf, hence the system is controllable. And, we can see that we need higher control input compare to Part 2 to control system. Hence, if a system is controllable, we want to bring this to a given tf in a shorter time, we need more input. Note: the Matlab code is shown in the appendix D. 4. Find a totally different solution to the control input u(t) that solves Part 2. That is, the solution u(t)in Part 2 is NOT unique. For example, in digital control let

Where u1, u2 and t1 are constant parameters (to be determined) that provide another control input u(t) for the solution of Part 2. Solution If we can find a different input

to control the system as we want, and u1, u2, t1 are all constants, then the solution (or responses) x(t) can be represented as ( ) . ( )/ ( ) . ( )/ . ( )/

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0 [ { . ( ( ) 0 1 )/

1 . ( . ( )/ ( ) )/ ]

Using Matlab to solve this equation, choose t1 = 5 sec, we obtain

( )) ( ( ( ( )) ( ( ))) ( ) ( )

( (

)) ( ( )) for ( )) ( ) ( ))) (

( )

( ( ) ( )

( ) )) for

( (

( )

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Figure 2.3 Input and state responses A control input ( ) for all , - and bring this system from initial sates to

final states, since x(t = tf = 10) = xf. Note: the Matlab code is shown in the appendix E.

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Problem 3
Consider the following linear time-invariant system,

1. Is the system controllable? Explain. Solution The controllability matrix , [ ] ( )

Hence, the controllability Grammian is not invertible, so the system is uncontrollable. 2. Is the system stabilizable? Explain. The characteristic polynomial equation of matrix A ( ) ( ) There exists one ( ) that is positive, the system thus is unstable.

3. Identify the modes that are uncontrollable. We will use the PHB rank test (, ( ) Linear System Theory -) Page 19

With (,( ) -) ([ ])

This mode is uncontrollable. With (, -) ([ ])

This mode is controllable. With (,( ) -) ([ ])

This mode is uncontrollable. 4. Find a set of orthonormal basis vectors for the controllable subspace. Solution The controllability matrix C has rank = 1, thus the controllable subspace is spanned by a column of the matrix C. we select the first column of the matrix C ]

[ ]

Hence, a set of orthonormal basis vectors for the controllable subspace is . Or by using Matlab, with command: orth(C), we get

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5. Find a set of basis vectors for the uncontrollable subspace. Are there vectors orthogonal to the controllable subspace? Solution From Part 4, the uncontrollable subspace must be of dimension ( ) . We can choose any two linearity independent vectors that are

not in the controllable subspace, for example ]

So, a set of basis vectors for the uncontrollable subspace is {[ ] [

]}

We can check {

These two vectors are orthogonal to the controllable subspace. But, it is not necessary. 6. Determine a state transformation P that separates the system into controllable and uncontrollable subspace, where ( ) Solution From state transformation formula Linear System Theory Page 21 [ ]

( )

( )

( ) ( ) {

( ) ( )

( )

( )

We choose , Where, matrix A. [ [ ] [ ][ ] ] -

are three eigenvectors of matrix A corresponding to three eigenvalues of

[ ]

We obtain a new sate-space equation ( ) [ ( ] ( ( ][ ( ( ) )] )

] ( )

7. Find the state model of the system transformed by the similarity transformation P obtained in Part 6. Use this state model to determine which modes in the system are controllable and uncontrollable. Linear System Theory Page 22

Bring ( ) [ ( ] ( ( ) ] [ ( )] ( )

] ( )

From Part 6, we can find sate z1 is controllable mode, state z2 and z3 are uncontrollable modes.

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Appendix A Matlab code for Problem 1 Part 4

ODE function for the nonlinear system
function dx = xdiff(t,x) % nonlinear system u = 0; dx = zeros(2,1); dx(1) = x(2) - 2*x(1)*x(2); dx(2) = -x(1) + x(1)^2 + x(2)^2 + u; end

ODE function for perturbation

function ddx = dxdiff(dt,dx) % delta_x_diff = A*delta_x + B*delta_u; du = 0; ddx = zeros(2,1); ddx(1) = -dx(2); ddx(2) = dx(1) + du; end

m-file code
clc; clear all; close all; to = 0; tspan = 0.1; tfinal = 20; n = (tfinal - to)/tspan + 1; % non-linear system xq = [1; 0]; [t,x] = ode45(@xdiff,to:tspan:tfinal,xq); % perturbation dx0 = [0.01; 0.05]; [dt,dx] = ode45(@dxdiff,to:tspan:tfinal,dx0); % linearized system x_linearized = zeros(n,2); x_linearized(:,1) = dx(:,1) + xq(1); x_linearized(:,2) = dx(:,2) + xq(2); plot(t,x,dt,x_linearized); grid on; xlabel('Time, sec'); ylabel('States'); legend('x_1','x_2','Linearized x_1','Linearized x_2');

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Appendix B Matlab code for Problem 1 Part 5

function dx = xdiff(t,x) % nonlinear system u = 0; dx = zeros(2,1); dx(1) = x(2) - 2*x(1)*x(2); dx(2) = -x(1) + x(1)^2 + x(2)^2 + u; end

ODE function for perturbation

function ddx = dxdiff(dt,dx) % delta_x_diff = A*delta_x + B*delta_u; du = 0.01*sin(dt); ddx = zeros(2,1); ddx(1) = -dx(2); ddx(2) = dx(1) + du; end

m-file code
clc; clear all; close all; to = 0; tspan = 0.1; tfinal = 20; n = (tfinal - to)/tspan + 1; % non-linear system xq = [1; 0]; [t,x] = ode45(@xdiff,to:tspan:tfinal,xq); % perturbation dx0 = [0; 0]; [dt,dx] = ode45(@dxdiff,to:tspan:tfinal,dx0); % linearized system x_linearized = zeros(n,2); x_linearized(:,1) = dx(:,1) + xq(1); x_linearized(:,2) = dx(:,2) + xq(2); plot(t,x,dt,x_linearized); grid on; xlabel('Time, sec'); ylabel('States'); legend('x_1','x_2','Linearized x_1','Linearized x_2');

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Appendix C Matlab code for Problem 2 Part 2

close all; clear all; clc; A = [-1 1; 0 -1]; B = [0;1]; x0 = [1; 1]; xf = [1; 1]; t0 = 0; tf = 10; syms t t1 s; Phitft = expm(A*(tf - t)); Phitft0 = expm(A*(tf - t0)); W = int(expm(A*s)*(B*B')*expm(A'*s),t0,tf - t0); u = B'*Phitft'*W^(-1)*(xf - Phitft0*x0); xt = expm(A*(t1 - t0))*x0 + int(expm(A*(t1 - t))*B*u,t0,t1); t1 = 0:0.01:15; t = 0:0.01:15; ut = subs(u); x1 = subs(xt(1)); x2 = subs(xt(2)); subplot(211); plot(t,ut); title('Input ut'); xlabel('Time, (sec)'); ylabel('ut'); grid on; subplot(212); plot(t1,x1,t1,x2); title('State responses'); xlabel('Time, (sec)'); ylabel('States'); grid on; legend('x_1','x_2');

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Appendix D Matlab code for Problem 2 Part 3

close all; clear all; clc; A = [-1 1; 0 -1]; B = [0;1]; x0 = [1; 1]; xf = [1; 1]; t0 = 0; tf = 1; syms t t1 s; Phitft = expm(A*(tf - t)); Phitft0 = expm(A*(tf - t0)); W = int(expm(A*s)*(B*B')*expm(A'*s),t0,tf - t0); u = B'*Phitft'*W^(-1)*(xf - Phitft0*x0); xt = expm(A*(t1 - t0))*x0 + int(expm(A*(t1 - t))*B*u,t0,t1); t1 = 0:0.01:15; t = 0:0.01:15; ut = subs(u); x1 = subs(xt(1)); x2 = subs(xt(2)); subplot(211); plot(t,ut); title('Input ut'); xlabel('Time, (sec)'); ylabel('ut'); grid on; subplot(212); plot(t1,x1,t1,x2); title('State responses'); xlabel('Time, (sec)'); ylabel('States'); grid on; legend('x_1','x_2');

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Appendix E Matlab code for Problem 2 Part 4

close all; clear all; clc; A = [-1 1; 0 -1]; B = [0;1]; x0 = [1; 1]; xf = [1; 1]; t0 = 0; t1 = 5; tf = 10; syms t s; P1 = int(expm(A*(tf-s))*B,s,t0,t1); P2 = int(expm(A*(tf-s))*B,s,t1,tf); P = [P1 P2]; Q = xf - expm(A*(tf - t0))*x0; u = P^(-1)*Q; xt1 = expm(A*t)*x0 + int(expm(A*(t-s))*B*u(1),s,t0,t); % t = t0 ~ t1 xt2 = expm(A*t)*x0 + int(expm(A*(t-s))*B*u(1),s,t0,t1) + ... int(expm(A*(t-s))*B*u(2),s,t1,t); %t = t1 ~ tf t = t0:0.01:t1; xt1 = subs(xt1); t = (t1 + 0.01):0.01:tf; xt2 = subs(xt2); xt11 = [xt1(1,:) xt2(1,:)]; xt22 = [xt1(2,:) xt2(2,:)]; t = t0:0.01:tf; u1 = subs(u(1)*ones(1,501)); u2 = subs(u(2)*ones(1,500)); subplot(211); plot(t(1:501),u1,t(502:1001),u2); title('Input ut'); xlabel('Time, (sec)'); ylabel('ut'); grid on; subplot(212); plot(t,xt11,t,xt22); title('State responses'); xlabel('Time, (sec)'); ylabel('States'); grid on; legend('x_1','x_2');

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