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1
Sustainability In Tourism
A
Rural Tourism Model
Table of Contents
1.
(Click
on section
title
to view)
Introduction
Contextualising The Endogenous Tourism Project Within Community-based Rural Tourism
01
01 02 03 05
Objectives
And Characteristics
2.
Review Process
Background
Objectives
07
07 07 07 11 12 12
3.
Tourism
3.1
13
13 13 16
3.2
18
18 25
The Tourism Product: Creating an Experience - Unique Selling Proposition (USP) Imaging, Competitive Advantage And Tourist Profiles Infrastructure Development
Business Plans
Promotion And Marketing
3.3
36
37
40 40 44 45
47
4. Equity,
49
51 52
Social Justice
Empowerment Of Women
Children
54 55 59
5.
Institution Building
Processes Involved
Structures And Legal Frameworks
63
63 64 66 66 68 68
Sustainability of
The
Institutions
6.
Capacity Building
Entry Point Strategy
69
70 70
71
Awareness On Tourism And Development Issues Tourism Linked Skills And Livelihood
Alternative Livelihood Skills
Institutional
Management Skills
Development And Capacity Building Synergies
72 73
76
Infrastructure
7.
Project
Management
& Management
79
80 83 83 84 85 88 89
Institutions - Coordination
8.
91
107
107
9.
of Discussions
&
112 115
117
124
126 129
Site
Readiness
10.
130
Introduction
Contextualising The Endogenous Tourism (ETP) Project Within Community-based Rural Tourism
Within the context of community based rural
tourism, the
or invested
in
roads,
and
clinics (Spenceley,
2008) 2
Endogenous Tourism
-
Project- Rural
in
Tourism
Scheme 1 (ETP-RTS
for
henceforth
an
opportunity
developing
critical
an
may not be feasible, new conflicts may arise as marginal groups become more empowered while elites gain
high expectations which
overall
In
addition,
to
despite attempts to
empower communities
areas.
is
increasingly
initiatives
as
tourism
is
combine
aspects
community
cultural
itself
development,
heritage,
poverty
benefits
alleviation,
as
a window to achieving broader development goals at national, regional and local levels.
become
Community involvement
widely
in
private
income or are
partly or wholly
supported
It
as
being
sustainability.
is
emphasised from
business
of
equity,
developmental
perspectives.
and
management
this
The
positives
form
of
tourism are
security,
community ownership,
leakages
livelihood
minimal
&
backward
assessing the broad objectives and methods adopted for CBT initiatives across the world and drawing parallels of it to the ETP, a number of similarities can be observed. In many
While
and
improved
conservation.
Revenue
is
from
more ambitious in terms of its developmental goals as compared to many community based tourism projects.
is
distributed
Firstly,
the ETP
in
is
accordance with
all
their
wishes;
agenda
2002
between
towards developing
The Ministry
The Endogenous Tourism Project-Rural Tourism Scheme (ETP-RTS) is a joint project of Government of India-Ministry of Tourism and United Nations Development Programme (Gol-UNDP) to support the rural tourism initiatives of the Gol which would serve to create sustainable livelihood opportunities among low income communities living in rural areas. 2. Spenceley, Dr. Anna (2008), Practical initiatives to responsible tourism in destinations: Community and nature based tourism in South Africa, Presented at the 2nd International Responsible Tourism Conference at Kochi (Kerala), 21-24 March 08.
1.
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
of Tourism
rural
art,
and
heritage
at
Programme
(UNDP)
in
the
spirit
of
the
locations,
thereby
benefiting
the
local
socially
as well
human development and the elimination of human poverty and inequalities 4 While the
.
experience' 3
According to
Nandan,
Culture,
is
on sustainable livelihoods,
it
extended beyond
and
Government
to
of India, "the
primary objective
employment and
it
income
augmentation,
putting
who
live in
the rural
areas,
in villages
that have a
USP
for tourism,
convergence of issues
like
sustainable
of
livelihoods,
gender
equality,
empowerment
directly
section
of rural
tourism
is
calls
and environmental
the
sustainability.
responsible tourism.
is
To
take
endogenous tourism
into
initiative
the community,
of preservation
arts, crafts
forward,
Government of India,
Ministry of Tourism
in 2003. component
an agreement
and
cultures,
have languished
Further, the to the
(infrastructure) of the
Scheme
(RTS) and
UNDP
to fund the
Gol-UNDP
document
in
refers
'software'
its
component
embedding
2002,
"to
of the
in
ETP
the following
principles articulated
Policy
culture, tourism
and
governance so as
to
...
The
to
support the
as articulated
National Tourism
of
Policy,
alternative
skills,
preserving
models
of tourism
heritage
facilitating
and
among
low
income communities
As stated
Gol-UNDP:
in
social
order".
went on
fulfil
to
suggest that
if
tourism
was
to
its
promise of being a
is
intended
to validate
number
and
and the
local
citizen
alike
as well as of
sustainability of
implementing an alternative,
conventional
economies
"
throughout
India,
running parallel
oriented'
to
the
'export
and concept".
rural
model
The plan
of
promoting
tourism
as a
of
primary tourism
product by the
Ministry
3. http://tourism.gov.in/ 4. United
accessed on 24
April
2008 2003
INTRODUCTION
to
guide investments
disadvantaged
sections
of
of
the community
options
livelihood
pro-poor,
and managerial
Develop,
responsibilities
initiative:
and
local
level
traditions
local skills
capacity at the
through
Develop
up,
for setting
running,
managing,
marketing
some
twenty
communities
at
of
specific sites
where an
alternative
model
New
entrepreneurial
benefits
arrangements
locally
that
co-
distribute
through
both
domestic
and
schemes
and
preserve
the
environment
2.
community
in
tourism
of
enterprise,
engaging
from
Effect a
change
in visitor
gamut
activities
ranging
perceptions
destination
about
India
marketing,
Promote
local
tourism
volunteers
create
from
the
for
visitor stay
duration
areas
and
networks
through
an enabling environment
of local
the
dynamic participation
artisans,
local/
communities/
state
authorities,
in
NGO
up
and
economic
development.
The
Gol-UNDP
and
private
entrepreneurs
efforts
in
setting
Project
Document
and sustaining
in India.
human development,
elimination of
inequities.
4.
Supportinnovativeand promisingruraltourism
initiatives
and
principle
ETP
is
to
and dissemination
of
experiences
of a Register
and
practices;
and a compilation
of Innovations.
5. Provide inputs to national
for
policies
and bridges
In fact,
the
this
feasibility
and
sustainability of extending
the
system nationwide.
with
whether
in rural
Backed
these
the
objectives,
the
chief
areas.
characteristics,
ETP
model
would
Initial
encompass were:
Stages
focus of the MoT, through the Rural
The
initial
Tourism
Scheme was on
developing tourism-
rural culture
based
skills
community
utilisation
Empowerment
of
was going
to
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
the
built
infrastructure
for
them?
It
It
communities
having
understanding
lack the skills
Further,
culture
for
which
tourist
could
control of tourism,
often
to
become an experience
benefit the
the
and
resources
to
link
tourism.
institution
if
strengthening would
be
ETP was
(in
initiated first at
31
important
to those
Anegundi
most
the
circuit sites
were added
the
ETP,
tourism
infrastructure
developed
was
by
supplemented
building
and
complemented
to tourism. This
local
&
strengthening
Out of the 36
sites,
(like
institutions to
control,
providingopportunitiestoimplementingagencies
to build their capacities,
These
sites
UNDP
specialists
who could
materials,
institution
building,
in
implementing the
The
criteria
adopted by
UNDP
for selection
of the
the
MoT conducted
secondary
Prior
experience
of
social
community
and
of
sites
for
mobilisation
rural tourism.
On
and narrowing
down
in
these
the
60
were introduced
increase
to different
models
in
of tourism
At sites,
villages so
as to
for
theconsultantstookthehelpofthe DC.
places
employment
In
opportunities
follow-up
of to
where the DC
to
didn't
the
community.
the
the
-
conference,
teams
consultants
officials
architects, conservationists,
and
from
UNDP were
certain
constituted.
The teams
to
visited
implementation
in
Lachen
- the
Dzumsa,
the
DCs
as
having
local
potential,
initiate
Kumbalangi
- the Panchayat).
discussions
with
communities
as
to
like to
agency, an agreement
was signed
MoT
5.
ETP sites in the country: Pochampally, SriKalahasti, (Andhra Pradesh), Durgapur, Sualkuchi (Assam), Nepura (Bihar), Chitrakote, Naggarnar (Chattisgarh), Hodka (Gujarat), Jyotisar (Haryana), Naggar (Himachal Pradesh), Banvasi, Anegundi (Karnataka), Aranmula, Kumbalanghi, Kalady, Anakkara (Kerala), Chaugan, Pranpur (Madhya Pradesh), Sulibhanjan (Maharashtra), Pipli, Raghurajpur (Orissa), Rajasansi (Punjab), Neemrana, Samode, Haldighati (Rajasthan), Lachen (Sikkim), Karaikudi, Kazugumala, Kombai, Thadiyankudisai, (Tamilnadu), Kamlasagar (Tripura), Mana, Jageshwar, (Uttarakhand), Bhaguvala (Uttar Pradesh), Ballabhpur Danga, Mukutmanipur (West Bengal).
INTRODUCTION
to of
come up with
activities
in
related
budgets
area to
totalling
totalling
20 lakhs and
DC
of the
usual
mode were
at the
(for
lists
-the willingness to
District
level
in
change
guidelines
rate
terms of
infrastructure,
construction) to
local
KMVS,
to
DHAN, was
flexibility
and
community consultations.
be a significant departure
to
A two-day
orientation
workshop
was then
shift
was community
According to the
amount
of time
and
effort
conceived as a
was
in
to
be spent
in
approaching
idea
to
it
of learning.
The
was
to
implement
A number
of the
identified, to
take up activities
activities
have the
change and
to incorporate
diversions.
According to
on marketing.
broad principles
controlled.
like
Approach to Implementation
The approach and almost
of the
We didn't how we should proceed. It was only from the review meetings that we proceeded further.
Every review meeting would
try to
Prema Gera, Head, we had were community owned and have any structure as to
radical.
we were
looking at
community then we
level".
moved on
to
experiences.TheETPprojectdesigninmanyways
has been a
projects
total shift
- mainly additional
components
infrastructure-centric
It
and infrastructure-heavy.
is
ambitious,
and placing
tourism.
order to genuinely
facilitate,
this
many key decisions were taken in the way the ETP was administered. Key among these was
the idea of the focal point being the District
Collector instead
of the
MoT
at the centre,
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Review Process
Background
This project 'Sustainability
in
tool
for
Tourism - a Rural
Review'
makers
of
rural
Tourism
Model:
Documentation and
to
document
in
New
Delhi
in
we presented
Issues
in
team.
a.
Tourism' at the
in
Institute
of
Rural
September 2006.
implementing
Review Team
of
agencies,
some members of
with
This
of
team
the
identified sites-
the
village
tourism
(Chattisgarh),
committees
in
and
local
community
ETP.
Hodka
(Gujarat),
Naggar
involved
EQUATIONS then submitted a proposal to UNDP to document and review the ETP. EQUATIONS felt that this was an essential step to be undertaken before
implementing the
the close of the project
in
Chaugan
(Orissa),
(Madhya
Pradesh),
Raghurajpur
Neemrana
(Rajasthan),
Lachen
(Sikkim)
&
Karaikudi (Tamilnadu).
2008 as
tourism
the ETP
to
Members
of the
Review Team:
Associated
with
Anuradha
Pati:
Oxfam,
up and replicate
rural
in
the
Gujarat, as a
programme
officer,
worked
UNNATI-
as a senior project
officer with
learning
and
re-strategising
space
for
the
local
concerned
Ahmedabad
Ecological
and
with
Foundation
for
communities
their
attempts to implement
in
Security.
Areas of expertise:
the future.
and
project
management.
Objectives
To
critically
Samar
Bosu
Mullick:
Coordinator
of
Jharkhand
(Jharkhand
Jungle
Bachhao
Aandolan
endeavours on
rural
tourism
in India.
Systematic
of
Forest
Workers
the
through
written
visual
(documentary
report
and
media (review
development and
sustainability.
and
dossier).
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
EQUATIONS:
Gaur.
Aditi
framework
to collect information on
all
36
sites
Areas
of
tourism
officials
from
sustainability
and impacts.
to the ETP.
indicator matrix
was
Filming
team
Chandrashekar Reddy, a
in
then analysed.
Mumbai was
is
cycle, different
Based
script,
on
specific
requirements such
as
implementing the
10
sites
were
UNDP's 15
are
in
marketing as they
life
Advisory
team
of
The
advisory
to
group
overall
cycle,
sites.
comprised
direction
experts
give
and guidance
to the project.
This
also
chose two
by local
non-ETP sites
that are
initiatives
communities or
for the study.
It
Members
of the Advisory
Team
was
felt
this
would
help
bring
in
about
products,
cross-learning
ways and
initiatives
approaches
rural
of
and systems
of Art, Design
India,
privileging
the end-user
tourism.
non-ETP
(West
chosen had
of
were
strong
Sunderbans
focus
Choti
Bengal)
& Technology
in
Bangalore,
and
his
on
community-private
corporate, activist
and academic
sectors.
partnership
in
and
Haldwani
tourism
was
part
in
Nina Rao:
the
field of
community-based
it
project
Has
written extensively
2001-2004 and
ongoing
long
was
felt
on tourism
policy, planning,
sociology and
ventures
the
aspect
could
of
anthropology of tourism,
issues issues
critical
wildlife tourism,
term
explored.
sustainability
also
factors
of
in
indigenous
peoples,
gender
be
However
linked
to
the
and frameworks
different
Rao
is
for Jawaharlal
Milia
Islamia University,
New
Delhi
at the Institute
K V
Raju:
Academic
of Rural
Management Anand,
Gujarat and
an advisor on
II.
institution building.
Selection of Sites
36
sites,
was
REVIEW PROCESS
The table
lists
the 10 ETP sites chosen for review and the agencies responsible for implementing the
infrastructure (hardware)
plan.
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
III.
Environmental
Concerns:
issues
of
Criteria
adopted
for
the
selection
waste
of the
of the sites
management,
-
sanitation
facilities,
conservation and
a.
management
Geographical
Connectivity,
environment
Interpretation
Location,
Resources,
Centre:
Presence
its
of
Infrastructural Facilities
Interpretation Centre
and
services
b.
as shops
Panchayats /
performances by
Implementing
Agency:
NGO
Other
Infrastructural
internal
Facilities:
in
Solar
new livelihood optionsforthe local community guides, local cuisine, handicrafts and
Livelihood Options: development of
lightings,
roads
the village
Management
Issues
Approach and
in
Village Tourism
Committees: Whether
its
IV.
Before
commencement
sites
of field of
visits
to the
film
members,
in
participation, decision
selected
the
team
of
reviewers,
making
project
advisory team
and
for
EQUATIONS met
with other
to
This
was
also shared
members
of the advisory
team and
&
craft/
Tourism
Infrastructure Development, Capacity building
c.
Marketing Strategy
marketing
Whether the
not?
site
is
&
c.
Synergies
Justice,
How has the site being promoted, what are the means of promotion and positioning of the site? What is
ready for
or
Social
Community
Engagement,
Women and
d. Institutions
e.
Conflicts
and
Institution Building
and
in
marketing of the
Project
Management
as
rural
sites in
Data Collection
Primary Data
business plans?
d.
At
each
site
Infrastructure
Development (Hardware)
identified
Facility:
and
2).
held
with
them
review
Accommodation
whether the
or
not,
(Annexure
the
process,
the
realised
that
while
it
meeting the
critical to
central/
was as
home
stays
vernacular architecture
is
Livelihood Options:
the infrastructure
who were
conflicts/ disruptions in
10
REVIEW PROCESS
by them
help
in
in
and positions
efforts
into
team a background
of
were made
analysis.
visits
attempts were
made
if it
to
quarterly program
made
at
possible to
1-2
meet them
in
received
from
the
implementing
who
the
agencies.
classified as:
some tourism
vision
Implementation agencies
Village Tourism
documentfortourism, charters,
UNDP
Committee (VTC)
Village
Panchayat,
Development
the
some conceptual documents and MoT shared the circulars and minutes of the
Committees
District
Collector /
officers
Magistrate,
Block
Development
Timeframe
-
State Tourism
Board
Chhattisgarh
The timeframe
within 5 months.
for the
overall
project
was 8
for infrastructure
development work
it
in
Chitrakote before
- Jagdalpur)
was
given to the
DC
Women,
and the
As a part
Youth,
local
of the
Marginalised
groups
dates
community
institutions
were
sought from
the
implementing
Members
theatre, etc
of
formed
visit to
various groups
the
Ministry of Tourism
and with
The schedule
below:
of field visits
undertaken
is
given
MoT
how
Round 1
08):
Field Visit
Chitrakote,
Chougan, Neemrana,
in
relation to policy
UNDP
Poverty
Unit),
John
Round 1
Field Visit
Raghurajpur,
Sunderbans,
and Lachen
Round 1
and
Delhi
Field Visit
3 (30th Mar
- 9th
&
Round 2
- 19th -
Field Visit
All
11th May
b.
Secondary Data
site,
& 24th
Anand,
Chitrakote,
Hodka,
Delhi, Karaikudi,
Durgapur and
Raghurajpur.
11
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Chapter Outline
The members
broad
"responsible"
project
of the review
team members had limited time between the field visits and report writing. Thus time for reflection and detailed discussions to capture the learnings and experiences of the project
review
interconnect
the reviewers.
for the review report
was limited. Also while two days were sufficient at most sites we visited, in some places like Karaikudi and Hodka the team felt that more interaction time was required. A key stakeholder in this project is the touristfrom whom the team was unable to get many inputs.
While
detailed below:
Tourism
Context
and
many
in in
been receiving
Development
Section 3.2 - Tourism Product, Infrastructure
tourists
is still
the past, the contribution of the ETP the nascent stage and therefore the
has been
limited.
and Development
Chapter 5 Chapter 6
Institution Building
language
Banavasi
skills to
engage
directly, in Karaikudi,
- Capacity Building
and
Durgapur
we
relied
on
the
implementing agencies
In
for translations.
with
putting the
report
annual Dzumsa
consultation where
was in regard to the voluminous primary and secondary data that the team needed to analyse. Due to constraints of time, we were unable to do complete transcriptions and therefore adopted the approach of listening to the audios and working with key, relevant information. The possibility that some information was not captured or not
Another
challenge
interpreted accurately remains.
from MoT,
UNDP and
possible.
12
Main Menu
TOURISM
3 - Tourism
and
people-centred
tourism.
This
and learnings
in
in
community
and tourism.
The core
for the
criteria
for the
firstly
selection
its
of a
site
ETP were
that
focus should
i.e.
essentially be on the
endogenous
'tourism
environment and
knowledge).
wildlife, skills
and indigenous
proximity
to
Secondly to
tourist circuit
have
an existing
it
so as to draw from
activity.
and
to
spread tourism
This
was
seen
to contribute also to
minimize reliance
already
in
(access
to
roads,
power,
water supply,
that
etc). Fourthly,
is
there
interest
and
the
endogenous tourism 1 Another key criteria was also the availability of appropriate support
of
.
structures
(NGOs, CBOs
&
willing
district
administration)
Baani Craft, Hodka
1.
These
criteria
Programme
Project
Document
of the
Government
of India,
UNDP
officials.
13
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
In
the opinion
of the
selection criteria
for success.
and process
critical
factor
diluted
and
evident.
The actual
a
process
of
site
selection
followed
more
simultaneously
fulfilled
the basic
criteria. In
it
seems
criteria
add two more as non-negotiable/ core - the interest and willingness of the DC to and the competence and
in
Tribal culture,
Chougan, Source
NIWCYD
make
felt
knew little about tourism, gauging the interest and capacity of the local community to engage
in
assessing
feasible.
was not
really
developed
help
in
and
the community to
make an "informed
choice"
what kind
of
of processes,
the community
was
divided / fragmented on
lines of religion,
caste, class,
3\
Chettlnad Mansion, Karalkudl
TOURISM
needed
health,
to water,
cultural
to
be addressed
poverty, education,
indebtedness, sanitation
and access
of
and
sensitivities
the
of
community,
this
these and
other questions
nature must be discussed and debated amongst the community, with the process being
facilitated by
DC
before a site
of this nature.
The reason
is
do
this
ground work
is
Streets of Lachen
before selection
facilitated to
it
that
firstly,
the community
becomes the
no
when
certain basic
can be argued
through
convergence
with
other
schemes. However
of the project,
this will
Durgapur as
ETP was
...
inappropriate.
a migrated village
internal cohesion
is
very less.
is
good
to
do a weaving/
craft
development
there
Chita rkote falls
seem
for
to
each
The
site either
has at
its
core
A tourism
was worked on
circuit,
and developed, or
There
or
is
It
is
pie.
at two sites
(Chougan
and
15
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
TOURISM
river
In
Durgapur,
when
funds
the
first
tranche
by
of
parks, boating,
infrastructure
were
released
the
to
in
DC,
build
and decided
to
are interested
crafts.
in
an entrance gateway
the village
the
RCC
(reinforced
cement concrete)
style
community
of construction. This,
living in
the majestic
community
is
Chettinad mansions
like
is
would be
was the
in
opinion of a
NEST while speaking on the marketing efforts says, "... we also have had some interaction with Government of Assam, some tourist operators came and they said they
tour operator! Tassaduk,
member from
clean toilet
visit.
do not want
after they
their tourists to
come
to
the village
facility is
the places of
saw
the Gate".
to
led
about
tourists'
expectations.
This
craft
workshops. The
of the view
community
have always
in
Hodka were
initially
may
like
lived in
we go
the
to
the cities
concrete building.
structures, but when we look forward to living in a So we should treat our guests
like to
mud
be treated ourselves".
infrastructure
the
project)
Engagement
of the
of
agency,
KMVS
initiated a discussion
historical, social
and
Managing
Director,
Hunnarshala,
involved
skills
in
some
in
cases,
thoughts,
limitations
and
expectations
Hodka
In
in
Gujarat and
Raghurajpur
Orissa
to a conclusion.
briefly
"When we
demonstrated
Durgapur
in
Hodka we
discussed what
Assam,
in
spite of skilled
weavers
come - the baseline and what they like. When we sat with the community with whom we have a long
the resort could be -
why
like
bamboo
artisans, the
tourists
community
nature
live
engage with tourism was very slow as the is not very entrepreneurial and by
a slow-paced
life.
sceptical
because from
their
In
Chitrakote, Banavasi,
to
own
set
communicating the
tourism
for the
community
to
engage
with.
17
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
The
approach
of
Dhan
in
Foundation,
the
implementing agency
different.
is
willing to
accept
tourists.
of the tourists,
willing
building
of the
economic capacities
the question
to
make
acknowledge community
needs and
them more self reliant before they engaged more directly with tourism.
The extent
of
of
is
extremely
critical to facilitate
Asfarasthe question
determines whether
it
hoped that
of the
in all
lies in
the
easy
in
hands
community.
them
in hospitality,
accommodation
In
needs
of the
community
However
in
it
vis-a-vis
is
the tourist
and
vice versa.
not an either or
is
which there
a discussion
and Marketing
This
section
addresses
product, the
aspects
related
to
pricing (perceived
the tourism
infrastructure
links
to tourism and
will
and
compete
Imaging
within the
is
bounds
of the market.
place.
what
It
exists
The Tourism Product: Creating an Experience - Unique Selling Proposition (USP), Imaging, Competitive Advantage and
Tourist Profiles
aesthetics.
includes aspects of
The
put
politics of
in,
The USP
is
what
attracts
and
is
unique to the
what gets
out - resulting
in
human
or capital resources
result of
all
it
Key factors
for
it
in
relation
'consumption' and
slowly
when
hardened
that
moves
is
(including
authenticity),
quality of service
negotiable' - which
often a process
and
facilities,
18
TOURISM
Each
of the
sites
distinct with
respect to
tourism products
Raghurajpur
offered
its
unique
crafts
and
crafts
engaged
in
were the
painting.
'karigar
of tribal
culture
remains
of
several
monuments
and
Handmade
oil
extracting
and stone
flouring
methods are
in
Gonds.
Chitrakote offered an experience of tribal culture,
heritage.
the backdrop of
Ruins of the
village,
practise
led)
has also
led to
palm
from
leaf crafts
its
and Attangudi
tile
making, apart
heritage mansions.
is
Naggar
number
of
Traditional
Homes, Chitrakote
and
river rafting.
Stone
carving,
wood
carving,
artistic
wood works
ft
level
in
weaving
19
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Even simple
Lachen Monastery
Lord
Stepwell (Baawri)
Neemrana
20
TOURISM
The table below explains the idea of the key tourism attractions in terms of the USP, the existing resources the site had and what was created or developed as part of the project in order to strengthen or more sharply define the USP and build competitive advantage.
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Thus "what
question.
is
the attraction"
In
some
sites the
We
have discussed
home
accommodation package on the section on facilities. However the idea of a home stay in some
of the destinations
and
In
in
some
others not as
the USP.
stay
home
as an option,
aspect
is
Developing appropriate
facilities,
keeping
in
is
an example
building clear
and
hygiene)
can
also
have
an
additional
about
their
USP and
it.
community and
list
or vice-versa.
When
Hunnar-
Director,
team
and
between success
is
built
form
is
some-
tourists
competitive advantage
is
over here.
sense
ity
of value for
it
of sanitation
experience tourism
a rural scenario
all
these
aspects
view.
will
be
critical
down and
back
of
talk to
to
Many
of
they go
mud
is
not
it
be basic
an
has
tions
impermanent
lot
potential
and modern
that
applica-
However
it
that
we need
learn
from
these
need
to create
an environment that
rurality
in
help him
to create
rural areas".
/her experience
to identify or
Sites that
work
to
the
USP tended
what the
many examples
of the
built
lack
of
synergy
build-
between infrastructure
ing
point.
and capacity
programmes conducted
In
and recommended,
it
is
not
was diluted and economic sustainability lost. Neemrana is one such example - it did have
the potential given
its
proximity to the
Fort
may ask the question - can/should there be rural tourism at all? Much more thought needs to then be put in as to how one sees, builds on,
and creates opportunities
ence 'authentic'
physical that
rural
in
the
life in
It
a way that
it
trans-
is
attract
but
it
is
ment around
frustration
and
22
TOURISM
Arvind
Hodka
in
their
and intanand processes, and gains in perceived value and meaningfulness if strung together in a coherent and imaginative way.
rience comprises various tangible
and so
individual
make-up and
disposition
counts as
nal stimuli.
tion
much
An
individual's
make-up and
Tourist profiles
How
is
presented to
how
it
ensure success
MoT,
agencies had an
happened
most cases.
Ways of describing a tourist are closely linked to the USP and how one defines the tourism product.
It
is critical
to
profile,
and
verify-
who
actually
comes) and
many
of the sites
saw
is
it
important to
in
distin-
Tourism
activity,
Naggar
general and
the
manner
in
project could
ist arrivals.
in
tourist inflow
because
yet
of the ETP.
Most
of the sites
have not
been able
(those
who
are sensitive,
who
will
who will
Hotel built by the Public
or
has to
offer.
numbers of
23
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
of those tourists
would
be interested
with the
community and
To bring about
life.
and be able to attract both types is a balancing act and a challenge. It is this aspect
into all activities, keepin
Community members in Lachen said "Tourists come and stay for one or two nights and then they go trekking. They do not go into the village and they have no interaction with the villagers. The village people are busy with their own work
thus they have no time to discuss with tourists."
Another question
is
framework
of the project.
for
out' tourists
Most
sites
to narrow
was a
tool
developed by
UNDP
tourist
was attempted
and timeshares
is
much evidence
and
of
experience design
busi-
members demand
adherence
selves.
to certain
commenced
is
with the
tourists,
project
yet to
in
see
that
is
less explored
is
in
the ETP
Hodka has
crucial to
arrivals
How
tourists could
in
become
active partici-
the stage
number
season.
of tourists that
In
2006
they
likely to
actively
expanding
tourism product,
is
also
from those
those
visiting
the
*.
t 1
they
now
room
to
demands
for that
segment.
survey for
profile
most places
will try
and
have
little
organised data
made as
in
TOURISM
development of tourism.
In
rural
areas
development issues. In a service oriented industry like tourism where provision of services depends to a large extent on the availability of infrastructure, the lack of appropriate infrastructure can prove to be a bottle neck, depending of course on what the tourist is looking for. However, in most sites the attempt was at ensuring the basic levels of infrastructure. As explained in the introductory chapter, the ETP assumed the availability of basic infrastructure in each of the sites (which was not always the case), and aimed to enhance some infrastructure with direct links to tourism particularly accommodation. It was assumed that identifying and providing key infrastructure would enable the kick starting of
tourism
in
these
in
sites.
Infrastructure
the ETP
fell
into three
broad
tourist
Toilet,
tourism
(accommodation,
/
restaurants,
centres),
second those geared to overall village development and indirectly benefiting tourism (toilets, pavements, footpaths, street lighting). There was a third component which is the purchase of certain
information
interpretation
Lachen
assets
like
MoT
Rural Tourism
Scheme
Improvement of the surroundings of the village. This would include activities like landscaping, development of parks, fencing, compound wall
etc.
Improvements
limits.
Panchayat
Restaurant, Raghurajpur
Illumination
in
the
village.
in
Providing
for
improvement
solid
waste
Procurement
Eco-friendly
of
equipments
directly related to
modes
of transport for
moving
Refurbishment
(66:33 basis, Signage.
Other
i.e.
of
the
of
Monuments.
CFA
66%)
Landscaping, Raghurajpur
Reception Centres.
work/activities
directly
related
to tourism.
Tourist
Accommodation.
25
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Durgapur
give a
sense
and
in
linked to overall
in
TOURISM
Places
(Time of
visit
by
Review team)
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
In
accommodation
Hodka the
ism focus.
While
It
community
of
members recognised
number
of
the
criticality
as
infra-
to justify
why a
rooms were
offered.
facilities
government schemes
development.
Roads, renovations of monuments, old buildings - are large budget items. As the cap on
infrastructure
structures
the view of
rely
on improvising
and
art forms.
and tourism
potential.
versus
concrete"
debate /
Accommodation:
At
There
is
not
the
accommodation facilities have been a key component to plan for in the infrastructure work plan. The nature of
most
sites,
villagers
sis
is
as to why there
want
to
to
which
locally
stay
materials were
used, technological
skill
and
use of
ties
materials,
opportuni-
knowledge, kind of
facilities
and
rationality of
to
economy as a whole
is
not
A fair number of sites have opted for centralised accommodation (to build an accommodation unit in the village to be managed by the
community),
SandipVirmani
aspect
in
of
famous
some
in
relying
on the homestays
Neemrana was
any accom-
a sense of pride
tion
construc-
an exception modation
the
that
it
them safe
an earthquake prone
it
region.
They
was the
circular form
budget hotels
the
village).
Many
dation
of the
ETP
accommois still
in
concrete or
in
facility or
In
even
if it
is in
place,
nonis
another discussion that started. The temperatures range from very hot
is
functional.
and very
Mud
to
because
of a dispute
In
Chitrakote,
was
make
and
it
much
yet to begin.
maintenance
and
this led to
many
innovative
creative solutions.
has recently
still
need
to organise
them-
Lachen & Neemrana are already estabhowever the commuthe ETP are not linked to and do
maintain
it,
and develop
it
further.
28
TOURISM
This
is
far
is
more
or
is
mud
concerned. The
are available
in build-
of building
in
is
a myth that
tenance and
Also
in India
mud structure
there are so
do.
many ecosystems, and therefore so many communities, so many building methodologies and so many materials. But
unfortunately over the last 40-50 years there
Shaam-e-Sarhad Resort, Hodka
fixation
on concrete,
steel,
to uniformise the
idioms to
this".
In
Naggar the
use
wood as perthe Government policy and therefore building in wood which is the traditional vernacular style was not an option. It was because of this they decided on RCC construction but plan
to
make
the facade
in
the vernacular
style.
Rabjor
Lachenpa,
said,
Pipon
(Head of Dzumsa),
are getting fond of
village
Gram
Kutir,
Raghurajpur
Lachen
"Villagers
to construct
the house
Dzumsa cannot
We
it".
The preference
plea of cutting
on the
for
The
issue
was
of
during
the
construction
in
the
resort
Shaam-e-Sarhad
with the
community and
it
after convincing
and
the vernacular
Chitrakote
it
the
is
civil
the
PWD
is
is
ment,
oppressive
waterfall.
is
The use
usually
in
teristics of that
29
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
definition of 'pucca'
Home
been propagated as
In
The idea
have worked
with
home
it
stays
was
central to the
in
relation
to
sites
that
accommodation strategy
the locations and
attention on
its
or concept
many
of
centralised
ple
would do well
for us to
focus
may
strategic value
and
effective-
one can
decentralize the
bene-
in
community
future
which
key elements:
1.
much more
with the
2.
community at the various stages of the infrastructure conceptualisation and project implementation, as this would give the communities
the capacity to understand and influence the
3. Eating with
4.
Spaces
for interaction
to plot
of the
sites
TOURISM
Homestay, Lachen
Accommodation being one of the revenue generating models there is a need to think through this aspect carefully. Pricing - in most places was very reasonable, expect Karaikudi (the
Chettinad mansions cater to the high end tourists with pricing starting
In
much each one should charge. In Lachen it was Rs 250/ for a double room. In the case
-
of
centralised
accommodation,
at Rs
Raghurajpur
300
(double) / Rs
400
from Rs4000/-a
for a
night).
and Hodka a double room ranged from Rs 2000/- (tents) to Rs 3200/- (bhungas). In Chougan there
pricing
ing
is
Naggar,
to
it
double
tourit
some understanding
facilities. In
of uniform
room
home
stay leaves
to decide
to
homestay
homestays
how
Homestay, Chougan
Homestay, Naggar
31
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
In
There
rupees
is
provision
of
providing
one lakh
for
who opted
for
each
of
the
person
chosen
home
to
same
system of
to
construct
two
individually
Lachen and
houses,
will
Karaikudi
which
have traditional
home
stay
itself
as a
before anyone
home stay.
Families
to.
home
stay.
Naggar a
assistance
scheme
of
only
10 were
owners
er
to build a
what resulted
real
is
became
mini-lodg-
es and not
the
home
One potter One Vaidh (Local doctor) One farmer (he has been
agriculturist for the
trained by an
members
is
of the
community
will
offer
home
stays
complex. The
home
if
Few artisans
not yet decided
Tariff:
The
nity
social
was "poor people cannot take the loan because the interest rate is very high, how can they repay it" It was left to the community to come forward
and
all
taken up.
is a space of close interand guest. The process by which the community is given the time and space
Home
stay
to debate,
home
stays has
useful
to
varied. In
based on need.
The
the
example
criteria
of
Chitrakote
stays
lists
more orthodox villages, members were not comfortable with homestays. In Neemrana, community members said that homestays were
not an option as the poor
in
for
home
which
were
transparently developed.
the
is
community members
in front
if
said, "This
women do
not
In
speak or come
Home
to stay
who do
not want
in
such an atmosphere
the village.
We
have
also
taken
home
stay:
question as a special
a)
b)
some some
the gap
in
accommodation
However
in
in
the
c)
own
social, cultural
and
32
TOURISM
work or work
in
difficult to
way
tion
in
the village,
interac-
community
infrastructure
building
ous
institutional process.
What
is
chosen
for
seems
and
to
centrally
managed
facilities.
is
It
is
important
and preference
recognized.
Connectivity
Connectivity has been an important criterion
taken
into
for
was almost pre-decided and the little say in it. In many places the infrastructure plan was already made. Infrastructure development was often taken up much before the commencement of the capacity building programme making it very difficult for integration when the implementing agencies came in and began work. In some cases it was executed as two isolated projects resulting not only in huge loss of funds, but, more imporconstruction
tantly,
better
known
tourist destination
which was to
developmental planning.
to
move away
far
vital
components
of
connectivity
critical
becomes
will
more
While
the
infrastructure
development and
that a
into
more thought
then need
to
go
designing the
'attraction'.
mentary
to
each
other,
20 minutes between
full
of
and Banavasi (18 kms), the road is potholes. A tourist's feeback "for
place
there
is
this
beautiful
for
real
"a
need
tourism
final
experience
not
only
about
the
management in most of the places. There is not a single site where it is without some hitch. In Karaikudi the community did not even know where the money was spent. In Raghurajpur INTACH
decided what to
build. In
Durgapur, the
district
the
first
In
and
Lachen, the
Baawri
33
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
and dug up wells that bore little or no water. The check dam was built in a place where the rainwater does not flow. Chougan's bus stand and incomplete tourist lodge stand
testimony to the bureaucratic sabotage of an
innovative endeavour of the people.
So
Baawri,
far
in
the
name
of
infrastructure
Neemrana
Stand' with
entities.
dams
with no water to
of
top officers of
UNDP
in
Management
The
Fort
management backed out from a written agreement with the District Administration on the plan
to construct a road that
its
would be
built partly
on
for
The purpose
is
of
land.
not
was introduced when one third of the construction was over incurring an expenditure of about Rs.40000 from the projvillagers. This condition
was being used as a storeroom to stack cement bags that have already been spoiled. The repair of Madhiyaji, the Gond place of worship, is often
(when the review team
visited the site)
it
ect budget.
istration to
The decision
spend
Rs.
of the district
admin-
cited
as the success
story.
5 lakhs
to the
known
come up does
of
It
its rightful
owner, a poor
possession.
money to
invested
Gond.
in
other words, an
illegal
&
the shops
plinth of the
incomplete
to the
kotwar of the
and renovated a
beautiful structure as
a tourism attraction.
Forthe renovation of the beautiful butdilapidated Baawri Rs.13.55 lakhs has already been spent
out of the sanctioned
amount
of Rs.17.20 lakhs.
The work
is still
It
nobody
to stop
it;
broken
all
is
monument
considered as this
is
Bus Stand
& The
34
TOURISM
village. His
him by the
village
was tempocommunity
He was in a sense forced to enter into an oral agreement to give up possession of the land in lieu of a payment of Rs. 500 per month. Thirdly, the construction work was under taken
without taking the villagers into confidence.
When
dam
started the
people objected to
not right as there
was
Madhiyaji, the
was no
Gond place
of worship
but nobody
the villagers were not consulted. Nobody knows the accounts of the expenses
Fourthly, the
in
the village.
position
is
that there
is
not enough
The bureaucracy
nient to
building
is
conve-
divorce
infrastructure from
capacity
in
the
and the
is
same
seen
built interpretation
centre
made up
is
of concrete stands
amidst thatched
in
the village
of
Examples
misuse,
Room
in
property are
clarity
damaged many and there seems to be no on who should be held responsible for
plinth level
35
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Engaging communities
This brings
empowerment through
the
this
when
it
it
becomes
meant.
of
whom
in
is
Neemrana the community members were asked, "How do you plan to sell the products?" They answered "We want to develop our own
In
Community engagement
design -
the
process
marketing channel.
We
coming
to
if
how was
it
taken,
we
it)
has been
come
many instances
(e.g Raghurajpur,
Neemarana,
When
coming
"Yes,
this
questioned
to the fort
further
"So,
only
tourists
Karaikudi, Chougan).
but
we
If
the village
so
beautiful environment,
was hoped
in
that the
in
dirty
way
is
so how
the tourists
come
principle
for
it.
That was to
community
rather poignant.
Some
The
the
lack
of
of the sites
adopt
which basically
is
to poor co-ordination.
the
initial
phases of
preceded
it
earned
project
the
infrastructure
activities (like
accommoda-
way
was
felt
many cases
it
of
it
will
However
other
it
is
not
about one
go to
but
the
synergy
one
this
needs
can be
to find
made
Business Plans
is
to give
50%
temple
to project volumes,
committee,
village
who
turn
will
In
manage some
VTC
will
investment
in
development work.
Chitrakote, the
for the
of tourism
conspicuous by
There has
area
plans to keep
50%
of their
income
main-
near absence
in
almost
all sites.
50%
been a recent
observed that
Panchayat,
it
and approaches
in in
Center
Centres
to
in
develin
the
form of lantana
36
TOURISM
to
activities).
What
is
perhaps has
of our artisans
and
how much
is
retained by the
VTC
varies from
place to place.
In
is
factors
and spaces
traditions.
is
famous
for
of 'the
In
new
and
their leather,
such a case
is
3%
into the
goes
rest
to the resort
and
2%
goes
to the artisan.
is
3%
of the profit
from
which
to appreciate, preserve
for its
and support
the resort
to the Panchayat.
for
The remaining
art
and
skill
own sake.
money
of the
is
used
employed people
and
trying
to
keep
vigour.
The marketing at Hodka was taken step wise and adopted a three pronged approach - marketing
the concept of endogenous tourism, marketdeveloppric-
product/service
Sarhad
resort. In first
and promotion.
It
the resort
its
match
was disseminated by emails to friends and network partners of KMVS. For the next season, i.e., December 2005 to April 2006, they decided to go about the process more systematically. A designer was asked to support in preparing a website, a brochure
Efforts
site
and series
of posters.
were made
to get
the project,
in
into the
marketing aspects
the
site
well in-flight
one
year.
We have had
series of platforms
to
show case
internais
and the
development which
in
Source
KMVS
even now
sites,
in
a nascent stage
the existing
36
should be
importance,
counting colours
in
kachchh
some kind of inputs on what is the consumer expectations, what are the quality aspects that they must take into account".
but need
While
is
certainly
viability perspective,
about
how such a
tions
in
project can
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Almost
all
come up
with their
and
amongst
their officers.
and
Hodka
music
'It
Panchayat
festivals
came forward
well
to organize folk
as benefited 30-
own brochures and UNDP has developed the www.exploreruralindia.org website and Rural Tourism brochures. Chougan put up a stall in the Kanha National Park during the New Year festival, where they distributed pamphlets and
brochures to the
visitors.
However
this
has not
35
Notwithstanding
for
word
of
mouth
In
Karaikudi,
they
have
developed
promo-
most
tourist arrivals at
tional
government
ing
to
introduce
Karaikudi
manages the
Resort,
but
on important tourist
circuits.
The implementtravel
relied on.
club,
Madurai and
Banavasi has
come up
with brochures,
its
CDs and
biodi-
a website promoting
crafts, cuisine,
and
traditions.
They
print
site.
and
electronic
also
agents
tourist
is still
all
in
modation at the
for
sites like
is in
workshops, etc
tourist will
the pipeline.
Which
the
site,
for e.g in
contacting
R K
UNDP admits
that this
marketing
is
not
going
to
in is
the market-
2.
As mentioned
in
the a presentation to
UNDP on
Ltfrr^*'
Promotional materials
-
"-
' -
*-
&
Chitrakote
TOURISM
in
the village.
There
is
in
attract-
We have
prises
in
also an opportunity to
the village.
We have
hired resources,
in
it.
who
will
help
in
marketing and
will
work
in
is
the
beginning to
field with
we
tourism,
it
is
an
exter-
tourism,
may be important
to dwell
more on
inform
we need
to
will
make
it it
a harsh self
this project.
critique
of marketing the
ETP
sites
is
that
it
is
these
strat-
- but
about commu-
egies
is
potentially be,
who
to
The rather
business
that sense
it
is
also very
plans,
and
marketing
aspects
is
weak implementation
difficulty of
of tourist
engag-
home
commercial
like
viability of
the project
and
that
aspect seems to
groups
agency,
UNDP and
in
not
Such an
visited
prioritized or
competencies
is
and the
visibility will
make up
on offer
lack of
sound business
plans.
would match.
In
Subhash Jain, District Collector of Mandla, asked, "Who knows Chougan exists? It is irresponsible on part of the planners
to raise
tourist
the
when asked
"We should
put
in
"How do you
them to receive the tourists and then make them wait that tourists will come and bring prosperity with them. Where will the tourist come from? They should have been
hopes of people,
train
Kolkata.
our
village".
and then More people should know about While this was not off the mark in
like
advertisement
and pamphlets." In such a case it is evident that the DC sees himself as "outside" the project.
It
empower themselves
like
the identity
it
is
what way
would
be attempted
of the project,
this
these
sites.
The philosophy
firm
with others.
how a marketing
-
is
it
was
would
website
developed
MoT does
It
community
to
aspect of tourism
educate
more than just the product or the view but actually be willing to experience and be impacted and even a little changed by that experience. This provided a chance to try and transform the
nature of tourism - from
its
on attracting them.
mass consumptive
39
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
the
critical
Perhaps
lofty
ideals -
but
in
the opinion of
is
one
of
for
bamboo
within
Given that
initial
in
at the
stages
is difficult
to decisively
members
in
talk
earlier years)
can do
point to a trend
about what may happen if that trend continued. The section focuses on economic, socio-cultural
employment
clear.
in
their
own
of this
Economic Impacts
The key indicators
increase
in
In
Karaikudi,
home
to
the famous
artisans
Chettiar
of the
community,
the
local
are
is
seeking
call
employment,
income
levels,
no
on
not need
has
become
Employment
livelihoods
All
common
generation
&
Alternative
other
communities
Foundation
the
reviewed
sites
show a
potential
of
DHAN
due
However
migration
of
youth
if
they found
adequate
increase
in
employment
by.
employment
that
or
because
of the
ETP
is
hard to
come
its
Also given
in
early stages
to
most
sites,
it
judge direct
confirmed.
employment.
In
DHAN
community members claimed
initiation
Foundation
in
Karaikudi
had
this
to
some
sites
we have
to
that
since the
of
the
project
the
provided
employment
is
opportunities
the
number of villagers migrating to cities in search of employment has reduced. In Chougan, the
baseline survey of the implementing agency
number. Though,
it
some
opt for
it
full
time. Ten
unemployed youths,
got
full
claims 160
104 families migrated in the year 2003-04, 11 families (10.8%) for labour work to Jabalpur & Narsingpur, 83
of
members
especially the
women have
time job
in
families
(79.81
of
migrants)
migrated to
40
TOURISM
support
to
have
all
reported increases
in
income because
We have
guides,
In
five in
number".
dependent only on
In
tourist arrivals.
of apple, strawberries
activity.
to
and cherries
the primary
The
arrival
and other
harvesting season
i.e.
May
to
October. Thus
grown pineapples.
In last
two
women have
each
organized
as a
is
livelihood opportunity in
timing
1500-3000 rupees
for
person
in
the
Neemrana
this
has
not
worked.
The
However
this
is
now
as a project of alternative
livelihood.
tourist
have not
livelihood
moment we have no buyers Now a days even procuring the mud has become so expensive. Earlier we were made to pay tax for one gaadi
potter states, "At this
for the
products we produced.
does not
(vehicle load) of
factories
dependency on tourism
allows
for
is
in the village and they started consuming the mud available in the village. The amount of mud they consumed in one month we
have come up
expanding the
sources
earnings
in
take the
mud from
now
it
has
Chougan the
become so expansive
In
we cannot buy
is
that."
fetching income
summary
it
seems there
considerable
Lantana
craft,
the dance
etc
potential for
groups,
wood
carving,
honey
collection
in
actuality
most
of
them are
arrivals
is
Banavasi tourist
in
phenomenon
the village
advantage
tourism
it
is
necessary
but
for
development
not
sufficient
as
41
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
and
social
in
the
home
like
some
asset
destination. Typically,
development the
residents
rich
and powerful
or
non-
visitors.
become
Places
like
Naggar,
Banavasi,
Neemrana,
Whenever there is direct participation through employment of the weaker sections, this
society.
is
central accommodation/interpretation
them
be completed.
the
was evident
Neemrana,
to
In
Naggar
business
analysis
of
the
become
and
Rs 12,27,250/- (as
is
could contribute
Sep
07).
It
is
on
economic growth.
In
some
places the
into actual
Banavasi reports
rise in
income by 30-
40%
over
pointed out
ETR
Besides,
Where
it
worked was
places
like
Chougan,
craft got
newer
activities
have the
ability to
generate 30-
40%
additional
documents claim that over the years and by the end of 3rd year of the project, more than 50% of income in the
Their secondary information
village will
these claims
project has tried to include the marginalized
not evident.
in
The community
the water
fall
visit
and poor
to a certain extent.
However
is
it
is
whether a
us about the
it
coming
to
can
out "Tourism
is
How can we
expect
of the world to
spending and they are becoming So the villagers should come forward and build their own shops to make money and
tourists are
richer.
livelihood."
If we want the tourist to stay with the villagers and pay for this, then we must also provide him
In
that
due
some
in
per month
Rs 3,043 (per month) in 2002 to Rs 3,746 3 in 2006' There has also been a
.
dramatic increase
in
6080
2001
3.
in
4.
Op
cite
42
TOURISM
that
apart from
handicraft
being the
villagers,
main
tourism
The quantum
here
is
mean
in real
terms
for the
economic impact.
Dhan Foundation through skill building programmes has helped income of women artisans increase and has also provided market linkage support. One of the primary producer
groups (PPG)
-
cuisine
made
products
In
Rs.
31000/-
till
date.
activities
have earned an
income
of
2007,
whereas the
laundry, travel
(salaries,
etc) for
electricity,
and transport
to
the period
of October
06
Expenses
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Some
come
in
are also
is
in
evident.
down from
the
fort.
There
if
is
no interaction
became
active
government takes
not be
in
their culture,
will
"now
now
tourism
will
will
hands
we have
to
realized that so
many people
come
be taken on the
off places,
round
will
trip
then definitely
come to us also.
will
one
we are unique and special", said the young members of VTC. The ETP has
will
as they
goods on
supply
Speakingabout competition
in
their
more than the demand in this village so whoever is contacted goes. Often the other
person lowers
instead of
to
its
someone
else (which
is
beneficial
On the one hand there was a sense of renewed pride, while on the other a fear and a guarded approach to tourism. The idea of tourists, staying with them, becoming part of their everyday lives
could have an impact as these are
in
form a union".
a certain
In
interactions'.
Hodka
some
A desirable
traditions.
They
clearly did
local culture
and The
for
come
to their village
Chougan
is
and
stay,
as the
felt
in
women
lived in
parda. Secondly
they also
agency
National
dressed
shorts. Thirdly
in
consuming alcohol
and so they
didn't
Women,
in
Child
was forbidden
want the
expose
their
their society
visitors to
alcohol
and
become
like
younger generation to
this habit.
interest
in
in
the
in
traditions
and
culture
the
villages
through creating
demand
Traditional
welcome, Chougan
44
TOURISM
In
Raghurajpur
'Pattichitra'
which
art
is
one
of the
The chapter on
Justice
oldest and
most popular
forms of Orissa
was facing dwindling popularity. By introducing new designs this trend is now being reversed.
Revival of old
Empowerment, Social how the ETP has engaged with and impacted the broader developmental questions of empowerment,
Equity,
dance forms
(like
Gotipua), music
equity
and
social justice
of
women and
the
forms
(folk
marginalized.
November 2006 alerts is that due to the infusion of Government and multinational funds to develop the village, the villagers have become
of
One
has been
complacent
is
and
dependent.
While
tourism
rural
demand
there
is
of the
need
for cleanliness
and hygiene
of their
produce more
This leads
of
what
will
sell
in
the market.
surroundings.
them to shortcuts like the use of chemical dyes and fabric colours instead of the time consuming traditional colours. The report
also says that the attitudes of the people of
of
management
at
most
sites visited.
in
was
particularly of crisis
proportions
make
and undercut so
often feel cheated
that
the
tourists
Raghurajpur consists of 25
members was
and leave
disillusioned
and
campaign
to
educate the
about the
has
led to
Increased
consumption
of
is
water,
fuel
and
electricity linked to
tourism
but
in
some
With
tourism
coming
that
in,
the
risk
of
is
One hopes
community
control
will
avert this
inevitable
impact,
but as of
now
phenomenon,
on the issue
In
in
most
sites.
about negative
Small children
it.
But their
IE
hampered. Knowledge
of the drugs
and
plastics
is
coming
to the
village
with
the
tourists
important.
45
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
to
be
felt.
falling with
fort.
Seeds
sown.
and they
litter
environment protection
involved children
in
against the
litter
and
the waterfall.
village
and generated
initiative of
an issue. A welcome
the ETP
is
NGO based
6
sites currently
chosen
on zero-waste are Naggar, Lachen, Chougan, Nepura, Pranpur and Pochampally. While
are informed by
we
UNDP and
the implementing
pilot projects
have
been
initiated
level
at
ground
own
initiative is
Dzumsa plans to initially conduct mass awareness campaign on garbage management followed by a cleaning campaign
In
Lachen, the
in
Zero waste project to start at Lachen
When implementing
about garbage
appoint
to
agency talked
labour. "But
-. ,
to the villagers
need
some
they'll
in
waste or burn
However as part
need
to
have
environmental
Chougan
46
TOURISM
In
felt
that waste
was
not
its
develop
people's
charter
on
sustainable
is
low,
it
is
guidelines.
waste
manure
involving local
that
it
initiates
"top-down".
at
community
In
necessary.
collect the
all
In
Hodka they
the
dirt.
it
Earlier
it
be very
dirty,
but
now
is
smoking
food,
in
tents,
cleaner.
We
communal
box,
etc.
In
Karaikudi,
We banned
the
washing of vehicles
throw
lot
litter in
in
the area
the area.
other instruments.
that.
We
and
We
also
them
to protect
the fishes.
While a
lot of
waste
burnt which
again a source of
them responsible
environment
is
cleanliness of the
it
requires
sustainable solutions.
The and
information
that
we have
put
across
The community
has very
one
is
Do's and Don't sign put outside the Madhiyaji Temple, Chougan
new
to tourism
and therefore
is
their limited
facilities
understanding of tourism
to
the
in
community.
The community
turn
to.
takes
be handled
of plastics
local
community, usage
to
tourism but
be
strictly
prohibited, prostitution
prohibited,
any
awareness too
is strictly
be
limited.
Mechanisms
All
to
assess
and
mitigate
its
tourism impacts
sites
UNDP
to
While
to
have gone
into
47
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
working on these,
until
or
mechanism
in
of
communicating
this
because
Do and Don'ts. An incident that supports this was experienced by the review team while
visiting
in
will
one
and while
it
is
part of the
needs
to
community needs
when
member
of the
committee came up
makes them
What was heartening was that the community was able to express this and not feel bogged down by the fact that 'we were the tourists
paying for the
facilities'.
being a mechanical
them
identity.
Most
will
space that
in
writing then
in
be the function
if
of this
its
centre
will
be.
It
these
their
their closest
officials
in
model
which
is
the
own
histories
in
creative
and
spaces
profiles
What they may have missed out (maybe because it is more difficult to face) is that the exercise of evolving a charter is much less about 'external authority' and much more about the authority that comes from within through
the articulation of one's
identity. In Chitrakote,
assessment
spaces.
Basic
information
technology based
facilities
manned
bookings
and printed
pamphlets there
is
no system
48
Main Menu
EQUITY,
Equity,
UiUlN
in
the context of
its
development objectives.
to
It
social justice
and
equity,
community
the
partici-
pation
ability of
the
ers.
been understood properly by all the stakeholdWe understand this as a livelihood project
but the
look at
community
DC or any other in
it
the hierarchy
development
also
of conflicts
living in
and tensions
a rural context
the course of
for
and
and working
tures,
change
in
in
existing
power
struc-
the
as
well
as
We cannot have
and
different directions
in
The ETP
is
many ways
in
paradigm
the
in
Unit,
"UNDP got
reduction
program
for poverty
the country.
It
therefore
each
level
and that
all
empow-
common
ect.
vision
and understanding
er community
and help
in
poverty reduction.
The
project involved a
number
of stakeholders
Women are specially focused on. We are looking at the poorer among the women too. Ministry of Tourism is interested in tourism whereas UNDP
has a different approach".
There has also been a
difficulty
- MoT,
tions,
UNDP, Panchayats,
District Administra-
to
some
faced by the
in
implementation.
comprehend this project as tourism an area new to most of them. The understanding on the
-
reduces
was observed
in
and
metaphor
of the
The awareness
communities at
blind
most
of the sites
was
largely circumscribed by
and what
it
was aiming
to
49
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
(SC),
and
edge
level of
sites the
out of
it,
of the project. At
many sites, when we asked whom the project was for, a response that often came was that
'the project
is
of
While a tourism
it
(Rural Tourism
in India:
project
is
seems as
if
the
was
development
articu-
opment are
to
be devised
lated or they
aspect
ETP
in
most
sites
A key stakeholder in this process has been the DC, who is the link between MoT, UNDP and the implementing agencies. However with the
frequent transfers of the DC, the continuity
often broken,
to
is
goal
in
significant
ways (notwithstanding
not expected to ensure).
this
is
and
it
possible
ETP
is
of rural tourism-
is
linked to the
mainstream
is
depen-
produced a
to
film that
However,
it
processes.
It
devel-
human,
crafts.
in
opment planning
is
aims at shar-
and on
need
human
poverty and
It
new
is,
social
and
institutional
arrangements.
It
was
power structure
chooses
of the village
new power
surrender
however
it
to
and empowerment
of marginalized
groups
quo power
structure, the
were key
to these objectives.
ETP
inputs, both
funds and
skill, will
benefit the
The ETP
rural
is
essentially conceived as a
In
means
to
development.
not trickle
down
auto-
to the vast
segments
of the
project
of livelihood, basic
of
human
empowerment
of
disadvantaged sections of
social
change
is
that
in
women, youth
of
them have
really
taken
50
EQUITY,
off in
objectives of tourism
is
and
in
a long way to go
in
and unlearning
in
critical
it
analysis of the
in
terms of
gating
seen as
The only
the
homogenous, but it is a fact that there are some people in each community who barely manage
to
and expectations
people and
initi-
For
them
to
to
mon
see funds,
institutional
happen between
"a
and development"
level
is
a dilemma at
An analysis
of
who have
not been
involved
the
up to the implementing
and
in
seems
to
lie
a discrim-
The objective
manner (during a meeting they were asked to sit away and served food separately).
of the
We
in
women and
what
arts
nity
is
makes the
i.e.,
by the
project focus on
men towards
the participation of
is
women
in
involved
their 'own',
and
commu(flora
women,
largely
or private
land,
natural
resources
to
note-
of the area.
The
has
is
tried
reaching out to
women
to
keep them
clip-
their 'due',
generated by tour-
getting
ism
has a
making about
bution, on the
its
creation
and equitable
distri-
right to protect
their 'own',
on the other.
in
We examine some
justice
of the project
can be seen
aspects of
empowerment
In
of
and youth.
of tourism
we have attempted
of social justice
In
dimensions
ing
exists
it
can
really
is
important to
we have looked
in.
women
keep
in
rience the
cultural
diversity
of
our country.
utilized or
However,
ETP,
especially,
has
an
immense
for the
potential of
opening up an opportunity
51
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
deeper
spirit
and
finer notes of
to
do the
ally
women
their artistic
answer was
kept out the
women were
respect
among the
of
Empowerment
The
Project
Women
of the
it.
Document
clear
of
empowerment
of
In
Banavasi, the
women
of the
in
SHG
complain
women. According to Prema Gera, Head, Poverty Unit, "UNDP got into this tourism program for poverty reduction and community empowerment, to see whether the processes can empower community, women become a very strong element. Community can involve many, but we are looking at the poorer amongst those, the marginalized and also women". UNDP has been
emphasizing that atleast half the participants
in
NGO
partner,
in
organizing
the Pineapple mela and for printing a booklet on the recipe of pineapple-based dishes. The mela
some money.
In
the
VGPAS
3
women
in
women
the
in
women does
nity
commu-
tribal
in
was asked
community
Karaikudi.
tion
Chitrakote,
Chougan
and
and
Women
places
had
average
representaNaggar),
at
it
two
(Banavasi
would
be
in
better
position
to
represent
of
was completely male dominated at Raghurajpur, Hodka and Lachen. In some sites such as Neemrana and Durgapur we cannot
while
the
members
assess
this
as
yet,
as the project
is still
in
its
had a chance
they
let
that pass.
Heritage
village
tourism
completely devoid
of
women were
conspicuously absent
women's group
in
in
the
is
not represented
the RHTC.
in
The
the presence
women
contrib-
many
in
the
The women do
men
52
EQUITY,
tution
is
and functioning
particiis
reported to
Butki Bai.
She belongs
tribal
to the
have 3-4
left
women members
is
initially.
But they
group
of the social
taboo on
this project
women. women.
because
of the
the
SC hamlet, the
deal with,
many instances she has had to she has come to become a strong and
women
enjoy freedom to a
still
determined person.
Interesting, but not surprising
not liberal
enough
to
of
one
of the
Neemrana
of the
is
tion of
work,
ities -
men in Chougan about the participawomen! 'Women are very busy with daily household work and the agricultural activthey do not get
activities.
much
time to participate
empowerment
that direction.
In
ly
moved
in
in in
these
have
to
to
go
Chitrakote, however,
in
wood
in
cook.
women
are
in
the posi-
agricultural
tion
leadership
in
the implementation of
made
to
summer
in
the consti-
months of and mahua. They extract the oil from the flower of the mahua, they have to take care of the elders and the children of the house too, thus they hardly have any time left for the VTC membership". Notwithcollect in the four
and they
partici-
to
be
well organized
the income-generating
programmes.
In
Durgapurthe participation
of
women
in train-
programmes was well registered. Since the programmes have not yet started making income, the empowerment of women is yet to be seen in tangible economic terms.
ing
In
women
in
decision
to
governing institution
is in
in
the case of
it
all
other sites
is
not
an option here as
53
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Dzumsa
women
is
low.
and youth
In
in
is
found
Karaikudi,
majority
of
project
worked with
the
idea
of
in
Chitrakote.
women
artisans,
into
women's empowerment focused on economic empowerment. "Kalanjiam community banking programme would work with these crafts people and would ensure their empowerment and would find the means for increased earning
capacity.
is
a huge tree,
The
women would be
programme
them.
it
When
the bats
fly
out, they
fill
sary
skill
building
is
a threat
livelihood".
to their habitation
if
and
will
In
partici-
pation
decision making
we have examined
in
this
tell the tourist about and dissuade them from such actions.
women
in
The members
of the
VTC
the
village. This is
making
it
is
critical
that the
In
women must
is
be ensured, the
rights to education
their
members,
essentially
happening
is
The children
deprive
and engagement
in
women
should
also be ensured
in
of their
leisure.
fundamental
rights to
Most
of the children in
relation
to
that
When
of a
women have
it
is
secondary school
it
in
the
move away from the stereotyping the areas of women's participation and creating a space for new challenges. A very hopeful example of this is Neemrana where women have been trained
as guides.
But on enquiry
in
was found
that there
was one
ing that to
ensure the
rights of a child
was
not
initiate
community was
The
Project
purview of
clear
such as INTACH,
not
seem
to
empowerment and impact assessment on mainstreaming gender. Given the central importance
that this issue
is
given
in
seems
that the
gender mainstreaming
it
involved mostly
cultural
guide training.
In
Chougan the
It
must be recognized
critical,
group
is
this
then the
to
was
for
difficult to
judge
may have
be
would be important
differently.
54
EQUITY,
interventions
with
youth
that
as
migration,
members
of
employment are
significantly. Also
issues
impact
them
in
software-implementing
role in
agency,
Saathi,
ensuring participation
as giving them
tourism
will
A conscious
has been
in
made
to involve
all
and a
Ownership
In
of
the
tourism
project
Community Engagement
understanding the factors that lead to
local
even
if
Along with
there
is
women
members cared
sub-committees. These
about and were committed to its success. The team also looked at their participation and involvement in activities and roles linked to the
project.
being
in
jeopardy.
fall
and The
feeling of ownership
its
among
the
commu-
The Eco-police
of
responsibility
nity is very
are
cooperate. The
missing
in
the youth
among the tourists to members of the VTC especially (suraksha brigade) are now taking
(fruit
eating flying
to the trees
own
it
this,
come back
and
for
them
to
nurture
it.
around the
fall
some
snakes
like
Common
Krait,
actually alienates
put
in
some
of their
away and
if
there
is
corruption,
it.
people do not
if
make a
Whereas
for
local
money is
this is
raised,
it
even
is
if it is
big
money
When
done, they
will
will start
voicing their
concerns, they
Chitrakote
mobilizing
presents
successful
effort
in
of the
community
ownership
of the site.
The
with
Members of the Suraksha
addressed the
issue
of
social
justice
Brigade, Chitrakote
55
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
to the protective
The sense
of regaining the
river
Samooh
the kurukhs,
and honey
one
go.
VTC has
positions
the lake.
of
the Baigas,
in
who
be "cleanest" among
have been
prac-
the people to
make
encouraged
tice of
to
expand
their traditional
honey
collection.
its
chance
in
Chou-
seems
to
the project
holistically.
adopted
for
the formation
make
maxi-
at least an
element
of inclusiveness. to
mum
tees
The
in
participation of
women
is
the sub-commit-
involve
many
is
commendable.
tourism. The
community
A number of sub-committees have been formed and required trainings for skill formation have been given. The result has been extremely good. Out of 1300 odd population of the village 300
-
gaining interest
tourism.
KMVS
as a
venture
to
400 persons
members
of
personal commitment
village
promoting
and
culture'.
The success
praiseworthy.
enough job opportunities future through tourism to stop tree felling and
was formed
by the
each of the 12 wards (hamlets). Sham-e-Sharhad has emerged as a good example of social
capital of the
ful
The formation of the farmers group (krishak samooh of 80-90 people) and the training
provided to the
business venture.
members
is
another remark-
ing substantial
ment
to the
it
by themselves
and increase
also
would
though
ing
still
of the
implement-
have a value
Besides,
agency
56
EQUITY,
AND DEVELOPMENT
women
in
a range
of roles
in
SHGs
or Kallanjam
as they
call
it.
But
it
is
found
that the
members do
a hurry.
or asset creation,
goal.
debt redempobligations.
Karaikudi
represents
the
dilemma
that
tion,
and
to
meet
social
may
not always be
Education
rarely the
reason
to
objectives
equally
The
of the
Ideologically
effective
its is
Dhan seems
be committed and
village of
in
Chettinad
the
attention
of
the
Dhan Foundation members). The hardware money of the ETP has also
reported by the
it
certainly focused on
been
spent
really
here.
But
this
huge spending
has benefited
been able
to include the
it
has not
process of social
change
is
VTC
is
comprised
and
toilet
class backgrounds.
It
is
in
such
is
a context those
who
added value to the place as a tourist spot. But absence of a space of interaction between the community and the tourist defeats the
community
the the Bangala
benefit
objective.
in
also
The owners
lot
of
and
in
stabilized.
Chettiar
in
Mansion
Kanadukattan and
by providing
Karaikudi earn a
The ETP
nity
"home
stay" facilities
and
more
given
given
tourists,
The shop
products.
infrastructure
later
development and
development
INTACH.
then
much
to the artisans
infrastructure
and
capacity
same
to
implementing agency,
large extent
INTACH
projis in
ect
in
place-
artisans
of
has
the
Karaikudi,
it
has
been
done,
and
the
construction
mobilization
and
amphitheatre,
the
lodge
is is
information
centre
is
formation
among
women.
in
and
the
tourist
cum
restaurant
terms
in
it
is difficult
what
missing
the sense of
under the
its
ownership
among
the
community. This
has
this with
other
as INTACH
rarely
local
pursued
consulted
collaborated
their
with
the
seems
income
community on
result the
needs,
preferences
skills.
or
profit.
Dhan
As a
community
of craftsmen
and women
57
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
is
still
of the middleto
the
a
out to
be
the
slip
make
disguise.
This
community
out
of
market of
their
hands completely.
of
jpur
were purchased.
the
tour
now
for
lack
of
information
tourists to
operators
take
it
the
to
be
the
implementing
agency
in
to
formally
a way built a
sense
of higher
The case
picture.
of
Neemrana
Banavasi seems
successful
if
effort
of
one
is
to
efforts
women and
the
arti-
is
imporproject
to
formation and
and The
from
that
perspective.
is
temple
committee
which
terms of
income
is
to
Panchayat
village
of the
actually
owns the
in
project at the
moment.
Every-
tourist lodge
cum
most
been
that
of the infrastructure
built
it
is
the
women
of the
temple commit-
district administration,
Committee.
50%
is
of the
income would go
to the
management
of the
Neemrana
and
the sarpanch of the village for the utter failure of the project. They feel cheated because the time
they spent and the consequent
This
any
site of
wage
loss that
needs
to
be explored.
they suffered with the hope of income augmentation for the family
far.
businessman member
responsibility
in
Some
of
them admit
is
received
of the construction.
emerged as the
real beneficiary of
the
half-baked project.
May 2006 and was completed in January 2007. Both materials and labour was brought from outside the village. Thus there was no participation of the local people.
The ETP
village
at Durgapur
is still
in
its
infancy.
The
community has gone through ups and of owning the project due to internal conflicts and tensions, The implementing agen-
BAIF coming
project
This,
in
as the
NGO
partner of the
downs
cy
was resented by an
in
aspiring local
resulted
NGO.
in
it
politics,
NEST feels that the break in the project of 6 months which was a result of a fight that broke out between the elite of the community and
One
denied
58
EQUITY,
any knowledge
he was
trip
essentially a social
and economic
intervention,
and
their
Some
not
paid
craft
to
him
as
honorarium.
women
expressed
simmering or underlying
which exist anyway, and
a project
like this is
conflicts
and tensions
come
to the fore
when
Naggar
is
still
struggling
with
ownership by
in
its
membership.
that
the
of
project
its
deliberately
of
a village, which
is
introduces as
part
agenda
social
ETP are
Even though a
lot
of
in
Naggar
conceptualising
this
by
MoT
is
and
the
the temple.
to
be underestimated
in
rural society.
and
untouchability
then think
a meeting
we
in
all
No development
activity,
threats,
deference
by the
rich.
development
is
is
for all".
visible
and some
others
In
in
ment
of
in
Village
Economy
(SAVE),
the
NGO
partner
everybody
was brought down as a result of conflict. In Chougan the construction is on land which is owned by someone who has not been compensated and there is no documentation. In Neemrana,workwasstoppedbytheFortmanagementwhentheroad required land. In Banavasithe arrangementamongstthe committees is unclear.
In
home
and support
home
stays are
in
weavers
Haat, the
SC community
received training
in
is
DHAN.
In
Raghurajpur the
dance groups.
It
registered as the
community
divided on the
is
ambiguity
We
focus on the
without consideration of
investment.
willing to
ability to
make such an
creation of
institutions
ETP should be
make
VTC and
is
59
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
down as
a result of conflict
series of
skill
formation
it
was
started.
The major
conflict
the
commu-
site,
Execution of the
own' stirred a
in
money
moment members
of the software
was to sell handicrafts and food to the tourists and thereby promote the products of the craftsmen and women trained under the project and local cuisine also promoted under it. The panchyat and the local administration
jointly
party which
was
refused. There
where
It
was a system
tourists
from the
also
by
the
Panchayat.
entrusted
with
The
the
of the
Deputy
collec-
Sarpanch,
tion.
was
of
government
(najul)
land.
All
vested
interest
On report
embezzlement
demolished
the
consultation
with
was
in
men
sent to
administration.
tion put tion
On the face
of a strong opposi-
'to
keep
date no action
soon after
60
EQUITY,
the
the Sarpanch
ly
it
is
largely controlled by
socially
It
and economical-
a powerful person.
is
alleged that he
was
very involved
in
the people and did not write down the resolution of the
It
is
do so
is
that the
The
people
who
are
involved
in
oppos-
VTC
In
is
Gram Panchayat.
ing the
common
divid-
Durgapur, the
DC
constituted a committee
community.
for
ETP by forming
members engaged
It
was a
These members
constructed
woman
representa-
the
tourists
lodges
by
the
building
The work started much before the capacprogramme saw the light of the day.
Tourism
Board,
and
instead
sending them
Chhattisgarh
Saathi
is
Tourism
with
the
RCC
construction.
The common
villagers
understandable.
in
Saathi
to
members
the
DC
support-
do not subscribe
concrete
structure
principle
huge
is
the
Tourism
Board
of the
NGO
partner
NEST
in
bank
fall
trees
and
plants.
It
also
registered
its
was
and plan
The new DC
called for
legendary
anthropologist
with
in
Verrier
Elwin,
Padma Bhusan
by the
democratically.
The meeting
out
to
this
purpose
turned
be
nasty
of
battleground
between the
members
villagers.
the
common
NEST
Neemrana the process adopted for the formation of the VTC is questioned by the Sarpanch. He blames the implementing agency, SOHARD for not taking the Gram Panchayat into confidence. He also questions the method of
In
members were mishandled and one of them was badly assaulted by a member of the committee. However, the new committee was formed and the construction work was stopped under the instruction of the MoTand UNDP.
In
all
is
made
to
keep
harmony without rocking the boat, one wonders how long this can continue. As a community member observed "Conflict will emerge at a later point when the commusections
in
nity
to
challenge
they
is
own agenda
in
making
it
moment
As the
common
villagers, especially
the weakin
are miniscule
er sections
participate
no issue of
conflict.
There
is
a possibility, once
61
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
to
have
mighty
Chettinad
stays
owners
will
may
Home
also
The success
largely on
of the
ETP, therefore,
depends
participation
of
the
village
even
questioning)
the
roles
the
different
A review
the
NGO
of
and the
is
village tourism
in
development committee,
delivery
crucial
be
indicator.
Any process
of social
change
bound
to upset
natural outcome.
this front
or supported
implementing agencies
62
Main Menu
Institution Building
INSTITUTION BUILDING
Institution Building
This
section
on
institution
building
focuses
Formation
Committees
All
of the Village
Tourism
sites
Committee (VTC)
that
exit
the
ETP
infrastructure
project has
building.
later
The focus on
came
in
of
how synergies
could
relation to the
management
activity.
of tourism in the
future.
The process
was
a
2006 through
as a strategy
is
encouraged
to build institutions
for
who
a body of
the
an urge
for
such an
institution
when they
their
designed for
purpose.
It
is
debatable
such
as,
and marginalised,
Processes involved
in
institution building
space
to challenge existing to
common
with
vision, to
weak.
Some implementing
is
-
agencies involved
alignment with an
institution building
believe this
an
to
method
to the
involves
lot
of consultations
identify
the
the
stakeholders
the
key
participants
facilitate the
and
opinion
leaders
and
vision.
work towards a
common
however,
in in
space
the the
common purpose
forms
the
decision
making process.
Everybody
beneficial
for
everyone
village, irrespective of
63
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
has the
which
right to
know the
What
their
is
is
understanding of
what
in
level,
manner such
to
However
it
is
and
decisions that
start
of
All
them
slowly - each
from existing
powerful
ETP would
dominate.
their
villagers
and women
will
the functioning of
so varied at each
site,
it
is
very
difficult to
point to
one universal
project.
institutional
Neemrana,
SOHARD,
the
implementing
involve
all
agency,
trying to
Tourism
Committee,
which
is
the
coordinating,
monitoring
group
and
then
of
all
political
According
"in
to
Niranjan
various
sub-committees,
comprising
elite
are scared of
local
villagers
loosing their
dominance
in
with
becoming stakeholders
Panchayat
then there
is
the project.
Gram
if
the VTC
okay;
it
is
appointed the
(livelihoods)
Producers Group
c.
Members
the committee
and
no use of
its
existence.
We
wish
management
group.
end up becoming one more institution for the dominant people in the village to test and showcase their powers. We need to handover the project to the
that the tourism committee should not
villagers".
It
is
face of
of the village.
may well be under the control of the power elites In some cases the implementing
failed to confront the issue.
It
agency has
is
not a matter of mere convenience to either accommodate the powerful people in the VTC
or put
it
or traditional
council,
It
which
is
often
a powerful institution.
is
a strategic issue,
which
is
often
Chougan and
The choice
of the
implementing agency
is critical.
INSTITUTION BUILDING
All
people
who members
panchayat,
executive
officers,
if
artisans
present) and
community comprising
of both
genders
(irrespective of literacy).
Members of Village Tourism Committee, Durgapur
Within
the
they
have
the
village
elders
(Chougan, Durgapur).
brought
input
in
intellectuals
direction).
give
strategic
and
they
that
have
been
adopted
the
that
have
of
tried
involve
within
built
the
is
where
constitution
the
institutions
Gram Panchayat, at times also to head the VTC - e.g in Chitrakote and Raghurajpur. This may work in favour of the VTC, as by involving the Panchayat members
of the
members
Chitrakote
if
1 year, then
some
have
they
are
keeping
project.
the
It
panchayat
informed
about the
the buy
before
In
in
it
in'
even
owned
is
benefits
relation
the
participation
built,
in
of
women
we
is
the
institutions
the
VTCs
e.g.
in
most
saw,
fair
there
are
very few
of
where there
(for
-
a
in
representation
women
the
Chitrakote of the
29 members
being
11 women
highest,
in in In
protection of the
in
and
18
men,
this
community and
and use
of
individual interests
case of
5 are
women and
malpractice or fraud.
Many cases
related to land
money
to
the
sub-committees,
to
attempts
groups.
fail
basic precautions.
have
Often
to
been
play
made
a
role
have
mixed
implementing
agencies
and
of
perpetuate
the
only
mind
is in
stereo
typical
In
role
women
generated
is
as
around
licensing, taxation.
The
SDM
directed
it
homemakers.
the
figures
Naggar e.g
while presenting
in
down as
was
on
income
the the
not registered, did not have a license and had not paid taxes to the State Government. The
intervention of the
same
as
from
family
facility,
who
the
providing
homestay
women
1200/-
are per
portrayed
DC and
ensuring that
all
earning
food
Rs
month
served
statutory compliances
and
refreshments
and the
income
of
is
men
from room
65
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Roles
&
Responsibilities
of role
will
The understanding
and
seems
like
in
the project.
how
Some committees
like
in
Banavasi,
Hodka,
been formed
into
sub-groups
Banavasi the
role
fairly
independent
it
and
responsibility of
VTC
include:
their functioning.
Waste management
However when
still
comes
to
Home
artists
the VTCs,
stay
management
many
are
the
withdrawal
the
DC for fund
have
implementing agency.
release
While
Hodka
they
made
areas
smaller
like
Rules
&
Regulations
committees have formed some sort
in
committees- one
of
to overlook
is
it
food
Many
of the
what
the
is
being cooked,
to the satisfaction
of rules
and regulations
customer,
work,
the
third
second
to
leepai
for
and
the
mirror
the
arrange
distributed,
as well as
some
With
regard
of the
to
the
general
rules,
while
rules
most
and
regulations,
informal.
sub-committees
are
more
On land
In
constructed
private
and no compensation
In
the case of
Fort
management
land
for
their
writing
that they
in
the
village).
Hodka
to start work,
1/3
rd
of the
road was
donate
land,
their
the
word.
Fort
process
of
continuous
really
They
conditionalities
dialogue.
larger
Raghurajpur no one
of
had a
vis-a-vis
the road
sense
what
their role
and
responsibility
people, the
Fort will
decide
Fort
of
it
we spoke to the member of the crafts group or to a member of the hospitality group. Until now they have not been handling
was, whether
will
right
all
convert
what
should
have
been
common
tourists
any of the
1 or 2
activities related to
movement
of people
and
construct). There
was the
once they
village.
in
Close to
built
the half
66
INSTITUTION BUILDING
A meeting held on 28/8/05, between UNDP, the Fort management and the MoT
road.
constitution of the
criteria for
be,
to
what
will
be the
it,
be brought
etc.
resulted
in
money
In
have
to the
community
to
choose
its
(The Fort
management
members (Hodka,
Naggar, Banavasi).
membership
sites.
In
money should be
and keeping
is
it
trend
clearly
found
in
some
was taken for the half constructed road and the money spent or the management of the Fort asked to pay up to compensate the community for their loss.
responsibility
In
VTC suggested
that
would
have
to
anybody wanting
wishes to
join
that
if
someone
he
will
been
cautious
and
go to
line;
pay the
accumulated
it
membership
perpetuates
10%
was
clearly a suggestion
it
came from
dominance
the community,
of
that unit.
the
existing
members
afford
to
and
pay
Income and its distribution: At each site there has been some thought on a certain percentage
of the
especially
those
who cannot
to hear
income that
will
be share of revenue
activities
such a statement.
as
in
contrast,
The VTC
poor
&
Raghurajpur,
to allow
certain
percentage to
members
community and
A
of
point of caution
is
money
In
to
the
It
implementing
agencies
within
it
the
VTC.
is
more
is
these amounts and have also started giving lowinterest loans to the
in
functional
not a permanent
member
of the
committee
present
key
also influences,
benefiting from
but invited
in
in
an advisory
holding a
principle
role or is
tourism
activities
individuals
and groups
There are
position.
By
key
of
post within
the
two aspects to
body/ other
is in
it,
one
is in
terms of monetary
committee the
community
take
to
informed
The
implementing
participate
agencies
in
must
the
initial
definitely
on the
and guide
stages,
related work.
when the
initiative
the VTC
VTC and
starts
understanding,
taking
decisions.
attention.
Most
of
the
At a
given
in
point of time,
it
when the
project
members
who
is
begins
a village,
is
what should
the
composition
and
67
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
person
is
participate.
We must
also keep
in
in
mind, that
an area where a
into by
lot of effort
and energy
almost
the
in
all
has gone
first
may be present
is
possible that
participation.
So
it
the future.
more members are put in place in order to put in some checks and balances so that the village committee does not become the
and
de facto private enterprise of some people.
Parallel institutions
According to R K
UNDP
"It
was the
agencies
responsibility
to facilitate
of
the
implementing
The question
independent
to
if
an
fail
exits."
institution
appendage
is
still
existing
one
being
is
debated
the
are
ETP
circles.
When
in
very
difficult
multiple
to
institutions
functioning
defined
clarity
amongst
the
light
them on overlapping jurisdiction and sharing of tasks and responsibilities. Prof Raju suggests,
"the
commonly
dynamics,
held
vision
clarity,
positive
social
listed
under
the basic requirements of strong institutions,
it
them
for.
encourage
including
for the
Panchayat
to
in
is
seen as a harsh
is
as
institution building
collection
from
tourists etc.
We
change
strong and
as an
level
is
all
one but
where tourism
more
being developed.
is
another complex
away
- that
is
powers
it
to tax
is
these
of values, people's institutions for
managing and
built in at
roles." This
may have to be
most
sites.
is
whether separate
are necessary?
This
is
because
most
of these
is
very
difficult to
is
not
interests
will tell.
should
be
attempted.
session, Lachen
Main Menu
Capacity Building
CAPACITY BUILDING
6 - Capacity Building
The idea
conducted
by
UNDP have
also
helped
the
agenda
into
Scheme was
build
to help the
community
to
Ontheonehandforsomeimplementingagencies
the
and
were
for
be created,
use.
MoU
modified,
renovated
their
The
listing
aspects
survey, studies,
workshops
&
UNDP would
programmes and
better.
turn,
would
UNDP
Role
Insome cases there was clarity this was listed accordingly group formation and management, awareness on environment and cleanliness for school children and residents, health, sanitation and herbal medical preparation, training and
related materials.
exposure,
training
of
guides,
skill
interpretation
Gender and
HIV,
in
Participatory Planning,
centre/information
centre,
up gradation
Management
and new
skill
entrepreneurship
development
programme,
lastly
one on Business
initial
research
/PRA
flexibility to
change these
The implementation agencies played a key role in building the capacity of community members by
conductingtrainingon varied issues -awareness,
tourism linked
livelihood
skills
specific
and
livelihood, alternative
and
institutional
management. The
into five
broad categories
Awareness
issues
on
tourism
and
development
exercise
was
and
c.
Tourism linked
skills
and
livelihood
the
requirements
in
d.
the Terms
e. Institutional
management
implementing
organisations
skills to
the
extent possible,
relation to tourism
theysought
programmes
69
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
In
meeting the
with these
Lachen
this step
to
have
we work
developed
has actually
created,
and
the
Strategy
about awareness
the
in
fair
conducted
on
bringing
for participation of
PRA was an important and strategic intervention. Many organisations have through this exercise fine-tuned their programmes, become much more aware of opportunities and constraints, realised that the engagement needed to be
phased
out,
stakeholders,
non-stakeholder,
to
engage
with the
community.
UNDP
was
later
4).
worked upon
survey (Annexure
the words of R K
A few implementing agencies have also used the awareness building programmes as a form of engagement with community, addressing issues that concerns them (INTACH on family planning and health for women, exposure visit by Saathi to Kondagoan from where the implementingagency
has been working). Also while the need
"entry point
is
for
an
(capacity
building
programs) which
not debatable,
it
is
bit
unclear
why
they
was chosen as
to
may as
well
understanding gender
dynamics
inputs
b.
etc.
UNDP
engagement
with the
PRA
exercise,
INTACH
in
more
issues
Two common awareness programs conducted at most places have been exposure visits to popular tourist locations and on waste management. The
other
programmes have
of
programmes
AIDS,
safe
on
Impacts
Tourism,
HIV
&
Gender issue
Fishes and
capacity building
Bird,
programmes on Legal
Wildlife conservation.
aid,
Exposure
well,
most cases have been done and the choice of sites have been generally
visits in
useful
and contributed
later
to perspectives, learning
and application
PRA
exercises
in
as a process of capturing
session, Chougan,
Source NIWCYD
70
CAPACITY BUILDING
the learnings
Members who were taken on an exposure visittoRajasthan, Durgapur) However there have also been some instances when funds have been inappropriately utilised. When the team from Lachen chose to
was put
in
place, (photo
go to Leh
a
lot of
for
an exposure
visit -
it
home. A
against.
methodology
Source BAIF
gender composition
out for the exposure
regarding
tourism
and
tourist
arrivals.
The
and
to
Chitrakote,
It
understanding tourism
useful
in
was
cycle.
easier.
these sites
first
economic aspects
of tourism in
in
understanding. A villager
Chitrakote
come
stay with us
will
In
and we
will
provide to
in
them, and we
c.
All
will
in
earn more".
Durgapur,
Tourism linked
capacity and
skills
and livelihood
programmes
-
spite of training
visits
skill
building
that
how they
would lead
can be
would
initiate
food, guides,
the village.
managing accommodation
the
-
unit /
homestays,
cultural
aspect
(cultural
performances
Another point
is
is
easier to assess
in
is
'off-site'
and
this
is
the space
it
and notions
of service.
all
conscious effort at
accommodation that had been created (central accommodation)/ aided (homestays), ate meals
cooked by the cuisine groups, 'experienced' the
performances, and asked people to guide us
around the
village.
71
Capacity building
in
session: Learning
how to make a
bed, Hodka,
Assamesse
cuisine,
Durgapur
Source
KMVS
to stay
in
three places -
All
In
built on.
Durgapur a migrated
the community,
in
unit.
Everything
Majoli.
As
worked
an
and
we
received
warm
was about training them, it was about bringing them together as a group.
it
much as
also
the process of
building their
In
In
it
is
mainly the
Raghurajpur,
youth (men)
it
men
served
2-room accommodation
training
unit,
but
much more
is
needs
to
and cleanliness.
when the
more like a lodge, quite separate from the home and equipped with basic facilities and run with a
sense
of cleanliness
&
hygiene.
team asked the people who have been trained, what they have learnt, have they taken tourists -they were unable to answer confidently. The reason for this may not be that they do not
review
Some
At
all
of the
in
most
delicious
meals served
to
us were
or no experience
in
interacting with
three places
we observed
in
the group as
Chougan,
groups
unable to converse
in
English.
Durgapur
what the
sites to receive
more
may
conversational English.
sound cliched
of affection,
taste. In
no unnecessary
felt
and superb
Raghurajpur we
The idea
strategy -
of having a
on tourism
livelihoods
and we got served the standard paneer, but after communicating that we wished
complement
to
we were served
be quite
cuisine.
72
CAPACITY BUILDING
that the
community must not be over-dependent and the supplementing aspect ensures while one can strengthen and learn
on
tourism tourism also has the potential to leverage
skills,
Lachen.
as well as exquisite
of capacity building
products
(craft).
A number
e. Institutional
management
of this project
programmes strengthened and also introduce new skills among the community. KMVS, the
implementing
with the artisan
A key component
relevant
has been on
the
institution
building,
particularly
agency
is
for
Hodka,
through
another proposal
community on the
skills
in
institutions
aspects. Trainings on
organised by the
the
long
run.
To
help
build
implementing agencies
Durgapur on weaving,
capacities of the
agency has
in
components of institutions - the role - present and future, functioning, bringing about consensus and common understanding. These bodies have not been through much formal
of the various
training - like
in
other craft-based
skill
building.
Certain
components like accountancy training have been given within the overall framework
management. Professor Raju of IRMA cautioned: "when we speak of community capacity building when we are talking is also the
of institutional
ability to
manage with
providers,
service
Women
undertaking a pottery course, Chitrakote
and
tourists
themselves.
is
Restricting to
level of skill
how
to
conduct a meeting
a low
73
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
to
initiatives
undertaken by the
CAPACITY BUILDING
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
and capacities
In Naggar and Hodka the links were very clear and worked to the advantage of the project. Some places did not have the privilege of synergising as in Karaikudi where the infrastructure was developed even before the implementing agency had been brought in and most of which could not be connected to the capacity building.
Lachen,
while
rock-climbing
training
was
done, the
Dzumsa had
to
^Py#
k
-
government scheme
that tourists
will
buy
it
or
were hopeful
come along
equipment.
Some implementing
agencies
lights,
felt
that
some
toilets
common
need not have correlating "software" components. However, training some persons in operating and maintaining these lights, and some institutional
mechanism
(a
^
Attangudi Tile makers, Karaikudi,
undertaken by the NGO's for capacity building need not be tourism related. It is mostly aimed
at
related skills
Source Dhan
when
tourists
He felt that tourism comes into the come. Most of the sites have
is
an
tourists the
activities related to
If
one looks
at
the
overall
capacity
building
be made:
A balance between the various types of capacity building needs to be developed and too much on
general awareness has not been very useful.
The
adventure training, Lachen
made
this
76
CAPACITY BUILDING
potter
in
Neemrana
to
"We work on
terracotta,
we made were
all
-When
initially
one go does not work. There is a need factor in, depending on the level that they are at, to a basic + plus advance course.
the
for training
purpose
was
over.
It
on the
Furthermore, another aspect of "closing the loop"
of the potters
and the
We
feel cheated.
was
for
it
to
skills
There
village.
is
no demand
the Baawri
fort
is
and assimilate their learning. Even three months down the line after a capacity building intervention they were unable to state what they learnt, or they admitted that they have
practise their skills
people
from the
There
is
village.
forgotten
all
they learnt!
there.
to practise
was not
is critical
to
keep the
community engaged
training, especially
if
after they
engaging the people who have been trained so that when the time comes to put this into practice
they are available.
for six
In
being developed
is
can be done through group formations, regular meetings, discussion on topics of how they see it
-
were trained
as
what
will
resort
how
will
will
was
when the
how
will
important to
link
them
up closely and shorten the time gap between the two - this helps in two aspects- people remember
skill
there
is
remained closed many of them left either because they did not enjoy the work or because they had only confirmed salaries for 6 months. The VTC has now devised a system of paying them half their salaries for 6 months to ensure trained staff is available for the coming tourist season.
resort
being viewed
in isolation.
While
equity
it
is important to work with the ideology of and equal opportunities, taking on board
Once a set
it
of people
if
all
same time
the
is
useful
collectively
rather
than
wherever
be given to
genuine interest to However in overall project objectives there is a need to first work with the concept of equity and not only equality as this is a project that needs to
responsibility of evaluating
learn.
justice.
thinking
of
solutions.
collective
interest
and
always a
critical
is
More
At times the lack of market links has resulted
in
significant
it
to
in
be done as
perfect
is difficult
three aspects
In
Neemarana and
in
any
livelihood
added income to the villagers. In fact in Neemrana and Durgapur the villagers have already started forgetting what they learnt.
the rest
is
possible to be
this
is
not
done then high dropout from training and lack of application will be the two main outcomes.
77
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
of
what they
will
learn,
how
will
they be able to
it, how should they approach a skill building programme, what is expected of them in the future, what will the process be, the costs that are involved in training, so that they are aware and committed
use
were a critical factor in the 'hardware software' convergence and in the ability of the community to build capacity and engage.
Issues related to gender have featured nowhere
except
in
Karaikudi,
and
in
the
first
workshop by
participants.
UNDP
if
We
also do not
know
men
e.g
In
also
members
skill
of a
or
in
women
from the
initial
interest
SHG
is
took part
little
evidence of
is
no harm
this,
in
learning.
be an added
fairly
was a
used
a shop and
sell
the products.
related
to
use
of
Information
(ICT)
is
and
also also
in
Communication
conspicuous
by
Technology
their
skilful
A balance
allowed.
is
needed
of
how many
one
is
absence.
This
is
unfortunate as
and
strategic training
ICT
into
Raghurajpur
for
did not
the
in
This resulted
In
skills building
agencies,
programmes,
regional
programs that they planned to conduct, the community (men, women) were asked to choose one based on their interest. This then resulted in 86 women choosing to participate in the weaving capacity building programme but only 12 where
able to complete.
UNDP
have been
much much
by
how was understood and taken forward the implementing agencies, and further hand
appreciated. The question arises, as to
of this
the
community.
For
e.g
when we
tried
to
One
of the
positive things
building exercises
was that
it
was
in
most
is
not
contrast to the
development decisions which were more top down. It could also be that the stakes, both in terms of financial investment and in terms of potential benefits, were seen as higher in infrastructure and hence these decisions were more tightly held and controlled by the more powerful. The conflicts and stakes around infrastructure were higher and this may have lead
to a perception of the capacity building
and a lot of garbage does get generated locally as well, surely is much more to the negatives
that tourism brings!
as not as
important.
The implementing agencies varied. Some like INTACH, Dzumsa are good with infrastructure creation but were unable to mobilise and engage communities and build capacities. At four of the 36 ETP sites, panchayats are the implementing agencies and many of them do not have the skills to mobilise and engage communities. Thus the
capacities
of the
were self assigned or by default or as a result of power structures the "non-stakeholders" of the project. It must be recognised that a project of this nature cannot "involve" all people. It is important to draw the layers of who can be direct beneficiaries, who can be indirect (farmers, fisherman, shops, communication facilities), who can be the alternative livelihood group. And even
after
mapping
be a large section of
be able to
involve.
people
who
in
be kept
mind
in
and wider
78
Main Menu
Project
Management
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project
Management
This
section
One
of the
hopes
of
management
es put
tion,
in
these
pilot projects
models
and process-
tourism
projects
in
then be applied
we
framework
implementing a
project.
the country.
In
Nandan explained "the broad framework and components are all the same and we feel
the Project
is
same
but
has
since
we
36
instance
we do
and the
further activities
we need
to integrate
design
it
has got
into a project
in
from 15-20
origi-
institutions,
each of
whom was
It
shift in focus.
Poverty Unit,
was
realized that
it
many as
all
UNDP "during implementation it 36 sites selected were too involved 20 states which meant 20
departments and further
travel to
was a project management challenge to get them to work in synergy towards the desired
objectives.
state tourism
locations,
became
very
difficult".
79
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
<
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Process for Infrastructure Development Process for Capacity Building
Advisors
Institutions
Coordination
& Management
If one were ment of the it
The ETP adopted the process of development in a phase-wise manner and attempted to feed
in
project
and map
is
critical to
The
components came
implementing the
Approach / Strategy
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
as
community
strategy of involving
of this project
all
verge
all
convergence,
critical. Fur-
in
a phased
manner
also
it
compound the
is
process.
Did
go as per plan,
now thinking of innovating and developing new products around its core USP of the resort (located in crafts, culture
and ecosystem
will
tion -
and
assumption also
in
was
first
of Kutch) to
the
place?
suit the
In
ground
proj-
Lachen
lot
of time
prob-
planned
in
district
Chougan was
better
to
draw
ulti-
it
much
was
strengthliveli-
has packed
tivities
its
hoods
was
People trained
are waiting for the tourism complex to start functioning but are unable to use this tourism
was able
to
work
with.
com-
How
is
(not
plex until
surprisingly) different in
each ETP
site.
It
would
for
is
managsoft-
if
on the
mind,
ware
community.
seems
to
in-
terest of the
This also
leverage the implementing agencies competencies such as conceptual clarity, access to a pool
of resources;
District
Ad-
ministration, financial
The combination
ty
of these two factors, communiengagement and implementing agency "competence" have been also key to the stage where
in
the
commitment
is
to the tour-
ism project
in
Karaikudi, which
expected to
Interpretation centre, Durgapur
81
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
- few
itself offers
signifi-
is
set to
timeframes of the
from
this,
even
some degree
Raghurajpur, the
Raghurajpur Heritage
&
need time
and
will
only
come
still
have very
will
little
for
each
function.
a sense of
to
achievement
Banavasi and Neemrana which see thousands
of tourists
of
some
results
is
be seen.
realistic.
A minimum
The ETP
for the
in
of
coming
in
one season
to their village
In
allocating the
sites
Neemrana was waiting for funds to be released, for the VTC to be formed and the shops to come up at Baawri. In Chitrasite,
the community
in
unrealistic.
in
terms of tourist
have
been
villagers
was
agency
in
time for a
this.
is
what
sustain
comes to mind
an unstated
this situation
1
!
There
is
almost
tourism
to
belief that
NGO
in
two
happens the
all will
and
be
well.
in
it
unrealistic.
We
will
felt
another 2 yrs."
Since the timeframe of the Gol-UNDP project
till
available
December 2008, the implementing agencies are now under pressure to wind down their role and move out. (The implementing agencies
are aware since 2007- end that the project
is
Initially,
develop
skills,
and implement
where
of
was supposed
to close
on Dec 31,
year,
however
1.
is
a play by
Samuel
Beckett,
in
which the characters wait for Godot, who never arrives. The play follows two
divert themselves while they wait expectantly (and, we find, endlessly) for someone named Godot. They claim Godot to be an acquaintance but in fact hardly know him, admitting they wouldn't recognize him if they saw him. To occupy themselves they eat, sleep, talk, argue, sing, playgames, exercise, swap hats, and contemplate
consecutive days
in
men who
82
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
community members
factor
in
to
crisis or
be a
critical
essence
of
management and was not possible to convey the the scheme to every one.
and The
size of direct funds
and
stability of
the institution
made
tested.
compared to the other schemes that the DCs handle, Rs 70 lakhs is a very small amount) and therefore not
project for the
office (as
DC
was the
focal point
for
it.
The
size of funds
and the
linking pin
of
this
project
was
management and
administrative perspectives.
schemes
infra-
way
to
came
in.
The DC was
felt to
be best
It
departments
was
that she/he
was committed
of the project.
facilitator
to the principles
and objectives
his role
UNDP and
senior officials
in
the
felt
as that of
MoT
that
involved
if
in
in
and not a supervisor, and the rapport that the implementing agency was able to establish with
the
ments,
the
DC on
critical
success factors.
in
Hunnarshala, based
that a supportive
creative ideas
of rates of the
Bhuj
felt
in
DC was
open
to
and community
the
Another
and not
insisting
"In
on the schedule
government.
DC
for the
we had
based
clearly that
convergence factors.
A three-pronged
role
was conceptualized
facilitate
for the
rates
DC
to monitor
and
implementation
and the
would
government
to the
ratify that".
When
it
was suggested
in
gence
of various
schemes,
etc),
secondly implein
DC
welcome
it
down a system
this
in
place.
justify
ture
was made.
This allowed
While
in
principle
shift
DC was
a good
to
be
funds at that
level.
DC has
not been
Convergence
Since the project aims at rural development
it
UNDP/MoT saw
in
of various
film
issues related to
health,
skill
etc. This
of
communication was
demands the convergence of different institutions and schemes of the state to work
83
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
towards
in
this.
of wells
most cases there is a need of basic amenities and facilities in place, an aspect that this project
would not cater to with the limited allocation on
funds.
instead.
have water
during the
only.
Mandla, the
to
mean
in
getting funding
crisis in
the villages).
entire point of
may
Chougan the
to
convergence
seems
common
in
come from different schemes. When the time came to build infraroads all
this
the
guest house,
been more
which
is
was
little
money
left.
money for a
required activ-
is
more
like leveraging.
Convergence
an
ideal situation
and
capacity.
UNDP)
of
work
An example
to
level converif
required the
in
Hodka.
The
DCs office was responsible for the disburseof funds to the implementing agencies.
brought
in
in
tourists
and
ment
another dimension
DC 40
lakhs
Sahajeevan
in
many
other
toward
infrastructure
development
and
16
come
together to find
the
menting agencies
would be released.
However,
in
almost every
site,
one
of
the
limit-
which
demand of water of the tourists when only one hand pump was working, they replied that they would fix an electrical motor with the pump
the
to solve the problem.
level of
implementing agencies.
by which the
The
fact
is
The reasons
at
the village
is
quite low.
Water harvesting
is
some
sites this
was a way
its
DCs
at the places
suggested
office
demonstrated
is
by
some
villagers.
dam
to
disbursement
be
built in
rationale
seemed
quite unilateral
84
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
and not
e.g even
at
all
linked to the
flow
office received
it
split
two instalment
it
to
and organisations
capped on
felt
this front.
crucial
example,
if it
was stipulated
to
what and how, is required emerge from the community, the infrastruc-
The
UNDP
Therefore
community capacities would have needed to be built to understand and decide what construction, how, maintenance and
Good
at social mobilization
rural livelihoods
Understanding of
Worked
with well
management
most
sites.
in
for at least
in
district (in
which the
like
located) or
bouring districts
Understanding of gender
&
participatory tools,
level
bodies
methods
of decision
making one
in
Must have
at least
'professional',
& one
open
to debate.
In
spite of
many
failures of disbursing
funds through
DCs
is
office,
the
UNDP
programs)
Worked on tourism
desirable
there
proper communication.
UNDP
budgets. According to R K
Anil,
Project
Officer,
-
UNDP, "the
Vision
and mission
(in
of the organisation
skills,
development
Also
if
levels,
Capacities
terms of
development
ties.
we
of different
capacities
and
strengths,
some
Resources
(quantitative
and
qualitative;
have the
ability to pull in
human,
physical, monetary)
How one
sufficient
be
the places?
deal with
was not the right decision the NGO's and sites equally without
It
Networking
Credibility
Organizational structure
government
etc.,
capped because
they could
fall
Achievements
own resources to tide over fund crunches. However other organizations that did not have its own resource base faced a lot of difficulties and to keep the momentum going was tough. Apart from a serious funds
back on
their
Systems
(financial, reporting,
MIS)
Interest, aptitude,
and
ability to
implement
endogenous tourism
project
85
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
and
how the
is
in
the implementation
when
this
conceptualised/ visualised
is
in
manner and
future planning.
The approach
of the
DHAN
Foundation
in
Raghura-
NGO Saathi
in
lished hierarchy
Chougan
KMVS
in
Hodka worked
with the
community
of
tourism.
of the sites
and
positive impacts
visible to the
communities. While
ing
community
managing the
project on their
own once they exit, has been less successful. But this must also be attributed to the fact that the project was time bound and the contextual
factors as well as ability of communities to learn
and
them
differ.
A
Mobilising community, Chitrakote,
that can be
Source Saathi
ment
in
The experience
of the
implementing agency,
Dzumsa).
While
at
most
places
UNDP
SOHARD
at
Neemrana
illustrates this:
selected
NGOs as implementing
partners, at
"We had no
that
some
sites they
Government.
UC and thought now work has been done and there will
the
file
We gave them
the
in
many
At
many
moves from
sites,
different stages.
We
started spend-
detailed
tion,
has helped
it
and making
needs
more
and
of project sites.
Implementing agencies
money as we generally do with the other donor money. We should have been informed earlier that we should be reporting frequently with expenditure of money to the BDO or
ing the
86
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
any other
process.
officer,
we would have
followed that
and DC.
We sent the account directly to UNDP We received a reply that the audit and
alright but
of this project.
The implemen-
was
in
quite a bad
shape
accounts are
who
will
to bring in
The Mountaineering
changed
in this
to report that
One BDO who replaced the earlier one, said that how can write that software has been done because am new here."
I I
When compared to the Dzumsa, the NGOs have been much better in planning, management,
reporting and
in
what an
initiative of this
An area
of
concern
is
skills of
nature
is
attempting to achieve
is
something the
of
&
participa-
and
link
times.
Kiran Vaghela,
Hunnarshala
aspect of the
is
helpful to understanding
one
of
needs
go
role
into.
When one
Capacities
and
resources
formed
two
key
was completed
this
Kiran bhai
build the
components
of this project.
The implementing
into three -the large
bhunga, as
toilet style,
KMVS, DHAN,
BAIF,
NIWCYD,
we have
or not?" The
is is
SAVE,
NEST, Saathi,
the
us,
Dzumsa
and
and
resources, capacities
archi-
to
have
planned / put
a way.
still
together.
We have been
practic-
when
it
comes
to funding.
the fund
Neemra-
the capacity building part of this project and the District Administration for the infrastructure.
where because of funds not being released work had stopped for over a year.
Another question
a Panchayat/
is
and capacities of
as long as
it
in
two hands
it
is difficult
to
Dzumsa to implement a project of this nature. While it was observed that the infrastructure work if seen in isolation was well done,
the larger questions of capacity building, involv-
certain cases be
handed over
ingthe community
still
in
planningthe infrastructure,
for
a synergy
remain.
In
Lachen
infrastructure
to village
ascertain credibility of
strict
NGOs and
is
a system of
be put
place
if
this step
implemented. The
87
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
advantages of
this shift
all
and the
role.
role of the
is
DC moving
will
to
an oversight
Also this
sites
a step that
not be possible
developis
at
all
community which
of
to involve the
in
how
Role of Architects
were
of
created by
UNDP
in
in
2005
communities
truly
sense
of
ownership
administration
facilitation
hardware
local
to help in the
identifi-
participation
in
encourage
The
use
district
administration
if
was
encouraged
to
this
support
required.
bring
in creativity, revival
On engaging
The
architect,
like
identi-
understanding
on technology and
more hands on role was something each of them was willing to do. The architects we met were competent to deliver on thetechno-social role that was expected of them.
design. This shift to a
of traditional art
and
craft
and
commuas an
this
of
knowledge,
skill
and
role
of
engaging the
institutions
level
as
as the DC
in
infra-
The
was
DC and add
value to the
What they
Some
of the
DCs made
When
in
at
some
was
Shaam-e-Sarhad -The design and layout of the
inspired from the form
resort
is
sites a
part of the
infrastructure
based and
in their
and structure
of the villager's
homes
hamlets, Hodka
88
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
and be able to balance between the needs of the community and that of the tourists. As
explained by Kiran Vaghela, Hunnarshala, "we
administration
& UNDP
in
While
many
of the
documented the
ly
activity status,
have followed
little
according
to
the
new
has
to
and learnings (as an implementer and from the perspective of the community - institutions
build
as
well).
is
is
and have a sense of ownership. Small changes in attitudes that you express and how you treat them can make a big difference". He also goes on to explain the process and approach they took that helped them in
contributing,
not clear
demands
that
made
to the district
& UNDP as
the report
is
is
lies in
the approach. In
also recomin
most professional cases they give the design; it is approved and carried out like an activity. But
mended
we (architects) co-evolve the design, involve many people in the design and trust them. It was a new kind of practice. We need to design in a dynamic manner where it starts from the studio and moves to the construction. When you respond in this manner then you are
here
in this
project
who was
involved,
how does one take this work further, etc so as to make this process more reflective for themselves
and the community.
In
Lastly
as the
role of
the architect
is
an extremely
process with
crucial one,
UNDP has
initiated a
a very positive
Due to the small administrative and coordinumber of the implementing agencies have put in their own resources to ensure continuity and this is a way in
nation budgets allocated a
it
Secondly
is
crucial that
when they
next quarter
activity,
In
those
activities.
this
flow can
UNDP was to
also to be streamlined.
nature of the
was
built in
has
result-
alter-
ed
in
and
al
financial reporting
as
as annual region-
Implementing partners
and
architects). Also
no
The format
the
quarterly
activity
report
partici-
looked at assessing the planned activities for the duration vis-a-vis status (completed, partially
Commuhave
at
completed, yet to
start).
participated
the
project
workshops
ing agencies
any
failure,
find solutions,
these
89
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
and learning
significant
levels. This is
if
seem
incorporated
the project
to
add
the Ministry
&
experiences for
is
the participation of
facilitation
meetings.
What
is
to this project
as except
implementing
etc
ment ministries like Rural Development, HRD and conduct national level seminars on
sensitivity.
gender
discussions with
However
this
is
an aspect
UNDP
officials
it
was
said
and should be
number
of sites
and involvement
worked upon as
to the
it
many institutions and stakeholders in the made it difficult to keep track. Prema Gera, UNDP said, 'We realized that 36 sites were too much to be selected as it then involved 20 states which mean 20 state tourism departments and further the entire travel trade in all
project
MoT when
charge of implementing
tourism projects.
centre could
facilitation
expanded
in
would help
implementation. At most
the
the locations.
fied
We
did a mid-course
shift, identi-
Many perceived
criticality of its
15
sites
who were
as a
UNDP
project.
It
is
NGO
partners involved
in
try of
had no experience
role of
in
with tourism.
role
and performs
manner
to
ensure that
really didn't
bringing
the
90
Main Menu
Recommendations
& Guidelines
!
QXS*&3Q<3<$
fob^s&v^z3
We capture the
inputs based on
its
recommenda-
account the
presented
and
ment.
It
A community-based rural tourism project within the commendable objectives of addressing development and tourism as in the ETP-RTS is complex process. It is recommended that due thought and attention be given before expanding rural tourism sites
sites
in
and dissemination
an Innovation
of practices
and estab-
register.
We recommend
is
is
pursued and
developed. This
body.
We
further
recommend
Learning,
The Ministry
Innovation and
Practice on
in its
these must
We are
not seeing
must be
built in to
engage on
and best
practices.
The community
projects,
One
tion
of the
ways
members
this could
be supported
the
associated with the ETP
establishment of a Centre
who
in
The Gol-UNDP
establishment of a
facilitation
reflect
on what
is
happening at that
are suggesting
is
site. In
some
ways, what
we
facili-
Government such as
and Employ-
91
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Some
of the activities of
that
if
it
would bring
could be:
Facilitating
and handholding
of institution
them huge economic benefit and large sums of money would be spent in their village it is very
unlikely that they
building processes
project.
visits
The experience
(e.g
of the
sites
based on a diagnosis
of
Hodka) which
relied
more organic
tourism product
Members members
of
one
site
can
learn
from
of another.
No Standard Model
The scale
(currently
of the
or
One Size
is
Fits All
very large
Haldwani
in
Uttara-
khand, Sunderbans
other interesting
of the country.
commendable. However, when communities engage with tourism it must be recognized that the scale at which a particular site
will
engages
of contextual factors
intrinsic
and
external.
members brought in
will
some
lar
architecture
lines for
livelihood options.
of the regions to
critical
particularly
as tourism
the
is
an
typology.
cal
The area
activity
it
that
is
and a
clear need.
seeks to substitute
rural
context,
livelihoods
based on production.
projects
sites
Rural
ized
tourism
to
should
be
custom-
each
particular
characteristic.
A standard
Such a centre could also provide very valuable inputs into the policy making and strategising
on
rural
"project"
formulation
off
may
not
work,
e.g
in
Chougan
triggered
successfully
the
alternative
tourism as
it
will
generate perspectives
(and
perhaps
options.
and aspirations.
The tendency
of well
go through a
life
cycle
is
exploration, consolidation
and decline
Communities choosing
The choice
to of
this intervention
known.
Equally
of
well
inadvisability
over
known is dependence
to
the
on
have been
made
tourism.
Policy
makers
tourism
tend
oversell
is
The
social capital
and
the
benefits
of
and
of
there
not
enough
the
into
distributive
tool.
justice
tourism
as
PRA
development
Expecting
to the choice
engage
in
tourism,
each
of
in
the
sites
to
fit
into
standard model,
a project
mode
sites
is
not the
better.
Some
depending
in
When communities
92
process
in
es others
MoT
How much
need
will
of the
will
has demanded
oping land
power,
it
devel-
economy
will
is
reliant
will
on tourism
also be
is
much thought
regime under
to.
The pace
This
must
and
50
lakh hardware,
20
priority
inevitably lead to
tional.
is
important that
some
innovative
in
or
order that
appropriate, but
done
level is stimulat-
Many
is
rural projects
The ETP
for the
in
allocating the
up with contribution
This
likely to
to the
Panchayat.
sites
ship
of
be sure
into
unrealistic. This
is
another
that the
be ploughed back
for
development
nity.
funds
could
their
commu-
This
be
institutionalized
minimum
of
of
5 years needs
to
be given to enable
stability
and A promotion
up.
pre-selection
community
and Marketing
In
terms
of competitive
its
tion (including
circuits
would be an
and
facilities,
When
list
team
visited, this
has been
failure.
campaign and
larger
and
larger proportions of
for
promotion - the
and mar-
be
high.
Keeping
this at the
to that
meant
to attract
UNDP and
tourists - the
and there
is
was an important role and unfortunately has not happened in many cases. Clear business plans
and clear marketing strategies
to
MoT
is,
tourism product
ensure comcritical.
be portrayed.
and
93
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
The website on
rural
for
in
terms of
of
it
inter-
be demonstrating a preference
vention.
The unstated
perhaps unconscious)
this will
somehow
If
the tourist.
accommodation option rather than the authentic home stay. It must be acknowledged that the jury is still out on this aspect. Examples in ETP
mentioned
in
many
the
social, cultural
stays
will
not work or
work
in
a limited man-
ment as
is
as a commodity"
in
these sites
is
is
one's
home
is difficult
to accept. Also
modes
of
and
livelihoods
and The
interaction
criterion
growing poverty.
It
is
idyllic lives
costumes and
crafts.
in
more
at
home
than
vigor-
current
domestic
tourists).
is
indeed unreal
ous promoter
of the
it
home
B&B
and even
scheme
- seeing
accommodation
rural
deficit.
may work
in
urban
in
The
position
centric
and promotion should be people and not only market centric. Given the
in
areas
may
more
MoTs
interest
the
home
if
must
ferred choice
accommodation
is
The MoT-UNDP should see this was also a powerful opportunity to impact and change the minds
of tourists.
Another aspect
How can we
'filter
The promotion
potential tourists to
"see"
ful
more than
changed by the
ex-
be "screened"
is
not accompanied by a
this.
practical
way
of going
risk
about
or
There
is
also
in
of tourism -
from
its
an element of
to
something which
and
living in
one's
home
in
of interaction, learning
and
search on tourism
in rural
human
contact as well.
between
or easy
The section on home stays details the opportunities and dilemmas related to home stays in a rural
access to children.
It
would be important
from a
policy perspective to
for either
home
stays or centralised
accommo-
dation,
it
and
94
option
shape
to
it.
Community engagement
it
in
the pro-
how much
low. Of-
it)
have been
sought and
in
ability perspective,
about
of tourism
how such a
in
and
tourist
Here we do not
mean
to sug-
home and
be
is
a central aspect
of this project.
to
of
and one
survived.
of the
to a passive
agency
However
is
factors
like
adversely
all
impact
success. There
is
a flourishing of
new
traditions. In
such a case
is
how the
to
artisans can
into the
and contributing
cesses as
In
to
local
developmental proexperience.
which
to appreciate, preserve
and support
art
and
own sake.
linked from the start
'value for
-
money' by virtue of
find
it
this
far
and personally
sibility to
fulfilling.
so production
mainstream markets
useful steps.
of festivals
or
and
facili-
linkages
more
its
typical
The
in
as
mainstream
should
be
avoided.
'Some
of the
creative
triggers
that
can
be
Craft or agriculture
tourists of
come
to learn
make-up and
disposition can be
interaction.
For
aangan
(court-
yard)
local cuisine
based
2.
point' awareness.
could be considered.
him
3.
for the
is is
experience helps.
munity participate
There
tourist
made aware
of
Positioning
in
opmental
nity
project,
actual
4.
&
available experience.
'cultur-
agency
to actively participate
in
and give
We
1. Grateful to
Arvind Lodaya, (advisor to this project) for allowing us to use his ideas and words for this section
95
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
al
communities
to parcre-
and
5.
facilitated by the
NGO/state/other
inter-
ative innovation
mediaries.
We
pricing, posi-
Facilities
It
&
Infrastructure
useful for the sites to see
tioning
tourist.
to
'filter'
the
We
what
should
have
invested
in
as
Scheme
Deriving
workable
typologies
guests,
guests -
as
monuments,
items.
budget
and community
- that nurtures
As
the
cap
on
infrastructure
and
significantly
has the
level of
the site
in
order to
and environmental
real progress
and benefit
of collect-
damage,
if
left
of the project.
The success of the ETP should not be judged by the economic gains alone (which are no doubt
important) but by the level of improvement of the
social justice
ing
related to benefits
and
impacts.
and growth
of social capital
as well.
to collect
and
relat-
among
all
be ensured. The
be empowered and
ed on
be
community does not seem to be aware of the issues that may come up once tourism grows.
Awareness building through the development
of
site
community
Community based Tourism impact assessment is one way of doing this. Tool kits need to be prepared and shared with the communities once
such
initiative is
corrections.
liveli-
to environmental resources at
is
&
review process.
of:
to
be monitored at
The data
1. Sites
collection should
comprise
should
be
encouraged
to
develop
in
PRA. This
for data
as PRA
is
an important tool
What was evident throughout the review is how little reliable and valid data was being captured
generation,
96
way
2.
to
and
It
commucreative
tourist arrivals,
in
demands, what
and
local
could also
be conceived
tourist
Income
objectives
and
-
impacts
should
assessment
tive
caste,
and
manned
community based impact analysis can then be done to find out e.g
participatory
the
be trained
to run this.
middle income
Managing
impacts
and
mitigating
negative
Gender
impact
change
in
the
with
Common
roles / of
women engagement
tized by tourism
as
its
the project
be checked.
Employment generation
Increased
in
the
ability of
the less
univer-
home
issue. Zero
stay facilities,
into all projects.
engaging
crafts etc)
The generation,
of this data
is
consolidation,
and analysis
and
the
The aspect of sanitation however has simply not been taken up seriously by MoT UNDP and
the implementing agencies. This
seems
to
have
ment
to the extent of
acknowl-
toilets for
across
its
sites.
It
will
help
MoT
in
It
is
really
to test
sad that
in
many
of these
postcard"
-
open
or
no public
toilets
the
of
is
commodification
there.
of
culture
and
or did
community
not
toilet facilities.
traditions
One hopes
that
commu-
insist
leverage
convergence
assured
impact but
water,
hygiene
were
the
or
significant
nate.
sites.
We
addressed
Given the
pilot
touristic
artefacts
like
decorative
important.
or
car
parks
seem more
tance of this data and analysis cannot be underestimated. From a policy perspective, this
will
minimum programme
and primary health
leged
first
ensures that on
and the
tourists
come
next.
Most
will
space that
work as the
97
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
women
needs
to decide
what kind
and poor
certain extent.
The economic
makes them
own
capabilities
and
to
some
extent on
their financial
and
them to search for and articulate their identity. Where communities have come up with their own charter which has clear defined lines
helping
in
their village,
has increased
and
responsibility.
Section 4 Equity,
framework
are
holistic,
objectives
and
principles
which
While
we
is
ambitious, which
introduced the
cultural
assets
at
of
communities
the
etc),
and empowerment, we believe that this component is a valuable and critical one if one
were to aim at people centred tourism. Therefore
it
and
placed
the
centre
notion
of
people
centred
development
and
people
is
important that
this
in
MoT
not
dilute
rural
goal
and
end
up
a
reducing
the
UNDP
are faced
tourism
scheme
into
mainstream
the
challenge the
of
devising
ways
get
by
which
tourism
product
it
"value
addition"
with
because
development
is
tightly
(of
The use
trivializing
of
terms
like
in
hardware - software
integrated
processes
sometimes resulted
oversimplifying
and even
empowerment, asset generation, enrichment equity etc). This development is not a side
agenda but the co-agenda
value to the tourism process.
in
processes
order to add
and must be used with caution. The 'software' component for instance involves community
mobilizing, social
institutional building -
Project vs Process
In
its
and
into a
difficult
processes.
equating
endogenous
tourism
is
tourism
and
it
transformative
is critical
project
interesting - but
that the
the
indeed
work
empowerment and
social
towards transformation.
98
The choice
of
essentially a social
made
against clear,
and transparent
mobilization,
of the
Some
,
not
criteria.
Since
the
community
but
social justice
simmering
a project
or underlying conflicts
and tensions
ETP are
NGO's
have
project
must be examined
a key impact of
itself
will
also have an
quo
of
power structures
agenda
of social
agenda.
NGOs
simply
let
is,
different
ground.
in in
making
process.
Everybody
While
the
project
document
laid
in
laid
strong
irrespective of caste
the right to
know the
and
in
who
is
ETP
implementation has
later"
let
level,
must
"this
can come
first.
us get
Often stereotyped
women,
tribal
communities have
persisted
in
who
to
as promotion.
Issues of caste discrimination and other forms
their
presence the
will
weaker sections
say
All
of the villagers
and women
of marginalization
have
largely
met
with the
revert
same fate.
It
is critical
that the
Mot UNDP
and
re-architect
levels of
skill
timelines, deliverables
greater
and
ability for
and be
conflict,
willing in
some
instances to surface
is
inevitable
minimum and
is
fair
wages are
paid,
ensuring there
no
child labour,
ensuring that
for
same amount
the project.
99
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
are
primarily
to
it
holders
of
ideas.
Time frames should also have a bottom up approach rather than the top down. Examples
of misuse, corruption, lack of accountability for
When
different
idea
forward
within
-
existing
damaged
to
property are
clarity
many and
In
there
seems
structures of the
rural
society
two things
be no
may happen - the structures may be challenges or they may be compatible with the existing structures.
It
sible for
and formalizing
examples
of trustof
we saw many
is
of institution
building
ETP
is
proposing
develop and
grid
is
As a
result
many
crisis
and
tourism
social justice
and equity
need
documentation of contracts
of statutory
and
legal
aspects
Appropriate timeframes
of institutions especially
felt
as business models,
in
These need
to
be
must be adequate
- private-
community
institution,
partnership,
community-credit
and nomadic
community
in
tourism, develop
skills,
where benefits
nity
emerge
commucritical
need
ness.
links
to
It
be studied closely
terms of
effective-
members
in
to take
leadership to address
and resolve
factor
be a
menting agency
stability of
and impacts
in
terms of
in
tested.
would be important
for the
MoT
to
this.
and tourism
would
itself offers
a significant challenge
in all
cases
It
experience
communitisation
of
various
tourism
some
undertaken.
degree
to
get
the
institutions
them strong to servicing the tourist, will need time and will only come with tourist interaction. What is critical that time is given and things which need time are not
working, building
The concept
in
timeframe
of communitisation was introduced 2002-03 following the enactment of Nagaland communitisation act on public institutions and services. The government in phases handed over ownership and management of education, health care, water supply, electricity, tourism and
communities.
pared community
in
many
cases.
between
the
government
transfer
and
of
the
community
involving
owner-
100
for
communitization programme
its
in
recognition
over
service
delivery,
decentralization,
delegation
of
capacity -
all
delivery of public
systems.
accountability
of
be taking forward
to
this intervenvs.
It
also
demands ensuring
level
and needs
its
own
institutional
initiative
communities
assets
by
responsibility
and
for
such an
of
government
including
committees
maintenance,
tion
the
set
of
simultaneous
as
factors
may
be
amelioraion
and
augmentais
considered
necessary to
is
simultaneously
of assets.
triple
As such communitisation
based on
ETP
place
community.
Train
them
to
discharge
their
- sanitation, water,
newfound
of
responsibilities
and
in
Transfer
respect
communities
USP
or
management.
for
agency with
ideological
and community
mobilization capacities.
2008
the
was
to
be
made
if
their ideolo-
commudeliver)
accommodation which resemThe broader vision of use and relevance of local materials, providing opportunities to local vendors and
want
bles
to stay
in
and
on to
economy as a whole
is
also
seemed
to
be the
in
As a part of
this project,
many
critical
tools have
is critical
been developed
building
mobilises
its
itself to deliver
on this
Perhaps
own capacity
site
readi-
been created
purposes - to
tourism
in
measure the impact of the project. These tools have been an interesting way of building capacity and it would
do a comparative analysis
be worthwhile that they be further worked on
to help serve
There
not
community
reflection
in
and fine-tuned
this nature.
to
limited to
101
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Section 7 Project
Planning Processes
Management
A committee comprising
well
of officials
from UNDP,
the
adviso-
as
MoT,
ry
1-2
representatives
from
experts,
implementing agencies,
DC and
be
for
first
of
its
Panchayats,
VTC
representative
should
and a detailed
constituted as a coordination
site. Its role
body
each
management
way
in
would provide
stability of oversight,
emerge from
blocks
and
This
conflicts
related
to
its
in
phasing these
implementation.
NGO
in
on the ground. The committee should meet on site once every 6 months and agree on broad directions
to take stock
Convergence
Convergence
of various
schemes
of the Govern-
ment
is
one
of the important
elements of the
project. Until
and unless
centre
is
A point person in the office of the DC may be a way to provide the support so that the experience was of facilitative and not
be taken care
of.
On the
project relat-
ed
activities,
based on the
stability
and strength
budgets
blocking. This
of
is
need
to
what seemed a
approach to funds
to
management
another
critical
area.
Financial
DC
was common
link to
most
to
planning related
difficulties, like
low
wage
rate
example the
NREGS
or the
planned where
skilled
masonry
is
required, cash
JNUURM
explored.
or housing
be
Provisions for a
considered
works
is
ment
fund
but
of
an independent
officer to
handle the
where the
cooperative
with
lease
to
the
village
may
had almost a
kind
of
direct
correlation
to
the
species
duration
chosen
be
officers
of
district
planted,
of
long
or
and and
ecologi-
and
sites.
the
Block
Development
cally
Officer,
in
useful
are
short
duration
quick
money.
different
The
lease
here
represents
owner-
them
transfer
and
posting.
of the
enough assurance
provision/
very
and
a
plants. Similarly,
difficult for
for,
these officers
say,
who
are responsible
as the
creation
of
maintenance fund
many
102
Reflection,
monitoring,
review
and
ing the
wheel
in
is
avoided.
It
is
also essential to
it
learning
It
plan these
manner so that
is
initiates discus-
is
document and constantly check alignment and progress against the project goals and objectives. Space for continuous interaction across project implementers and beneficiaries is really
necessary. There should also be interaction with other examples of community based tourism
like
funding support
infrastructure
and other
planned are
support to tourism
project progress,
activities.
Documentation
of
is
required.
made and
reinvent-
Guidelines
The section on Guidelines attempts
to
put
A manual
and
in
be
is
developed
of the DCs would also help them get an understanding of the project Review meetings (national and regional) and
presented
in
this form,
it
An onsite orientation
and
policy
arrive
at their
the site
visits
by officials as occasions to
larger vision of the project
emphasise the
Guidelines: Understanding of the project by the various stakeholders
Better
modes
of
communication
and
Guidelines - The process of site selection must be based on the following (simultaneous) criteria:
be developed
essentially be on rurality
Time
to
be given to
its
for
communities
to
absorb
and the 'tourism resources from within' (choosing sites close to urban areas
may be
in
best
actual activities
for
avoided)
Need
place
It
is
The
interest
and willingness
of the
DC
to play
a facilitative role
this
will
what
it
it
The implementing agency choice should be made at the time of choosing of site. The
competencies
of the
implementing agency to
When
ing
a project
is
make
vision
agency chosen
would be useful
for
them
social mobilization
to visit
in
and
and values
of the
ETP
of the
Interest
and capacity
community
to
103
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
be used, technologskill
Documenting
the
social
criteria
for
the
ical
community
this nature
to
make an
to
"informed choice" on
project of
and
rational-
engage on a
of pricing, etc.
and
to give
them the
right to
say
Thearchitectsshould bebroughtinattheinitial
stages
itself to
no to tourism
and
in
process. The
DC should
&
infrastructure
development
and
in
home
capacity building
building on,
an extra room
to
be rented
to the visitors.
them
Guidelines should
To
like
who
some
Infrastructure has
critical
Createanenvironmentthatwillhelpthe tourist
experience
rurality
in
any rigorous
institutional
All
infra-
to create the
urban comforts
is
what the
"tourist will
Marketing,
Promotion,
Infrastructure
development under
into three
this project
can be categorised
broad sections:
(accommoda/
and promotion
of marketing
is
to
commu-
interpretation centres)
>
Geared
to
overall
village
develop-
ment and
(toilets,
who are
it
is
lighting)
think,
of tourist
home and
It
their locality to
to
assess and
is
be attempted
and to
identify
and
strategically
use
At
all
&
engaged
in
minds
be
There
is
community on aspects
even a
104
All
work on
little
in
the
investment
in
engage them
in
institutional
matters as this
is
like
Guidelines
Institution Building
instituis
be able
to bring in or
place,
if
this
not
Community
gives the
participation
& engagement
to
is
new ones
and
community time
in
understand the
institutions.
To
initiate
(insti-
This
results
tution building)
is
aware
consent, as well as an
the
about the
project, identification of
what one
form of tourism.
wants
to
Participation of
women
in
decision making
and capacity women who can be part of the process and especially women from the
marginalised, backward sections. To look at
innovative ways of engaging
comes
in
conflict.
together on a
The mindsets
sensitization
the institutions
After
lisation
look at formalise /
registering
be designed
into
men and
women
Incentives,
encouragement
critical role -
to
be given to
tion) with
women where
and playing a
ity
Regular
amongst
group
rules,
whether
in
capac-
members on
responsibilities,
Exposure
and understanding
a process of making
capabilities
practices
of
engaging
this in
model Rules and regulations to be documented in relation to 3-4 broad areas - membership of the committee, land
Draft or
clearly
women
at different sites
and sharing
issues,
how
will
income be
distributed,
as well
different
spaces
is
as
a key
some
for
them.
has
lip
service
community members
with the
To ensure that
- to
spaces
& engagement
and
met, there
is
A system
of rotation
inclusion of
more
105
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
members
of the
VTC
if
put
in
will
provide
village
There
level,
It
is
a need to factor
in,
depending on the
after a
skills
checks and
is critical
way by which
some people
is
and assimilate
their learning
people to join
in
/ be part of this
in
process
Need
to find
ways
of retaining
and engaging
the future.
the people
can be put
in
ones that
who have been trained so that when the time comes to put this into practice
earlier,
As stated
play
only
facilitative
and
guiding
infrastructure developed
and
training given
needs
to
be ensured
may
A working manual
to
for
implementing agencies
Middle
and
smaller
in
organisations
need
terms of resources,
Awareness
on
tourism
capacities, skills
It
development issues
> Tourism linked skills
is
recommended
and
livelihood
the
may
management
of capac
menters
Create a pool of resources.
It
is
important for
building
needs
to
skills
and
liveli-
all
in
rural
people
direct
important to identify
who can be
indirect
beneficiaries,
who can be
etc.
and
A group
can
communication
of the entire
facilities)
alternative livelihood
be
brought together to
provide
community need
be kept
in
Expecting participants to
develop
skills in
106
Main Menu
Annexures
frS^syv^^Z3
ANNEXURE
is
means
be explored
to
Approach
Tourism
A.
B.
to the
Review
Broad framework
of the project
Understanding/ expectations
Tourism Products
Business plan
C.
D. Quality
E.
F.
Marketing
& Promotion
Imaging
Tourism Impacts - Tourist - community interface
G. Aesthetics
H.
I.
Mechanisms
to
J.
Interpretation function
A. Infrastructure
B.
Capacity building
C.
B.
Community engagement
C.
Women
D. Conflicts
IV. IV.
A. Institutions
B. Institution
Building
V.
Project
Management
107
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
I.
Tourism
I.A.
Ministry of Tourism
UNDP
District Administration
Implementing agencies
Local
community
Advisors
I.B.
Tourism Products
> Kind of tourists > Kind of experience > Focus + niche - resulting
in
competitive advantage
> Nature and scale of benefits > Nature and scale of impacts > Criteria behind choosing particular art/craft forms for training
&
conservation
I.C.
Employment
Investment plans and patterns - non
Quality
UNDP/ MoT
I.D.
I.E.
Marketing
&
Promotion
Marketing
vs.
map
rural culture will not lead to
'commodification
and standardization'
Linkages developed between the private sector (such as travel agents and tour
operators) and project sites, impact of these linkages
I.F.
Imaging
exists
What
in,
what gets
left
out - resulting
in
a set
for 'consumption'
and when
it
hardened
it
slowly
moves
I.G.
into
Aesthetics
> Tourists (which kind of tourists?) > Project holders and implementers >
Community
I.H.
Tourism Impacts - Tourist - community interface Awareness of tourism, its opportunities and its impacts - decisions influenced
nature of the tourism to be developed
Integration of tourism
-
to the
does
set off
in
the local
economy
vis-a-vis
108
ANNEXURE
Migration -
in
and out
Tourists
and Tourist
Profiling
>
What tourists
bring
in
> Understanding of local communities towards tourism and receiving visitors > Targeting prospective visitors > Role of community > Increase
in
-
Economic Impacts
> Sustainable Livelihoods
number
in
of additional days of
(leisure),
reduction
Whose
been strengthened
(poor, very
Degree of equity
Willingness to
in
livelihoods promotion
(unemployed youth,
Social
and
Cultural Impacts
community
or
do they
become the
> Access to
facilities,
natural resources
(e.x.
about need
being on show'
> Marketing of culture
Environmental Impacts
> Eco-systems approach - interlinkages > Environmental footprint and consumables > Saving energy (energy-saving bulbs), > Saving water (rain water harvesting, re-using waste water for flushes) > Production of compost (segregating garbage, recycling of
bio-degradable waste)
> Solar Heating/cooking > Reduced use/banning of plastic > Site preparedness to handle environmental problems (pollution,
I.
Mechanisms to assess and mitigate tourism impacts How does the community judge and assess impacts of tourism?
-
Criteria
in
be catered
to,
what
will
social, cultural)
developed at community
109
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
I.J.
Interpretation function
Physical
Qualitative
II.
skills
final
and talents
it
Facilities
provided
involved
in in
rationality
-
behind pricing
Who were
local
community?
technological innovations introduced - internet/cyber cafe, credit card
to maintain infrastructure
New
Systems created
Social infrastructure
and
accessibility
II.
B.
Capacity building
for selection of
Procedure
trained,
II.
of
III.
A. Social Justice
inclusive, participation of
all
the relevant
and sustained
for
participation -
this
model
in
terms of a model
'change' sought
III.
B.
Community engagement
is
Who
community?
and power structures
who was
involved
lie
Where does
Who
-
did they
become non-stakeholders
III.
Women
Women's empowerment and gender issues What is the recognition and vision of their contribution to the project What are the efforts to involve women in the various institutions at different
levels
Has there been a change in the economic and social status of women Different ways in which women are involved in livelihood activities, leading to economic empowerment? Degree of control exercised over incomes generated through tourism-based
activities
Reasons
or possible
for
be created
causes for poor participation of women, and factors that can an enabling environment
110
ANNEXURE
III.
D. Conflicts
mechanisms
IV.
A. Institutions
of institutions
in
terms of
into
its politics,
extent to which
communities experience
taken
&
machinery
>UNDP >DC
Convergence Procedure for fund release Implementing agency- NGOs/ Panchayats Panchayats Village Tourism Committees (VTC) Self Help Groups (SHGs)
Contractors
Tourism Board,
PWD
IV.
B. Institution Building
VTC (process by which they emerged, how are they envisaged) - money contributed, who was chosen, membership, role, responsibility) SHGs (process by which they emerged, how are they envisaged, groupings based on
ability to contribute?)
Objectives, role
and
How conducive
mechanisms and
its
effectiveness
in
& follow up
Gram Sabhas
V.
of implementing
agency
exist - their relevance
frameworks that
and lacunae
own
sense of empowerment about managing the tourism process and taking on their own terms after exit of implementing agencies
it
forward
111
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Annexure 2
List of
Discussions
&
Implementing agency
Development-Karnataka
Members
Committee
-
accommodation
Member of the Wood carver group Member of the Folk artist group Members of the Pineapple Food group Member of the Home stay group
(Village
hamlets
in
in
the Aanganwadi,
SHG
taking care of
PDS
of the of the
of the Sanskriti
-
manch
(Folk
Women
trainees
Pottery
Implementing Agency
National Institute Of
Woman
Child
and Youth
Development (NIWCYD)
District Collector,
Mandla
Officials of
Members of the Durgavati Dance group Member of the Lantana craft group Member of the Home stay group
112
ANNEXURE
Member Member
group
Implementing Agency-
DHAN
Foundation (Dhan)
Sivaganga
District
Member of the Homestays group Members of the Chettinadu Cuisine group Members of the Athangudi tile making group Members of the Kandanki weaving group Members of the Kottan basket weaving group
for
(SOHARD)
Neemrana
SHG's
- terracotta, tailoring, dari
Alwar
District
Women Members
Members Members Members
of the
of various
making
Implementing agency
Members
Committee
District Collector,
Golaghat
District
Members of the Guides group Members of the Bamboo makers group Women Members of the weavers group Members of the Cuisine group Members who had gone on an exposure
visit
&The
Mangan District Members of the adventure sport group Member of the Homestay group Members of the Tourism Industry (Hotels)
District Collector,
Implementing agency
Heritage (INTACH)
and
Cultural
President, Village
113
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Gotipua dance
group
Guides group
group
of the Hospitality
Hodka
(April
2008)
-
Implementing agency
Members from Sahajeevan, Qasab & Khamir (Craft Resource Centre) Members from Hunnarshala Foundation architects for infrastructure
-
development
District Collector,
Bhuj District
Members of the Village Tourism Committee Members of the Craft group Members of the Guides group Members of the Hospitality group Women members of helped at the resort
(April
Naggar
2008)
for
Members of the Village Tourism Committee Members of the Guides group Women Members of various SHG's Members of Home Stay group Member of the cultural group
UNDP Prema Gera, Head-Poverty Unit, John Borgoyary, Programme Manager-ICT & R. K. Anil-Project Officer-Endogenous Tourism Project
-
Ministry of Tourism,
tary,
Government
of India
& Amitabh
Advisors to ETP-RTS
development)
114
ANNEXURE
Annexure 3
Tourism Perspective Plan
Developed by
UNDP
Introduction
In
is
to
i.e.
to
Demand
Side
offer?
Who
is
the Visitor?
tourists'
Profile
Human
(including Gurukul)
Sample
survey
> Natural
Endowment
and
SWOT
Capacity Building
> Awareness (uniqueness, resources, heritage)
What
is
>
Skill
development (products,
(What does the visitor get?) A 'Unique Cultural Experience' > Knowledge (of traditional
practices)
services)
>
its
See/
> Eat (local 'ethnic' cuisine) > Purchase (goods and services)
Documentation of natural
endowments
> Bio-diversity
>
(flora
and fauna)
Do Nothing (be with the nature) Itinerary: Time and motion studies to understand how long it takes to get from point A to B in the village, and by what means Pricing - to emerge from cost
>
Tour
Monuments and
structures
115
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Supply Side
ANNEXURE
UNDP
Introduction
The
Endogenous Tourism
'software'
Project
aims
to
its
support
rural
the
Government
initiatives,
tourism
identified
on the basis of
cultural
keeping
in
circuits.
The
Project's
primary
beneficiaries
are
the
rural
poor,
through
thus identified within the ambit of Project funds, stretch across the country's
six
conceivable parts: north, south, east, west, central and the north-east.
'Hardware' and 'Software' Work Plans for each location have accordingly
(i.e.
District Collectors/
community stakeholders.
be community owned and driven
The new
alternative
model
of tourism will
and structured on
It
and natural
heritage.
will
dimensions of
the Project
will
Government
culture
and natural heritage based, community-driven pro-poor tourism The National Tourism
in
policy.
Policy
2002 aims
to
economic
integration
to:
economic growth;
for
employment
rural
providing impetus to
as
global
brand
to
take
advantage
of
the
burgeoning global travel trade and the vast untapped potential of India
as a destination;
Acknowledge the
critical
role of
117
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
working as a pro-active
facilitator
and
catalyst;
in
from within".
To achieve the overall vision for the development of tourism,
strategic objectives have
five
key
been
identified:
priority
Positioning
activity.
The
Project demonstrates
in
the
out
in
the
Human
Develop-
many
rural
communities towards
which make
it
a multiple-interest
significantly to
craft, culture
and natural
heritage.
The
tourism income route can bridge the shoulder period to the 'lean' season,
with
variety of craft
bio-geographic zones.
in rural India,
to differentiate
in
and
a
rural,
118
ANNEXURE
The base
line
Map
physical
and human
Identify
livelihood needs.
Map
about the
project.
It
is
the most
vital
becomes aware
of the
programme
Mobilize
all
common
to a
consensus how
strongly
recommended, compared
Duration
in
Methodology
The study
will
be conducted
in all
18 Endogenous Tourism
Project
All
(UNDPsites
(GOI) sites.
31
report on the
of
same
will
allow a
minimum
all the social groups a PRA approach is recommended. Making use of PRA methods will ensure that situation assessment is participatory and people's views, opinions and perceptions
will
automatically
be more
realistic.
all
be addressed
in
each constituent
and
film, will
of the village.
community
into
line
study
profile
and analysis
indicating trends
will
social
groups present
will
present a clear
on
enhance the
and
project planning
tool
of evaluation throughout
119
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
is
approach of each
Implementing Partner.
A comprehensive set of subjects to be covered under the base line study is listed below. The nine areas cover a broad range of subjects keeping tourism and livelihoods as the main area of investigation. This list is not exhaustive and can be further expanded. The tenth heading has been left
for local specific issues.
Some
of the data
is
expected to be overlapping,
i.e.
same
Economy
Income: Look at
Natural
water.
all
a)
Common
Arts/crafts:
What kinds
in
the village?
What
is
is
Agriculture:
What
is
What
is
the income
from Agriculture
for
is
their seasonality?
Tourism related income: Tourists may be coming to the village already. Does the
district
numbers? What
is
visiting
in
What welcome? How long would the on an average? What income does the village
poor, poor, rich etc.,)
Livelihoods analysis
may
b)
c)
how this
augment
an increase
in
tourism activities?
Agricultural practices
Forestry activities
Animal husbandry
activities
Govt/other development interventions: List out all types of governmental or other development projects ongoing as well as planned/convergent that contributes to the income of the local population. What is the average income from these activities and
d)
profit
a)
b)
c)
Access.
Cultural
g)
h) Fairs
and
festivals.
120
ANNEXURE
i)
Handicraft
skills.
j)
Cuisine features.
k)
I)
Gender focus.
Goodwill potential from student
programmes
(including
Rural
Tourism
Scheme)
general
(c)
gateway,
q)
Home
processing
Guides.
documentation
(print/film/electronic).
Tourism-related equipment.
Promotion/publicity/marketing.
Facilitation of cleaner technology.
Maintenance
of local
dept).
house/other
bed
capacity
(category/occupancy
and
data
source)
(with source):
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
III -
Quality of
life
a)
Health
Access/quality of health
lage?
facilities:
What kinds
in
the
vil-
What
is
is
the
level of
day to day
activities
b)
Education: The
level of
education
will
of training
Levels
Formal/informal:
Vocational
skills:
What What
kind, kind,
what what
level?
level?
c)
Public health
ture.
of basic infrastruc-
What
kind of infrastructure
available already?
development?
Access to water
for
human consumption
in
different
seasons
Garbage
(solid/liquid) disposal
& management
Sanitary/(public/private)/latrines
d)
reflect
as a tourism attraction.
Type of
facilities,
architecture (traditional/modern)
IV -Culture
a)
Festivals/customs:
List all
festival
seasons?
Crafts
level of skills
list
of crafts available
number
of practitioners
c)
local traditions/culture
is
marketable and
in
what
packaging
domestic/international marketing
V-
Infrastructure
will
Common space
Roads
(such as a
Community
Hall)
c) Electricity
d)
e)
f)
Telecommunications
Drainage system
Rural industry
g)
structures...)
h)
Any other
122
ANNEXURE
VI
Gender
In all
UNDP
projects,
priority.
This section
women,
empowerment
b) Potential
women
VII
Enhanced Pride
indicator of the
in their
whole village/location
well being
is its
A good
community's
pride
in
traditions
and
culture.
their
It
showcase
customs/practices/festivals
c) In history
d) In local architecture
e) In
natural/manmade assets
VIM
Environment
&
Ecological Sustainability
is
Environmental sustainability
an
harm
The environ-
a systematic approach:
outputs.
What
Resources: What natural resources (water, forest produces, pastures, waste and
cultivated lands etc.) are the village consuming,
in
What increase
in
resource consumption
is
tourist activities?
What
is
is
the
maximum
the environment?
What
What
b.
manage the
disposal of
its
waste
is
(solid
and
liquid)?
What
kind of waste
management system/infrastructure
What
present at the
village level?
c.
Technological Interventions:
for
d.
e.
f.
Natural assets:
list
of flora/fauna
and
its
LAC
(limits of
acceptable change).
IX
Discuss the
a)
present
in
the
village.
Number
d) Their status
e)
and impact
level
X - Any other
This section
is
for
the project.
123
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Annexure 5
Promotion
Developed by Prof
Questionnaire:
Institution Building
and Livelihoods
K. V. Raju,
IRMA
Name Name
1.
Implementing Agency:
Institution Building
A.
What are the different forms of community based organisations and how many, (for example, SHGs of crafts persons, Village tourism Committees, Cooperatives etc.) that your NGO is promoting in Endogenous
Tourism Project (ETP)?
B. Briefly
(for
membership
fee,
user fee and other funds, framing of rules / by-laws, registration, con-
in
NGO
in
based organisations
2. A.
NGO market
so,
how?
B.
How does
your
NGO
ensure this?
3. A.
enterprises
(for
like
PCO,
etc.,)
NGOs
is
promoting?
B.
C.
in
the following?
in
If
so,
how?
example
and enhancement
124
ANNEXURE
4. Institutional Sustainability A.
and Empowerment How does your NGO ensure the sustainability of the community based organisations after your NGO withdraws?
B.
How many
of the organisations
promoted by your
NGO
can do the
this.
following on their
own?
Explain your
NGO
role in
ensuring
C.
D.
Conduct meetings
Take Decisions and Implement
E.
125
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
Annexure 6 Questionnaire
Sustainable Tourism
Developed by EQUATIONS
Project Site:
Implementing Agency:
I.
(text in
1.
Watershed area)
2. Local
tions,
economy (Employed / Unemployed (Men, Women), Main OccupaEconomy Sectors, Availability of Basic Infrastructure (electricity,
3.
utilization
timber
felling,
management
4. Social
(Demography (Gender
ratio,
&
Health)
5. Cultural (Local
practices)
II.
Base
line
1.
Year of
initiation
2. Total 3.
Investment by
Central
Government
(b)
State Government
(c)
Other
Investment agencies
4.
5.
(d) Private
investment
Any
who do you
of the project
III.
1.
to
2.
What
is
&
tourists
126
ANNEXURE
3.
of the
to tourists
and
4.
If it
is
activity,
what
is
the
nature of
and what
'rural
is
5.
What
is
the
experience' that
is
being planned?
What
is
the profile
6.
A key
is
culture, etc -
what
is
about
this
change?
to
7.
What
is
planned
is
created which
to village
linked
development
of the
engagement
b.
community/ stakeholders
process?
management
c.
Convergence
Marketing
(in
d.
What
is
keeping
mind the
What would be the pricing policy? What has been the progress and impact so
Impacts of Tourism
benefits are being perceived
far?
8.
What
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
a.
in
b.
c.
for
it
is
bringing
some change
in
9.
in
and analyzing data (during the various stage related to benefits and impacts.
development)
IV.
What aspects /
what way?
V.
What
VI.
Additional information
VII. 1.
implementing agency
Name
of the organisation:
2. 3.
4.
Address:
Telephone:
E-mail:
d.
Website:
128
ANNEXURE
Readiness
UNDP
Developed by
tourists,
we request you
to provide
the basic
minimum requirements
for a site to
be
regarded as "operational.
ETP Location:
Site Readiness (Please tick the appropriate box)
Overnight accommodation
1.
is
Yes
2.
D
what
is
No
No, by
when
will
this
be ready?
(month/year)
If
yes,
Home
Stays
Hotels
3. Local tourist
Yes
No
If
No, by
when
will
they be available?
(month/year)
4. Traditional cuisine is
provided on site
If
Yes
No
No, by
when
will
this
be provided?
(month/year)
Yes
6.
No
No, by
when
Place
will
they be available?
(month/year)
in
Yes
No
If
No, by
when
will
this
be
in
place?
/
is
(month/year)
established
7.
(e.g. Village
Tourism Committee)
this
Yes
8. Interpretation
No
Centre set up
If
No, by
when
will
be established?
(month/year)
Yes
9.
No
If
No, by
when
will
this
be set up?
(month/year)
Posters
Website
place?
Film
If
No, by
when
will
these be
in
(month/year)
Approximate
April
-
visitors
who
made
overnight
stays
in
the
project
village,
from
Name:
Signature:
Date:
129
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TOURISM
BAIF
SDM