Chapter 2

Motion Along a Straight Line

PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Wayne Anderson
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Goals for Chapter 2

To describe straight-line motion in terms of velocity and acceleration To distinguish between average and instantaneous velocity and average and instantaneous acceleration To interpret graphs of position versus time, velocity versus time, and acceleration versus time for straight-line motion To understand straight-line motion with constant acceleration To examine freely falling bodies To analyze straight-line motion when the acceleration is not constant
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Introduction
Kinematics is the study of motion. Velocity and acceleration are important physical quantities. A bungee jumper speeds up during the first part of his fall and then slows to a halt.
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Slide 3 BS1 If picture is changed to 13e opener of a bungee jumper, then the picture won't match lecture text.
Bryan Spencer, 30/09/2010

Displacement, time, and average velocityFigure 2.1

A particle moving along the x-axis has a coordinate x. The change in the particles coordinate is x = x2 x1. The average x-velocity of the particle is vav-x = x/t. Figure 2.1 illustrates how these quantities are related.

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Negative velocity
The average x-velocity is negative during a time interval if the particle moves in the negative x-direction for that time interval. Figure 2.2 illustrates this situation.

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A position-time graphFigure 2.3

A position-time graph (an x-t graph) shows the particles position x as a function of time t. Figure 2.3 shows how the average x-velocity is related to the slope of an x-t graph.

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Instantaneous velocityFigure 2.4 The instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a specific instant of time or specific point along the path and is given by vx = dx/dt. The average speed is not the magnitude of the average velocity!

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Average and instantaneous velocities

In Example 2.1, the cheetahs instantaneous velocity increases with time. (Follow Example 2.1)

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Finding velocity on an x-t graph At any point on an x-t graph, the instantaneous xvelocity is equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point.

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Motion diagrams
A motion diagram shows the position of a particle at various instants, and arrows represent its velocity at each instant. Figure 2.8 shows the x-t graph and the motion diagram for a moving particle.

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Average acceleration
Acceleration describes the rate of change of velocity with time. The average x-acceleration is aav-x = vx/t. Follow Example 2.2 for an astronaut.

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Instantaneous acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration is ax = dvx/dt. Follow Example 2.3, which illustrates an accelerating racing car.

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Finding acceleration on a vx-t graph

As shown in Figure 2.12, the x-t graph may be used to find the instantaneous acceleration and the average acceleration.

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A vx-t graph and a motion diagram

Figure 2.13 shows the vx-t graph and the motion diagram for a particle.

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An x-t graph and a motion diagram

Figure 2.14 shows the x-t graph and the motion diagram for a particle.

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Motion with constant accelerationFigures 2.15 and 2.17

For a particle with constant acceleration, the velocity changes at the same rate throughout the motion.

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The equations of motion with constant acceleration

The four equations shown to the right apply to any straightline motion with constant acceleration ax. Follow the steps in Problem-Solving Strategy 2.1.

vx = v0x + axt x = x0 + v0xt + 1 axt 2 2

2 2 vx = v0x + 2ax x x0

v0x + vx x x0 = t 2

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A motorcycle with constant acceleration

Follow Example 2.4 for an accelerating motorcycle.

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Two bodies with different accelerations

Follow Example 2.5 in which the police officer and motorist have different accelerations.

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Freely falling bodies

Free fall is the motion of an object under the influence of only gravity. In the figure, a strobe light flashes with equal time intervals between flashes. The velocity change is the same in each time interval, so the acceleration is constant.

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A freely falling coin

Aristotle thought that heavy bodies fall faster than light ones, but Galileo showed that all bodies fall at the same rate. If there is no air resistance, the downward acceleration of any freely falling object is g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2. Follow Example 2.6 for a coin dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
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Velocity and position by integration

The acceleration of a car is not always constant. The motion may be integrated over many small time intervals to t t vx = vox + axdt and x = x0 + vxdt. give 0 0

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Up-and-down motion in free fall An object is in free fall even when it is moving upward. Follow Example 2.7 for up-and-down motion.

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Is the acceleration zero at the highest point?Figure 2.25

The vertical velocity, but not the acceleration, is zero at the highest point.

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Two solutions or one?

We return to the ball in the previous example. How many solutions make physical sense? Follow Example 2.8.

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Motion with changing acceleration

Follow Example 2.9. Figure 2.29 illustrates the motion graphically.

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