The story Art for Hearts Sake was written by Reuben Lucius Goldberg (1883-1970), an American sculptor, cartoonist

and writer. After graduating from the University of California in 1904 he works as a cartoonist for a number of newspapers and magazines. He produced several series of cartoons all of which were highly popular. Among his best works are Is There a Doctor in the House? (1929), Rube Goldbergs Guide to Europe (1954) and I Made My Bed (1960). The plot of the story is intricate. It centers around an old man Collis P. Ellsworth who has troubles with his health when his financial transactions end in failure. In order to find for him a new interest Doctor Caswell offers him to take up painting, just for pleasure. And it was a great surprise when Ellsworths awful painting was not only accepted for the Show at the Lathrop Gallery, but took the First Prize! In conclusion, the protagonist says that art is nothing, that he bought the Lathrop Gallery, what surely doesnt coincide with the readers expectations. The problems raised in the story are urgent nowadays money can buy everything, art is eternal, but everybody values it from ones own point of view, at the same time not everyone is allowed to realize what real art is. The controlling idea conveyed by the author sounds like this you can buy the gallery, but you cannot buy the art itself. Speaking about the meaning of the title, arts aim is to eradicate human shortcomings, but in this particular case its effect was quite contradictory. The subject matter the passion of the old man for large buyings.

The story Art for Hearts Sake was written by Reuben Lucius Goldberg (18831970), an American sculptor, cartoonist and writer. After graduating from the University of California in 1904 he works as a cartoonist for a number of newspapers and magazines. He produced several series of cartoons all of which were highly popular. Among his best works are Is There a Doctor in the House? (1929), Rube Goldbergs Guide to Europe (1954) and I Made My Bed (1960). The plot of the story under the study is quite intricate. It presents an old man Collis P. Ellsworth who has troubles with his health when his business ends in failure. In order to find a new interesting occupation for him Doctor Caswell suggests his patient to take up painting, just for fun. Frank Swain, a student of the Atlantic Art University, agrees to teach him. After a while he created an awful smudge called Trees dressed in white. And it was a great surprise to everyone when Ellsworths dreadful painting was not only accepted for the Show at the Lathrop Gallery, but took the First Prize! The explanation of this fact was quite simple he had bought the gallery some time ago. That surely doesnt coincide with the readers expectations and creates a humorous effect.

The problems raised in the story are urgent nowadays money can buy everything, art is eternal, but everybody values it from ones own point of view, at the same time not everyone is allowed to understand its value and importance. The given extract is a third person narration linked with some pieces of a dialogue. The indirect method of characterization prevails in the extract. For example, the author does not say directly whether his characters possess some good or bad qualities, instead of it he makes them act and speak and everything can be caught between the lines. From the point of view of the genre, the extract can be obviously regarded as a humorous story. But the authors main instrument is not humour, but irony. There are no...

Written by ASUMAN BRDAL STYLISTIC ANALYSIS : A CUP OF TEA by K.Mansfield The common view that a literary text is likely to be comprehended better if it is studied in parallel with stylistic analysis which emphasizes the crucial role of the linguistic features of the text contributes much to the development of literary criticism. M.A.K.Halliday is one of the text linguists who sees grammar as a network of systems of relationships which account for all the semantically relevant choices in language, which is the standpoint of the stylistic analysis as well. In the light of M.A.K.Hallidays discipline, I will try to analyse a piece of literary text written by Katherina Mansfield in the format of a short story titled A CUP OF TEA and try to criticise the text objectively in relation to its grammatical (functional) features . Before this , Id like to give a brief information about the content of the story. A.INFORMATION ABOUT THE STORY Scanning the story first, we come across with a rich couple named Rosemary and Philip leading an untroubled, desirable life and they seem to love each other since- we have no implication whether they love each other for money or not and everything goes well in their lives.Rosemary spends money without getting into trouble and giving no reason or excuse to her husband in doing this. Everyone in a society admires Rosemary not maybe for her beauty but for her remarkable features such as being interested in current movements from every aspects, seeming as an intelligent young woman, reading the modern books.Philip is not as bright as Rosemary but he makes himself realize as soon as he enters the story towards the end. Apart from the couple, there is a girl who meets Rosemary in a street by asking for money to have a cup of tea then is picked up by her to have a cup of tea at her home and begins to be directed by her. We infer this from the fact that whenever Rosemary wants her to enter the scene she is there

but when, at the last scene, Rosemary is jealous of her, the girl is easily disappearad without giving no sign for us to follow the reason of her disappearance. And we have one more character having a part in the story :the shopman.He is also under the effect of Rosemary; we can understand this from his polite behaviours which are made obvious in the text with circumstantial features. But he is the person also who utilizes by the weakness of her.He tries to draw her attraction on the enamel box and succeeds it; he promises her to keep the box for her because he knows her and he knows that she will come to buy it; she has the power of money and gets whatever she desires without acconting for anything to anybody. Not only we encounter with her weakness in her dialogue with the shopman but also in her being jealous of Miss Smith when he utters lovely words for this girl and behaves as it is predicted by Philip who knows directing her and makes her behave as he desires taking advantage of her faulty character successfully.In that sense Philip is an intelligent man and effective on Rosemary who is also obviously the symbol of possessive female by being jealous of the girl she has met in the street; so she has no self-confidence ,she is a little bit credulous. She asks directly-having no hidden meaning in her words- Am I PRETTY?, which ironically reveals her ex-behaviours to Philip even she supposes that Philip is not aware of the truth. B.ANALYSIS When we look at the story from the point of transitivity functions included in the stylistic analysis which tell us about the language and its reflection on processes ,participants ,circumstantial functions we realize that main participant is Rosemary and most of the processes are acted by her.When we count all the sentences describing her or the ones in which she takes place we realize her dominancy at once. The other participants Id like to analyse on this text -apart from Rosemary- are the girl,Miss Smith, and Philip. Even though Philip hasnt got as many turns as Rosemary and Miss Smith, Id like to examine the processes of him in order to display the currents of events as a whole- he is the efficient figure in the sequences of events in the story-; in other words it is vital to handle it here to maintain the entirety of the text. To do this I will follow M.A.K. Hallidays process in which Ideational, Interpersonal, Textual Functions of language are daelt with in order to support all my commentations on Katherine Mansfields work. IDEATIONAL FUNCTIONS In order to relate the cognitive realities of the text with its language and give the accurate meaning it is essential to deal with the ideational functions of language of it.By this way we will have a deep knowledge of how these characters are seen as , what their mental processes are, what about the circumstantial features, and so on. 1)Rosemary as a participant *Relational processes: In many ways she is presented us very active .There are descriptions both for her physical appearance and for her characteristic features and

interests: She was young , brilliant , extremely modern, exquisitely well dressed, amazingly well read in the newest of the new books ... Even the words describing her are beatifully chosen ones and there is nothing which makes her inferior-as it is obviously seen -she is not a woman adored for her goddess beauty but she is an active figure in a society with her doings; however it is not clear whether she makes it to be seen like that or she is really the one known in a society . Her hat, really no bigger than a geranium petal, hung from a branch... The writer of the text here uses metaphorical phrases while describing Rosemarys hat. Infact the writer doesnt generally use such things , the language of the text is direct but here , in describing her appearance,she does this . Infact it is to reflect the prominence that is given for her. *Material processes: She is mostly the actor where the girl is the goal or sometimes the beneficiary recipient: I want you to. To please me. Here I , Rosemary, takes part as an actor whereas you,Miss Smith, is the goal and want is the process which is stated by Rosemary. We may infer that Rosemary is dominant and makes others do whatever she wants to. I only want to make you warm... This time what she desires to be made by her is something good as a concept ; but even it is good for Miss Smith, it is directed by Rosemary and shows her power on her by regarding Miss Smith as a helpless creature which is to be pitied and looked after. Come and sit down, she cried, dragging her big chair up to the fire,in this comfy chair. And the circumstantial features where the actor is Rosemary gives clues for her rich ,comfortable life style. To give more examples: And there! cried Rosemary again , as they reached her beatiful big bedroom with the curtains drawn, the fire leaping on her wonderful lacquer furniture, her gold cushions and the primrose and blue rugs. She turned impulsively. (She is accustomed to speking freely in a society thanks to the power of the money .) *Mental processes: Looking at how she sees the world around her, we realize that she can mention about what she likes or dislikes and reveals her ideas directly and freely; we have lots of verbs telling us about her cognition and affection: Yes, she liked it very much, she loved it. Rosemary admired the flowers. Rosemary gave no sign. Rosemary laughed out. She decided... She wanted to spare this poor little thing... She saw alittle battered creature with enormous eyes... I hate lilac.

2)The girl as a participant *Relational processes: Physical descriptions are used to introduce her and these descriptions sometimes tell us about the life style of her and mostly show us inferiority of her when compared with Rosemary basically: ...Rosemary turned. She saw a little battered creature with enormous eyes , someone quite young , no older than herself... ...a light , frail creature with tangled hair, dark lips, deep lighted eyes,... ...thin ,birdlike shoulders. ...poor little thing. And we have implications about her manner which are presented us from the eyes of the writer: ...she seemed dazed. she seemed to stagger like a child,... *Material processes: She is the goal where Rosemary is the actor: Rosemary says: I simply took her with me. I want you to.To please me. She wanted to spare this poor little thing from being stared at by the servants. She applied the poor little creature with ,everything,...: And here she is the beneficiary recipient. Even the girl says (accepting her power): You are not taking me to police station.: Here the actor is again Rosemary even the sentence is uttered by the other , she will act the process; the girl is aware of this and she is the recipient again. Rosemary drew the other into the hall. the otheris the girl. *Mental processes: Although her acts are mostly led by Rosemary, we have implications about her feelings as follows: The girl almost cried out . ...burst into tears the girl gazed back at her. she felt how simple and kind her smile was. 3)Philip as a participant *Relational Processes: There is no sign for his physical appearance and no utterance for his personality also . But we can only guess something by means of the sentences as follows: Philip smiled his charming smile. The we can say that he has charming smile that makes effect on Rosenary. But what an earth are you going to do with her?cried Philip. So, he accounts for something and she behaves in line with Philips desires. *Material Processes:

Even though he enters at the last scene , he is the actor in the sentences where Rosemary is the goal: I wanted you come... Here Rosemary is the goal.(You= Rosemary) He came in...he said, and stopped and stared. Here the events are acted by him but this time ,unlike Rosemarys statements, there are some intransitive verbs.In Rosemarys statements ,there are generally recipients and goals(In short there are objects) affected by the process. Philip jumped her on his knee. This is the statement in which Rosemary is the recipient whereas Philip is the actor. *Mental Processes: As soon as he takes a part in the story, he behaves like an observor as it is understood from the sentences below: ..he said curiously, still looking at that listless figure, looking at its hands and boots... ..I wanted you to come... Philip smiled.. ... cried Philip. INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS Looking at K.Mansfields story from the point of the language use between the participants, we come across with variability making the text closer to real,authentic usage by means of questions, answers, requests, imperatives,exclamations and so on. To begin with turn-takings between Rosemary and Miss Smith, it is seen that there are lots of questions and answers: May I speak to you a moment? Speak to me? (And this also presents us a part from an authentic language use by shortening the statement.It is also the indicator of bewilderment of Rosemary against the girls behaviour.) ... Would you let me have the price of a cup tea? A cup of tea ?Then have you no money at all? ... Do you like me? And sometimes Rosemary gives answers instead of the girl. She does most of the talking: Of course ,she will. ...She insisted on going...(She says to Philip as if it was said by Miss Smith ,herself.) There are imperatives uttered by Rosemary again ,which proves that she does and gets whatever she wants from helpless people : Come along. Come ,come upstairs. Come and sit down. Dont cry. Do stop crying. She also uses imperatives against Philip:

Be nice to her. Kiss me. But Philip also gives commands to her: Explain Look again,my child. However Miss Smith uses polite requests such as: May I speak to you a moment? Would you let me have the price of a cup of tea. ...so ligthtly and strangely: Im very sorry, madam, but Im going to faint.I shall go off ,madam, if I dont have something. (It is not in an exact polite request form but said politely.) I cant go on no longer like this. I cant bear no more (Totally free in revealing her ideas and feelings not by consulting to politeness.) Exclamations are used by Rosemary sometimes to express her ideas: Charming! How extraordinary! sometimes to present her while thinking to herself: How thoughtless I am! Pretty! Lovely!(By repeating Philips utterances angrily.) Sometimes to demonstrate: There! TEXTUAL FUNCTIONS Both the narrative statements directly by the writer and the dialogues between the participants are involved in the story. Ideas of the characters and their acts are told by the writer of the text as a narrator whereas the chain of particular events ,speech acts are presented via a lot of dialogues in the text.K.Mansfield is like an observor describes the characters ,the events and gives us clues about what the characters are thinking to themselves. For instance, Rosemary is made to think and speak to herself after being jealous of the girl and we can follow her plans which is going to occur. C.CONCLUSION Having analysed this literary text by not commenting on it with my superficial impressions but examinig it in detail considering into the linguistic features of it, I have obtained more objective criticism. Furthermore, it has proved that our impressions supposed to be uttered intuitively and unconsciously has hidden conscious in itself and kept hidden unless it emerges by studying it with its grammatical features which helped me to analyse the short story of Katherine Mansfield more empirically. By means of this stylistic analysis , I,myself, have also seen that a literary text can be interpreted effectively,scientifically,and most correctly when its functional features are studied in detail and one can enjoy the passage even after its linguistic features are dealt with,which is supposed to make the meaning and charming beauty of the work of art loss.

Written by ASUMAN BRDAL

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