Explanatorynotes

General
All weights and measures shown on invoice will be governed by standards of the respective specifications so off.ered Carehas been taken to ensure that all data and information herein is factual and that numerical values are accurate. To the best of our knowledge, all information contained In this handbook Is accurate at the time of publication. Continental Hardware Pte Ltd assume no responsibility for errors in or misinterpretationof the Information contained in this handbook or in Its use.

Material The structural components referred to in this handbook are of steel to BS 4360, 'Weldable structural steels' and/or its related equivalents. Sections The univers-41 bOMikrid. columns and tees cut therefrom, the joists, channels, dgive aring piles and rolled tees are generally as listed in U.P!980 BS 4: Part V ts, universal bearing piles and rolled tees U in regular duBc are a d.
N A T.ifie unive .52' tape- ed fl " serial size 3$6m-.*.

.X

. J I Colum,q core-i is section, 0f,

isted separately, is rolled in the

appropriate one to be used as

16m M'. It i I.

Fts hion , An .
Dimensional units The dimensioa-fifUt-tioni'..'are gi calculated properties (cent.6idal Lipp, moments of inertia, eW,
cenfinidttL(qcbi).-'Uiitw,ASdrfaieeare

r sedion than those rolled is

res (mm) and the ectional areas, radii of id plastic moduli) are given in
in square metres ( M2) . For ference should be made to

r nces on dimensions and a Other units

The-units of forcemass and acceleration are those of the Systeme International (SI). They are the Newton (N), the kilogramme (kg) and the metre per second per second (m/s2) so that 1N- 1kgx ImA2. The acceleration due to gravity varies slightly from place to place and for convenience a 'standare value of 9.80665 m/s2has become generally accepted in structural engineering. With this convention, the force exerted by a mass of lkg under the action of gravity is the 'technical unit' of 9.80665N. In the same way 9.80665 kilonewtons (kN) is the force exerted by a mass of 1 tonne (1000kg) under gravity, and 1kN the force
from a mass of 0.102 tonne.

EXPLANATORY NarES

Comparable specifications and chemical analyses

Specifications

The following specifications are normally readdy-ivailable, but ar)y offer . will depend upon acceptance of full specificitib"i"-,;d! ' fls and/or any ' _eta other specifications not listed below.
Stmctural sections

Quality
BS4360

Grade
43A SOA

Tensile strength lbrin2

62300184000 72500193000

N1mm2
430/580 490/640 -,..400/550 450 min

KWMM2

Min Yield stress Iblinz N/mM2

38500 50000 36000 50000 32500 38500 50000 34000 40000 34000 45000 265 345 250 345 225 265 345 235 275 235 314

WMM2. .

44/59 50165 41156 46 min 36152 44159

27 36 25 36 23 27 36 24 28 24 32

Din 17 100

RSt. 37.2 St 44.2 St 52.3 SS SS SM SM 41 50 41 50

5 62 7

3601510 430/580 4021510 'S 490/608 U.--.402 /510 IF,

jK0,211011 JIS G 3106

4 9076o8

Notes: Sectionsover % inch (16mm) up 6',and All figures are approximate and Other specifications are obtai (eg. UNI 7070-72 FA 'V "1
'

003/0.10 0.003/0.10 - Cu 0.20 (mit

)IS 3101 (1976) )IS 3106 (1976) ' SS 4i SS so SM 41A 0.25 SM 41B 0.22 035 SM 41C 0.18 0.35 SM 50A 0.22 0.55 SM 508 0.20 0.55 SM 50C 0.18 0.55 2.5xC min 0.040 0.040 0.60-1.20 0.040 0.040 1.40 0.040 0.040 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 -

Cu 0.20 (mir

EXPLANATORY NOTFS
N " l

+ V',

'!''

Design of beams
Design formulae for beams
i
0

.,
Notation ':` ,, ., .. , . .
'

L, . . . ' ' " W -W, a W2 E Rs. R, etc. F

" length of span in m illimetres. :h:': ; ,, . << = total distributed or point load in Newths:at':
- point load in Newtons. ;

- resultant of point loads iR Newtons.

- reaction at A, B, or C etc, in Newtons. - shearing force in Newtons. .

'
,

m
Mx

- applied moment in Newton millimetres.

- bending moment in Newton millimetres

y.
._ . ,

ax x

at distance X from the left hand support A. - deflection in millimetres.

m raaans.

'

f'"Pe

;, ,.; ._

., ...:.,.'`s haYim__um bending moment in Newton millimetres. der the load in Newton millimetres. ...^ millimetres. ion in millimetres:: eflection in millimetres. ans: ertia'of uniform section beam in mm. .
.1 x a0s Nlmmz. . . . ,

:.
.5:

,.:

:,

. .;: :.

rd,.teft hand suppat i'icuiiri of external loads diagrams) when causing rd. .,
tans are given, but the signs depend

.. -' ::

which section is being considered, Rained, bY inspection.

. Where space permits, general equations for Mx and ix

., .,
..,.. ..

. ' at any point of the beam,, and also the equation to the elastic line (, have been included. . . Valua for.Slope. These may be used In evaluatingthe . .. angle ofrotation for, rubber tiearlngs andsimitar " constructional elements.' . .
.,

''

'S

..'

u w or,.... n ...." ."..

F(PLANATORY NOTES

Simply supported beam

'

Uniform load on full span Span Total uniform load R- RB - L - W

- W

i iiiiiaiiiaiaiiiiaiaiiiiiiaiiiii e

r --------------
R ^L.

..

2
M max - 8L

' x

_ipe
i

----

at mid-span
Amax i-is Mx at X from A ( ix

---- ;-; M mr '

_ _c

- 5 WL3 384 EI - WL 24E1 2L (L-X) X3- 2X3L+ L3)

2(

W (4X3-6X2L+L3) 24EIL

L jN(I- r) r(a+0.5rb) .W6EI (Lx-az-Lb(I-r)l

i . f , I'i u. illl
{S ' r: .w : '

'

Y.":

i r -----------? --1

Span -
.

';
Mmax

- L

Total load

- W
3 W 2
- 6L .
3 - W

!iii

Illuu
,

q c

t_
'i

at mid-span
L_

_ iRe

a max

.f

.III I
' .,

I lir l

i -i A a

-5 L2 9

Mx , - (3L3-4Xz) at X from A ' between A 8x - Z(16X4-40X3Lz+25L)

and centre
ix

,
- 9-Z(16X-24XzL2+5L4)

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Simply supported beam L___w L

Point load at mid-span Span Point load

RA= RB
M.

T
-------1
RA

= L = W
22-

2
4 1 6max I WLI 48 El
W L2

R,

at mid-span

'A= i8 M,

at X f rom A between A 6X and centre i

1 6EI WX 2 WX (31_2 - 4 X2) 48EI 16EI

W (L2

ix

- 4X')

Simply supported beam

a A W b

Point load at any position

Span Point I oad RA- Wb L - L - W Ra - Wa L Mmax

RA

.1
CL __

-IRS - J

under Cload at 16C Wab(L+b);

6EIL

W ab L Wa2b2
3EIL

When a> b
6max

1. - W8b(L+a) 6EIL ., Wab(L+b)ji(--L-+b)

27EIL

is at X from A

IX

Simply supported beam'

a r" A W b W

T"equal symmetrical point loads Span - L Two point loads, each - W RA- R B = W M,,,,, over length b = wa bmax at mid-span
R,

M A L

. Wa (31-1-4al) 24EI = Wa(3L-4a) 6EI - Wa(L-a) 2EI - 23 WLI 648 El

B under either load

I - -f I MM&

_ .A

iA-iB

If a-b- 1, 6 3 max

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Beam fixed at both ends

Uniform load on full span S pan Total uniform load 1 .11 = L = W W 2

_WL

A \'

B N

MA=MI

12 im- WL 24
VVL 3

at mid-span

'
6max

3 84EI W (LI - 6LX , 6V) 12L 24EIL

W X2 (L-W

M, at X from A

WX V-3LX+2V) 12EIL

at 0 .211 L from either end

Beam fixed at both ends 2_
A 'I I

M D - ME=0

Point load at mid-span Span Point load R .-R

M A=MI3 i R,

\1
R Af

L - W W 2 WL 8 WL 8
W L3

11 X_

Mc at.mid-span

r
MA

1 92EI . at X from A between A and C MX 6x lix at 0.25L from either end W (4X - Q WX(3L-4X) 48EI ".WX (L - 2X) 8E1
M D=ME-0

Beam fixed at both ends

a W b I- __ __ ___ - - - A

Point load at any position

C pan

.98

---

P _1
; R,

Point load Wb2(L + 2a) R

AL3 M A. _Wab2
L2

I W a2(L + 2b) RB =
U

R Af .

M.-

- Wa 2 b
L2

: x

at C, under load, Mc =

Wa2b2 L3

Wab2+Wb2(L+ 2a)X
at X from A between A and C
L 2 L3

W b2X2f3La- (L+ 2a)X] 6EILI

Wb2X[2La- (L+ 2a)X] 2EILI
2 Wa3b2

3 EI(L + 2 a)2
when a>bihe maximum deflection isatX= 2La L+2a

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Cantilever

Uniform load on part of span Span

D

Special case: Uniform load on full span = L - W = w = -W(a+j2 2) Span L C a Uniform load
RA

w
A 'I a PM= 8 b L iC

Uniform load
RA MA

b 0 W
w

MA i,
6D

BALL 2 WLI 6EI

WL3

iC = i D

--!A-L (3a' + 3ab + b2) 6EI

8EI
b 2))

W Mal + 18a2b + 12ab2 + 3b-I + 4c(3a2 + 3ab + 2 4EI

Cantilever

Triangular load on part of span S pan L

Special case: Triangular load on full span Span L b Triangular load

RA

Triangular load - W I RA = w

a 0 W
w _WL

R A

tlm f
r .-.
i-.-.

MA

- wa
3 We L +!2 4) 15EI(

MA 6c

3
WL3

6C
M A ii

150
W L2

plp'"

is

ic

-. waz

: 12EI.

ic

12EI

Cantilever

Point load - at any post on Span

b C Ii i

..,

Special case- Point load at free end Span L b Point load RA

MA

w
A

= L - w
- w

a
L L ......... ..

Point load
RA M,

bc
is ic

- Wa . Waz L+
3EI ( - Wa2 2EI

a 0 w w -WL
- WLI 3EI
_ WL2

2)

sc
ic

2EI

EXPLANATORY NC7TES

Propped cantilever

U nitorm load on full span

e
r -------------7 x rR Ai L_
5 L i <_

S pan Total uniform load

R,,= 81N

= L = W Ra = 8W Mmax = -WL 8
Mo = = 185EI 28WL WL;

at A
1 Re

_ _. e_._ _._.y

a t 8L from A

. ., M .

. --+__

Mo

at 0.5785L from A S max

z._

at B

i8
Mx

= WL2 48EI
= SL(L2-5LX+4X2) 2Xz)

atx
t rnm A

SX ix

8EIL(3L2-5LX+ = WX (6L2-15LX+8X2) 48EIL

= 0

at4L from A, Mc

Propped cantilever w ?- ---H - - - - -_

Point toad at mid-span Span Point load R 6W

at A
M max

a L = W

= -

, at mid-s p an under load 'c' ') .. :

-W L '' 16 5WL 32

at 0.5528L from A,'&, at B iB .,

at L from A, M, -. t Propped cantilever

W A L C b ?B

WL3 107E1 = WLz 32EI m 0

: .,

- -

= Point load at any position S pan Point load R , Wb(3L2- b2) 2L3
Mn_ _ Wab(L+ b1

- L = W R e e Wa2(2L+b) 2L; M Wa2b(2L+ b) ci 2L3

!---------------.a
R

r'-
^ !-. _,
i i

._. SRe

2L2

Mt._..

i8 -Wa26 4EIL Absolute max deflection WL3 is under the load S max max 102E1 when a-b ,(2-0.5858L When a > b2 max deflesiion is between Smax-Wa3b, (L+b)3 3E1 (3Lz- b2)z A and C When a< b2 m ax deflection is between S max= W a 2b b 6EI 'VZL+b C and B at n=aL3Lz b2 from A, M =0

EXPLRNAT(JCY NQl-ES

Propped cant a

>Wfoment a ppCied a t any Span Ma _c R,,=- CZa = _ L L _ 2LZh`m Applied rriomcnt= i= rna ( 2b- a)

^
t 7aGnn

CffIFirmrmy7-

- 3(Lz-f ix),-n=_m+MA 2 L' L rr L 3mab L' -4.42265 m 0.57735 m

as for

Propped c antilever

Uniform Coad on length beyond prop = i Full length = S

-*

,c

Uniform load
RA=-3a

- ------- ---

a MA = ""`
flectiorr at C gative defi
- L . aneg
m ax

_- - Wa 2

W axy
B EI
= -

W L xa

S4Ei

S lope at C
a t X=

Propped eantilever

Point toad at freee Span Point load = L = W Full length = 5

R Ma = L 5+2

- ------

--S '

--r

a Rn =-32 MA =

= - Wa
Waz 4E1

u niiiuiiiinuinuiimurr

Deflection at C
M ax. negative deflection at X=L
b neh

WLza 27E1

Slope at
= 4E1(S+a) at X= 3 from A, M =

EXPLANATORY NC)TES

Simply supported beam

Single concentrated moving load M aximurn Positive Shear at any section occurs when the load is immediately to the right of the section. Similarly, Maximum Negative Shear occurs when the load is to the left. For a section distance X from A:

22mmmm.,
Maximum B ending Moment at any section occurs when the
load is over the section. For a section distance X 6m A:

IL___X
L The Absolute Maximum B ending

Moment and Deflection occur under the load at mid-span, Maximum end slope at A occurs with the load at X = 0A2265L from A. Simply supported beam Two concentrated moving loads
A ssume: W, >
W 2=

0,06415 N-L' El

n r,

Fixed Distance b=mL b, = ___2b = n m L b, = (rn - n m) L

L4_L; D
Maximum Reaction at A and Absolute Maximum Positive Shear occur when W, is immediately to the right of A:
L
P
-dx

.- D-,;f;,,- f7 __ -

--

-%A/ - -

, %A/ L- U
. I

For a section distance X from A: X< L- b

Pos N ote: 1. For RB m,,, interchange values of W, and formula for R A m,,
W2

in the

2. For Negative Shear, interchange W, and W 2 in formulae for Positive Shear, measuring X from B towards A. 3. if m >-E- calculate R8 m,x and Negative I-n Shear values for W, only as single load.
( L-bi)2 '7
L -b2 12

4L -t

Absolute Maximum Bending Moment occurs under when that load and the resultant of both loads are equidistant from mid-span (see loading diagram):

M max max (L- br,

4L

If m < n, the Maximum B ending Moment at any

section occurs under one of the loads. For a section distance X from A:

X < L(I - n)

W - n) < X u nder W,
X2) (L - X) L

ax under W,=(L-b,-X)X

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Simply supported beam

L - _L_ - - - f -

Two concentrated moving loads (continued) If m > n, the Maximum Bending Moment at any section always occurs under W, (the heavier load), whether W 2 on or off the span.
W,
4

is

w '2
1,
, 12

For a section distance X from A:

X < L(I - m) L (I-m)<,X Mrr.x (L- X)X W,

A I

14 max - (L- b, - X)X

L ii -mi
- I -

I
IL-bo? ,

If n < m < n . O*i

the Absolute Maximum Bending

W 2

-i-i- I i

I-2-7,M11i I

Moment occurs under W , with If n < m > n

o n the span.

n the Absolute Maximum Bending

W2

M ,,, I

Moment occurs under W, at mid-span with Note: When the two loads are equal (W,

off the span. and n = Vz)

= W2

the critical value of

F _n . 0.5858. n

Simply supported beams carrying several moving concentrated loads The Maximum Reaction and the Maximum Shear due to several moving concentrated loads occur at one support with one of the loads at that support. The location producing the Absolute Maximum must be found by trial. The Maximum Bending Moment due to several moving concentrated loads occurs under one of the loads when that load and the gravity centre of all loads are equidistant from mid-span. The Absolute Maximum must be determined by trial.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Structure properties
Formulas for geometrical properties of sections

Cross-section area

.4 =fA dA

First moment

S=fAydA,

S s,=fAxd.4

Position of centroid

i =v - S. Y=AA

ib_ X
J,=fAx'd.4

Moment of inertia

J ,=fAy'dA,

Product of inertia

YI J.,, = fA x yd A

C entroid Axis

Y 2

Polar moment of inertia

Jp =fA r 2 dA = J, + JI,

Radius of gyration
r

44 y

Polar radiusof gyration

ip =rip AT

Section modulus

Z .1

Z2

. yl

Transition of axis

&=S.-Ad, J.=J.+Aj,2

S,=A
j .,,=jXy+j

Rotation of axis

Sx' Szcosa-Sysina J.'= J.s in2a+ JVCOSI a+ J.y si n J. , + J" = J. + J, = jp

e:iv

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Geometrical properties of sections

Section

Centroid axis from edge: y cm

Moment of inertia: ) cm'

Section m odulus: Z cm;

a

h _ 2

bh' _ 12

_h'

12

JZha 12

rte-.
r"-b-f

..

' ' .:

2(M-h') 1

6 ( F!-h) H

'
" St.

/Ii,

aDa

/ //i ::, . :::, r e0,924R.'

. :'

r' .:;.
'" ,'+i?:
. ,.. . 'S

sa

32

.' '.
- . " 0.82 R 0.6381 R '

0 .6'906 R

. .
Y=

. ,;..;, .

. . . y; =2h'
. Y 3;. 3

' L n lw-?
---6

Z=
T

Zt

12

r,
" :4 ",.

1 2 a+b (.".:,a=+ 4ab+6= Y h 3 a+b''.h. .. :'-": 36 a+b) ,...

'-n-

_ Zi __a=+4ab+b= h 12 2a+ b)

'

'

12

Bf(s - bha BN

R =2

4 (R'- r')

A
4

R- R

Around Upper Section R` -

2(R-ra) sing 8 (B+sinBcoaB) . A round

Z __
Z_

T R

3 (R-r=) B

Moa sin=B. B
Around Section Around Upper Section

R-Y
J Y-r'cosB

_2(R'-)= 9(R=- rs I

0 .9903 l

. 0.6364 t"

0.8303 t

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Distribution diagram of shear stress in beam sections

S ection

Shear stress diagram

Tmax 3 Q .- 3 Q 2 bh 2 A

r .. r

T IMIX

I
Z..,

r MlIx =

. -q=
4 bh 8

Q
A

roar

. I-- - 4 . Q = 4 3 ;r rr' T

Q A

2 r'-J

3 rnlax = T

(BH2 - bh2) (BH-bh) 2(BH'-bh) (B-6)

Q A

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Stiress and deflection of beams

0
No.
1

Load condition

Bending moment

Reaction force and shear stress

Deflection

2 I

f-

M
-

L..

RA = 0 d c MF, I " d... - M E,,

M -M. =M.

(I -f-Lb)

d ,..- 'V X(g@3+J$S2&+ aim

1 2.61+363+12.4+12.6.+462,

8
A ,
RA

-P I
i . k- -A
JU d-

= fa_b

d- WM pbm in do num of U"41

R A=Pbll

Ra=Pall

from tht son CWWW.

d cam.- A1111-4011

P
ci
RA

7.
JWCMP&(h-1-2C) R. .

JU

a >C
P. P

M D-

PL-(A-1- 2a I

R.-R" -P( b+2.) I

RAF-1

Jim Li

Deflection of span center is calculated by applying formula given in No.8 to e ach load.

. 4h

1,

M-

RA=RB=P

2 3P13 dD " -648EI

In case of beam subject to distributed loads, load symbol, W, indicates the total load of the beam. 'For example, In case of a beam subject to uniformly distributed load, w, W equals wt where I is span length.

16

rnmrikickrrh , u , -- - -, .--

EXPLANATORY NOTES

No. 11

Load condition P P P

Bending moment

Reaction force and shear stress

R AP An

Deflection

MC=M8=D 16=5pi
AA AN

12

R A =RB

d-

53PI" 1296EI

12

N"--JPR o- Re -IV 2

T
WEi

t
111'+7.11-401-401
d-

19

0
RA

W T 'Lz; -

->1
mRM MA

If

\ W RA=Rir--i

20

RA

d-

- MA=-MB=MC =Lt 8

MA=Jb= f

dmm-

P13

192EI

In case-of beam subject to distributed loads, load symbol, IN, Indicates the total load of the beam. fbr example, in case of a beam subject to unikirmly distributed load, w, W equals v4 where I is span length. &I

No.

Load condition

Bending moment

... Reaction force and shear stress' -

Deflection

In case of beam subject to distributed loads, load symbol, W, indicates theitotal load of the beam. For example, in case of a beam subject to uniformly distributed load, w, W equals wi, where I is span. length.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Working stresses The values given in the safe load tables are based on theallowable stresses in BS 449 'as follows:
T hickness of material (mm)
Up to and including 40 Over 40 Up to and including 65 Over 65 Up to and including 40 Over 40 43 so 55

Grade of steel

Allowable stresses ( NImM2) Bending

165 150 230 Y,/1.52(2) 280 260

Shear(l) Bearing
100 90 140 170 160 190
t

260 320
I

Notes: (1) On unstiffened web. (2) Ys- yield'stress, to be agreed with the manufacturer and not to exceed 350NImM2- This applies only to universal column sections and p pound sectionsand, in this handbook affects certain _ universal coluvw"Muspitly for which a value of Ys- 325N/mM2 has been I

assumed.

webs have been calculated in 28a(i) of BS449, namely W-pctB trated load in N, but tabulated in kN.
uts as given in BS 449, Clause 30a. 3)/t, in which

root fillets of simply supported beams

ings, in which l te a
h shall not be taken as imply supported beams for an intermediate bearing over

u s, unless the web is stiffened. 0 IMMMOMM he direction bearing stress at the root of the web is limited to the Values given in BS 449, Table 9 and included in the I
The length of web resistingbrushing is'determined on the , assumption that the load is dispersed through the flange and the bearing and/or flange plate at an angle-of 300 (BS 449, Clause 27e)

Combined stresses
Where bending and shear stresses, or bearing, bending and shear stresses, are co-existent, the beam should be 'Checked in accordancewith BS 449,

Clauses 14
D eflection coefficients

Clause 15 to BS 449 includes the requiremeni that the maximum deflection

due to loads other than the weight of the structural floors or roof, steelwork and casing, if any, shall not exceed 1/360th of the span. For a simply supported beam, the uniformly distributed load W in kN to produce this deflection, is:
__ W 384EI __ CI 5 x 360Lz 1000

w here C = deflection coefficient tabulated for span L in m

E = modulus of elasticity = 21000kN/cmz (= 210000N/mmz)

I = moment of inertia of beam, in cm' The load W w ill be less than the tabular load if the span exceeds
12.17, 16.97 or 10.00 times the beam depth for grades 50, 43 or 55 steel

respectively. For such cases, it may be necessary to confirm that the total load is within the capacity of the beam and that the loads to be considered for deflection purposes do not exceed W. The table be.low gives limiting values of the span/depth ratio for uniformly loaded simply supported beams for different grades of steel. for various ratios of Wd/Wt where Wd = load considered for deflection purposes and Wt = total load on beam. If the appropriate span/depth ratio is exceeded, then the relevant deflection will exceed 1/360th of the span unless the bending stress is reduced.
Material Grade 50 Grade 43 Grade 55 Limiting values of span to depth ratio for Wd/W, 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 12.17 16.97 10.00 13.53 18.86 11.11 15.22 21.21 12.50 17.39 24.24 14.29 20.29 28.28 16.67

0.5 24.35 33.94 20.00

These are the safe uniformly distributed loads (including self weight) which can.be carried by simply. supported beams with adequate lateral restraint to the compression flange. They have therefore generally been calculated in accordance with the allowable bending stresses given in BS 449, Table 2 and included in the table on page 22. The loads are printed in three different type faces to draw attention to particular criteria which may affect the load-carrying capacity of a beam. Bold, italic and ordinary type faces have been used in that sequence for maximum clarity and the significance of each is explained below. Bold face. Loads printed in this type are greater than the web buckling capacity of the beam (UB, joist or channel) alone. If sufficient additional capacity is not provided by the bearing (see page 22), web stiffeners will be necessary to realise the full web capacity. italic face. Loads printed in this type are within the buckling capacity of the unstiffened web and produce a maximum deflection of less than 1/360th of the span. Ordinary face. Loads printed in this type. produce a maximum

'

AIADC

DT[ t7r%

EXPLANATORY NOTES

d eflection exceeding 1/360th

n. Such cases should thereto examined as indicated above Lill r 'Deflection coefficients. In addition to the criteria covered by the use of different type faces, two other matters require comment, (a) Shear capacity. Where the shear capacity of the Unstiffened web is less than the bending capacity of a bearn, the safe load is calculated on the allowable average shear stress given in BS 449, Table 11, and included in the table on page 22. Such cases are marked t in the tables, (b) Web crushing. Many of the loads tabulated, in the various type exceed the bearn component of the direct bearing capacity of the we at its junction with the flange. The designer should therefore ensure I that the length of stiff bearing and thickness of flange plate or packing (if any) provide a sufficient additional length of web in bearing (see page 22), Beams without lateral support The allowable comprIessive stress due to bending about the x-x axis for universal beams and columns, joists and channels is the lesser of the values Of Pb, g iven in Tables 2 and 3 a, b or c (depending on the grade of steel) in BS 449. The values in 'Fable 2 apply when the compression flange '
is SO Supported that lateral instability is obviated. When the compression

flange is unsupported or Lifficiently S upported laterally, the appropriate Table 3 applies. Th u m effective length of compression flange which may be u hout reduction of the allowable bending stresses in Table 2 is given as L, with the safe load tables. Example: Find the allowable stress, Pb,, a nd the safe uniformly istributed load, W, for a 533 = 210 UB 82 in grade 43 steel spanning 7m O ut lateral restraint and having the ends of the compression. flange
partially restr E ffective length = 0.85 x 700 = 595cm (see BS 449, Clause 26) D/T = 40.

From BS The safe uniform distributed load, W= 8fZ/L

= (8x 1 19X = 245kN
17

103/7000)N

Lateral instability is not a criterion for these sections when bent about the y-y axis and the allowable stresses in Table 2 apply,

N ote The allowable stresses in BS 449, Table 2 are given or) page 22 and Tables 3a, b and c of the standard are reproduced or) the following pages,

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Stress and safe load tables

Table 3a of BS 449, allowable stress Pbc in bending (N/mm2) for beams of Grade 43 steel
/r, 1 D/T 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 . 50

90
95 100 105 110 115 120

165
165 165 165 165 165 165

165
165 165 165 165 165 162

165
165 165 160 156 152 148

165
163 157 152 147 141 136

165
163 157 152 147 141 136

165
163 157 152 147 141 136

165
163 157 152 147 141 136

165
163 157 152 147 141 136

1 30 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300

165 165 165 163 159

155

155 149 143 136 130 1 24 118 11l 105 99 95 92 90 88 86 84 82 80

139 130 122 113 104 96 93 89 87 84 81 78 76 74 72 70 68 66

126 115 104 95. 91 87 83 80 77 74 71 69 66 64 62 60 58 56

126 115 104 94 85 80 77 73 70 67 64 61 59 57 55 53 51 49

126 115 104 94 82 76 72 68 65 62 59 56 54 52 50 48 46 44

126 115 104 94 82 72 68 64 61 58 55 52 50 48 46 44 42 41

126 115 104 94 82 71 62 59 55 52 49 47 44 42 40 39 37 36

151 147 143, 139, 134 130 126 122 118 114 110 106

Intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation.

N ote:

For materials over 40 mm thick the stress shall not exceed 150 N/mmz.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

o f stanchions and struts

A XIAL STRESSES The safe loads on stanchions and struts have been calculated in accordance with the allowable axial stresses specified in BS449, Clause 30, and shown in the tables that follow:

Table"I 7a of BS 449. Allowable stress p, on gross section for

compression for G rade 43 steel

P, (N/mM2) for Grade 43 steel

0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 155 151 147 143 139 133 126 115 104 91 79 133 125 114 102 90 78 132 124 113 101 89 77 155 151 146 142 154 150 146 142

3 154 150 146 142 137 131

4 153 149 145 141 137 130

5 153 149 145 141 136 130 121 110 97 85 74

6 153 148 144 141 136 129 120 108 96 84 73

7 152 148 144 140 136 128 119 107 95 83 72 152 148 144 140 135 127 118 106 94 81 71 151 , 147 143 139 134 126 117 105 92 80 70

1 23 112 100
87

122 111 99 75 65 56 49 43 38 34 31 28 25 23
21 19 17 16

76 66 57 50 44 39 35 31 28 25 23
21 19 18 16

120 130 140 150

160 170 180 190 200

69 60 52 46 40
36 32 29 26 24

68 59 51 45 40
35 32 28 26 23

67 58 51 45 39
35 31 28 25 23

64 56 49 43 38 34 30 27 25 22
20 19 17 16

63 55 48 42 38 33 30 27 24 22
20 19 17 16

62 54 48 42 37 33 30 27 24 22
20 18 17 16

61 53 47 41 37 33 29 26 24 22
20 18 17 16

61 53 46 41 36 32 29 26 24 22
20 18 17 15

2 10 220 230 240 250 300 350

21 20 18 17 15 11 8

21 19 18 16

21 19 18 16

Intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation.

N ote: For material over 40 mm thick, other than rolled 1-beams or channels, and for universal columns of thicknesses exceeding 40 mm, the limiting stress is 140 N/mm'.