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Hypothyreosis
Thyroid gland aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophia Inflammation or tumour of the thyroid gland Iodine, vitamin or nucleic acid deficiency removal of the thyroid gland decreased hormone production due to the damage of the hypophysis secondary hypothyreosis
Occurs in
neonate, young and adult animals
Hyperthyreosis
Increased thyroxin level in the serum Basedow- or Graves disease) symptoms:
enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) (struma Basedowiana) tachycardia exophthalmia hyperactivity, excentricity histological signs of hyperfunction in the follicles (columnal epithel) thyreotoxic crisis (Schreckbasedow): captured wild animals, panicking people
Goitre (struma)
B., Goitre (struma) struma) Common name for problems of different origin
non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid gland in mammals and in birds may or may not be accompanied with problems of endocrin secretion the dysfunction can be reduced or increased function
by the time:
congenital (struma congenita) acquired (struma aquisita)
by location:
the whole organ (struma diffusa) partial (struma nodosa)
by etiology:
hyperplasia of the epithel (struma parenchymatosa) increased amount of product (struma colloides)
Histopathology
follicles are hardly recognizable columnal epithel small, slit-like lumen struma diffusa parenchymatosa microfollicularis
Goitre (struma)
Secondary changes
after necrosis and fusion of the follicles,
cysts, pseudocysts: struma cystica
146. Pathological changes in the adrenal gland and the hypophysis and its consequences
A., Adrenal gland (ganglion suprarenalis) Medulla
Role in the general adaptation syndrome hormones: adrenalin, noradrenalin
vicarising hyperplasia
zona fasciculata
Glycocorticoids (hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone)
zona reticularis
androgen hormones a sexual steroids
Pathological changes
hypofunction hyperfunction circulatory problems regressive changes hypertrophy inflammation tumours
chronic hypofunction
bilateral tuberculosis of the adrenal gland toxic effects
Septic haemorrhages
in humans: Addison-disease in dogs: similar (except hyperpigmentation) after long steroid treatment
reduced ACTH production atrophy of adrenal glands hypofunction of adrenal glands
Hyperplasia + control
per rrhexin
haematomas infarcts
teleangiectasia maculosa
blood filled follicles
Regressive changes in the adrenal gland and its consequences atrophy necrobiotic fatty infiltration amyloidosis cyst-formation calcification pigment deposition
differential diagnosis
from the adenoma of the adrenal gland
Hyperplasia nodosa
chronic hypernephritis
cirrhosis of the adrenal gland (FMD, IEA)
tuberculosis
tuberculum-formation
Tumours of the adrenal gland and consequences primary tumours from the cortex
adenoma (horse, cattle, dog) malignant adenoma or carcinoma (cattle)
B., Hypophysis (pituitary gland or body) controlled by the hypothalamus anatomic parts
adenohypophysis pars intermedia neurohypophysis
in adults:
cachexia and death (Simmonds-disease)
Causes:
atrophy of the adenohypophysis necrosis of the frontal lobe of the hypophysis inflammation in the adenohypophysis or cicatrisation after inflammation
Increased function of the acidophil- or acidophilcells of the adenohypophysis excess level of STH
ie. hyperplasia, adenoma
young animals
gigantismus
underdeveloped genitals not proper hair or fur
in adults
acromegalia
overgrown nose, chin, ears, fingers overgrown internal organs
Cushing-disease!
characteristics:
obesity of face, neck, upper torso hypertension, hyperglykaemia women: hypertrichosis men: gynecomastia
Cushing-syndrome
The primary hyperfunction of the adrenal gland causes secondary -cell hyperplasia in the hypophysis occurs in dogs and horses
Reduced function of the neurohypophysis and its consequences reduced production of antidiuretic hormone diabetes insipidus
consumption of an excess amount of water (polydypsia) and excretion of low density urine causes: simultaneous damage to the hypothalamus and the hypophysis in dogs and horses
Regressive changes of the hypophysis and its consequences cyst formation calcification hyalinic degeneration of the stroma pigment deposition
in the adenohypophysis ruminants
atrophy
horses, dogs
Proliferative changes to the hypophysis and its consequences following castration of male animals
acidophil cell proliferation in the adenohypophysis cattle, dog, cat, pig, poultry
Dogs adenomas
carcinomas
rare
local effect
pressure on the optic nerves causes so called conduction blindness
general effect:
acidophil cell tumour:
Cushing-disease in young animals: gigantismus in adults: acromegalia