INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

PROF. SUSAN D. VILLANUEVA Second Semester 2012-2013 I. INTRODUCTION (For reference) Justin Hughes, The Philosophy of Intellectual Property, 77 Geo. L.J. 287 (1988) Kenneth W. Dam, The Economic Underpinnings of Patent Law, 23 J. of Legal Studies 247 (1994) Marshall A. Leaffer, Protecting United States Intellectual Property Abroad: Toward a New Multilateralism, 76 Iowa L. Rev. 273 (1991) A. Samuel Oddi, The International Patent System and Third World Development, 1987 Duke L. J. 831 (1987) Michael A. Heller and Rebecca Eisenberg, Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research, 280 Science 698 (1998) II. CONSTITUTION Article XII, Section 6 Article XII, Section 14 Article XIV, Sections 10-18 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS (For reference) A. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works as revised in Brussels (Brussels Act) Ratified by the Senate on 26 June 1948. Instrument of Accession was signed by the President on 26 June 1950. It entered into force for the Philippines on 01 August 1951.

III.

B.

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Rights (Paris Convention). Ratified by the Philippine Senate on 10 May 1965. The Philippine instrument of ratification was deposited on 11 August 1965. It entered into force for the Philippines on 27 September 1965.

C.

International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention) The Convention was adopted at Rome on 26 October 1961. The Philippine instrument of accession was signed by the President on 24 May 1984 and was deposited with the Secretary General of the United Nations on 25 June 1984. The Convention entered into force for the Philippines on 25 September 1984.

D.

Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization. The convention entered into force for the Philippines on 14 July 1980;

E.

Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure.
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F.

The treaty entered into force for the Philippines on 21 October 1981

Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property, Including Trade In Counterfeit Goods of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Articles 1-14, 40-73. Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18 One of the Multilateral Agreements annexed to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization Adopted on 15 April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morocco Ratified by the Senate on 14 December 1994 Instrument of Ratification signed by President Ramos on 16 December 1994 See also Doha Declaration on Public Health and the 30 August 2003 Decision of the WTO General Council

G.

Patent Cooperation Treaty The Philippine Senate ratified the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) on 05 February 2001. It entered into force on 17 August 2001. The IPO issued the Philippine Rules on PCT Applications (22 October 2001), as amended by Office Order No. 13, Series of 2002, (14 February 2002).

H. IV.

Madrid Protocol

CIVIL CODE Article 712 Articles 721-724 Articles 520-522 Differences between copyright, trademarks and patent Kho v. Court of Appeals, 379 SCRA 410 (2002) COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS A. Legislative History of the Law on Copyright and Related Rights (For reference) 1. Spanish Law on Intellectual Property of 1879 2. U.S. Copyright Law 3. Act 3134 (Copyright Law) 4. Presidential Decree No. 49 (took effect on 27 December 1972) 5. Presidential Decree No. 1988 (amended PD 49 by inserting Section 56) 6. Intellectual Property Code (took effect on 01 January 1998) B. Law on Copyright Section 241, Intellectual Property Code ("IPC") Section 239.3, IPC Section 236, IPC 1. Definition of Copyright Section 177, IPC Rule 2, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations

V.

Rules 11-12, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations 2. Standard for Copyright Protection Section 172.1, IPC Section 172.2, IPC Ching Kian Chuan v. CA, 363 SCRA 142 (2001) Sambar v. Levi Strauss, 378 SCRA 364 (2002) When does Copyright vest? Santos v. McCullough Printing Co., 12 SCRA 321 (1964) Filipino Society of Composers v. Benjamin Tan, 148 SCRA 461 (1987) Sec. 2, PD 49 Article 5(2), Berne Convention for the Protection of Literacy and Artistic Works Section 172 and 172.2, IPC Rule 7, Sections 2-4, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations Scope of Copyright Article 2, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literacy and Artistic Works Sections 172, 172.2, 173, 173.2, 174, IPC Section 175, IPC Section 176, IPC Joaquin v. Drilon, 302 SCRA 225 (1999) United Feature Syndicate v. Munsingwear, 179 SCRA 260 (1989) Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 Who owns Copyright? Sec. 178 (and its subparagraphs), Sec. 179, Sec. 174, IPC Article 722 and 723, Civil Code Article 520 of the Civil Code Duration of Copyright Articles 7 and 7bis, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works Sec. 213 (and its subparagraphs), Sec. 214, IPC Limitations on Copyright Sections 176 (and its subparagraphs), 171.11, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, IPC Sec. 189, IPC Sec. 190, IPC Rule 14, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations Filipino Society of Composers v. Benjamin Tan, 148 SCRA 461 (1987) Philippine Education Co. v. Sotto, 52 Phil. 580 Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417, 104 S. Ct. 774, 78 L. Ed. 2d. 574 Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539, 105 S. Ct. 2218, 85 L. Ed. 2d 588. Ann Bartow, Educational Fair Use in Copyright: Reclaiming the Right to Photocopy Freely, 60 University of Pittsburg Law Review, 149 (1998)
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3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

In The Matter Of The Charges Of Plagiarism, Etc., Against Associate Justice Mariano C. Del Castillo, A.M. No. 10-7-17-SC. October 12, 2010. In The Matter Of The Charges Of Plagiarism, Etc., Against Associate Justice Mariano C. Del Castillo, A.M. No. 10-7-17-SC. February 8, 2011. 8. Transfer of Copyright Sections 180 (and its subparagraphs), 181, 182, 183, IPC Section 4.2 in relation to Sections 87 and 88, IPC Section 92, IPC Section 237, IPC Deposit of Copyrightable Materials Sections 191-192, IPC Sections 227-229, IPC Rule 5, Copyright Safeguards and Regulations Infringement a. Definition b. Remedies Sections 221-224, IPC Sec. 3, IPC Sec. 10.2, IPC Sections. 216-220, IPC Sections 225-226, IPC Sec. 231, IPC Rule on Search and Seizure in Civil Actions for Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights (A.M. No. 02-1-06-SC) Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights Cases (A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC) issued on 3 October 2011 20th Century Fox v. CA, 164 SCRA 655 (1988) Columbia Pictures, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 237 SCRA 367 (1994) Columbia Pictures v. Court of Appeals, 261 SCRA 144 (1996) People v. Ramos, 83 SCRA 1 (1978) Serrano Laktaw v. Paglinawan, 44 Phil. 855 Habana v. Robles, 310 SCRA 511 (1999) Joaquin v. Drilon, 302 SCRA 225 (1999) Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003)

9.

10.

B.

Related Rights 1. Moral Rights Article 6bis, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works Sections 193-199, IPC 2. Right to Proceeds in Subsequent Transfers (Droit De Suite or Follow Up Rights) Sections 200-201, IPC Neighboring Rights Sec. 202, IPC Sec. 212, IPC a. Rights of Performers
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Sections 203-207, IPC Sec. 215, IPC b. Rights of Producers of Sound Recording Sections 208-210, IPC Sec. 215, IPC Rights of Broadcasting Organizations Sections 211, IPC Sec. 215.2, IPC ABS-CBN Broadcasting vs. Philippine Multi-Media System, G.R. Nos. 175769-70, January 19, 2009.

c.

C.

P.D. No. 285 Sec. 239, IPC

VI.

LAW ON TRADEMARKS, TRADENAMES AND SERVICE MARKS A. Legislative History Republic Act No. 166 Sec. 239.2, IPC Sec. 235.2, IPC Sec. 236, IPC Sec. 241, IPC Sec. 239, IPC Definition of trademarks Section 121.1, IPC Distilleria Washington v. CA, 263 SCRA 303 Functions of trademarks Ang v. Teodoro, 74 Phil 50 Etepha v. Director of Patents, 16 SCRA 495 Mirpuri v. Court of Appeals, 318 SCRA 516 (1999)

B.

C.

D.

How Are Marks Acquired? Section 122, IPC Contrast this with Sec. 2-A of Republic Act No. 166 and cases decided under RA 166: Unno Commercial Enterprises v. General Milling Corp., 120 SCRA 904 Kabushi Kaisha Isetan v. IAC, 203 SCRA 583 Philip Morris v. CA, 224 SCRA 576 Philip Morris v. Fortune Tobacco, GR No. 158589, 27 June 2006 Shangrila v. DCCI, GR No. 159938, 31 March 2006 Shangrila v DCCI, GR No. 159938, 22 January 2007 E. F. Standard for Registrability What Marks May Be Registered? Sec. 123 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Etepha v. Director of Patents, 16 SCRA 495 Baxter v. Zuasua, 5 Phil 160
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Compania Gral de Tabacco v. Alhambra Cigar, 33 Phil 485 Ang v. Teodoro, 74 Phil 50 Arce Sons v. Selecta Biscuits, 1 SCRA 253 Kabushi Kaisha Isetan v. IAC, 203 SCRA 583 Asia Brewery v. CA, 224 SCRA 437 (1993) Emerald Garment Manufacturing v. CA, 251 SCRA 600 Fredco Manufacturing Corporation V. President And Fellows Of Harvard College (Harvard University), G.R. No. 185917, June 1, 2011 G. Application for Registration 1. Application Sec. 3, IPC Sections 124 (and its sub-paragraphs), 125, 126, 128, 130 (and its subparagraphs), IPC Sec. 124.2, IPC Sec. 131 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC (Claim of Priority Date) Sec. 239.2, IPC 2. Assignment of Application Number and Filing Date Sec. 127, IPC Sec. 132 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Examination Sec. 133 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 126, IPC Sec. 129, IPC Publication Sec. 133.2, IPC Opposition Sections 134 and 135, IPC Bata Industries v. CA, 114 SCRA 318 Mirpuri v. Court of Appeals, 318 SCRA 516 (1999) Issuance and Publication of Certificate Sections 136 and 137, IPC Sec. 138, IPC Sec. 139, IPC Sec. 144 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 4.2, IPC Duration of Certificate Sec. 145, IPC Voluntary Cancellation of Certificate Sec. 140, IPC Correction of Mistakes Sections 142 and 143, IPC

3.

4. 5.

6.

7. 8. 9.

10. H. I.

Renewal Sec. 146 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC

Madrid Protocol Rights Conferred Sec. 147 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) Sec. 148, IPC Section 4.2 in relation to Sections 87 and 88, 92, IPC Sec. 149 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 150 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 231, IPC Is there infringement even if the goods are non-competing? Ang Tibay v. Teodoro, 74 Phil 50 Chua Che v. Philippine Patent Office, 13 SCRA 67 (1965). Sta. Ana v. Maliwat, 24 SCRA 108 Philippine Refining Company v. Ng Sam, 115 SCRA 472 Esso Standard Eastern, Inc. v. CA, 116 SCRA 336 Hickok Manufacturing Co. v. CA, 116 SCRA 387 Faberge v. IAC, 215 SCRA 316 Canon Kabushiki v. CA, 336 SCRA 266 (2000) Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003) 246 Corporation v. Daway, 416 SCRA 315 (2003) Societe Des Produits Nestle v. CA, 356 SCRA 207 (2001) Levi Strauss v. Clinton Apparelle, GR No. 138900, 20 September 2005 Section 20, RA 166 as compared to Sec. 138, IPC Issue of Parallel Importation: Yu v. CA, 217 SCRA 328

J.

Remedies Sec. 3, IPC Sec. 160, IPC Sec. 231, IPC Leviton Industries v. Salvador, 114 SCRA 420 Puma v. IAC, 158 SCRA 233 La Chemise Lacoste v. Fernandez, 129 SCRA 373

Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights Cases (A.M. No. 103-10-SC)
1. Administrative a) Cancellation Proceedings Sec. 151 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 152 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sections 153 and 154, IPC Sec. 230, IPC Sec. 232.2, IPC Romero v. Maiden Form, 10 SCRA 556 Philippine Nut Industry v. Standard Brands Inc., 65 SCRA 575 Anchor Trading Co. v. Director of Patents, 99 Phil.1040 Clorox Company v. Director of Patents, 20 SCRA 965 (1967) Wolverine Worldwide, Inc. v. CA, 169 SCRA 627 (1989) Shangrila v. CA, 359 SCRA 273 (1999)
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Superior Commercial Enterprises vs. Kunnan Enterprises Ltd., G.R. No. 169974, April 20, 2010. b) Intellectual Property Rights Violations Sec. 10(2) (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 232, IPC Sec. 232.2, IPC IN-N-Out Burger v. Sehwani, G.R. No. 179127. December 24, 2008. c) 2. Prohibition of Importation Sec. 166, IPC

Civil a) Infringement Sec. 155 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 156 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 157 (and its sub-paragraphs). IPC Sec. 158, IPC Sec. 159 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) Sec. 161, IPC Sec. 163, IPC Sec. 164, IPC Sec. 232, IPC

Rule on Search and Seizure in Civil Actions for Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights (A.M. No. 02-1-06-SC) Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights Cases (A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC) issued on 3 October 2011
Etepha v. Director of Patents, 16 SCRA 495 (1966) Esso Standard Eastern v. CA, 116 SCRA 338 Fruit of the Loom v. CA, 133 SCRA 405 (1984) Del Monte Corporation v. CA, 181 SCRA 410 Asia Brewery v. CA, 224 SCRA 437 Conrad v. CA, 246 SCRA 691 Emerald Garment Manufacturing v. CA, 251 SCRA 600 Amigo v. Cluett Peabody, 354 SCRA 434 (2001) Societe Des Produits Nestle v. CA, 356 SCRA 207 (2001) Mighty Corporation v. E. & J. Gallo Winery, GR No. 154342, 14 July 2004 McDonald's Corp v. L.C. Big Mak, GR 143993 dated 18 August 2004 McDonald's Corp. v. Macjoy Fastfood Corp., GR No. 166115, 2 February 2007 Skechers v. Inter Pacific Industrial Trading, G.R. No. 164321, March 28, 2011 Cases on bottles and containers: Cagayan Valley Enterprises v. CA, 179 SCRA 218 Distilleria Washington v. CA, 263 SCRA 303 Distilleria Washington v. La Tondena, 280 SCRA 116 Twin Ace Holdings v. CA, 280 SCRA 884 b) Unfair Competition
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Sec. 168 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC Sec. 232, IPC Difference between Infringement and Unfair Competition: Del Monte Corporation v. CA, 181 SCRA 410 Pro Line Sports Center v. CA, 281 SCRA 162 Universal Rubber Products v. CA, 130 SCRA 104 Converse Rubber Corp. v. Jacinto Rubber and Plastic Co., 97 SCRA 158 Asia Brewery v. CA, 224 SCRA 437 (1993) Solid Triangle v. Sheriff, 370 SCRA 491 (2001) Sony Computer v. Supergreen, Inc., GR No. 161823, 22 March 2007 Sehwani, Inc. and Benitas Frites, Inc. vs. IN-N-OUT Burger, Inc., 536 SCRA 255 (2007) Coca Cola v. Gomez, G.R. No. 154491, November 14, 2008 Superior Commercial Enterprises vs. Kunnan Enterprises Ltd., G.R. No. 169974. April 20, 2010. c) Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Action for False or Fraudulent Declaration 162, IPC 163, IPC 164, IPC 232, IPC

d) Action for False Designation of Origin Sec. 169 (and its sub-paragraphs), IP Code Sec. 232, IPC 3. Criminal Sec. 170, IPC Rule 10, Sec. 2, Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights

Cases (A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC) courts that can issue search warrants
Sy v. Court of Appeals, 113 SCRA 334 Samson v. Judge Daway, GR Nos. 160054-55, July 21, 2004 William C. Yao, Sr. vs. The People Of The Philippines, G.R. No. 168306. June 19, 2007. K. TRADENAMES 1. Definition Sec. 121.3, IPC Converse Rubber Corporation v. Universal Rubber Products, 117 SCRA 154 2. 3. What May Not Be Used As A Tradename? Sec. 165.1, IPC Rights of the Tradename Owner Secs. 165.2, IPC Sec. 165.3, IPC Sec. 165.4, IPC Philips Export v. CA, 206 SCRA 457 Armco Steel Corporation v. SEC, 156 SCRA 822 Western Equipments & Supply Co. v. Reyes, 51 Phil 115
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Fredco Manufacturing Corporation V. President And Fellows Of Harvard College (Harvard University), G.R. No. 185917, June 1, 2011 L. COLLECTIVE MARKS 1. Definition Sec. 121.2, IPC 2. Section 167 (and its sub-paragraphs), IPC

VII.

LAW ON PATENTS A. Legislative History 1. Republic Act No. 165 2. Republic Act No. 8293 ("IPC") Sec. 239.1, IPC Sec. 235.1, IPC Sec. 236, IPC 3. RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) (Amended IPC) Definition Purpose Manzano v. CA, 278 SCRA 688 Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003) What are patentable? 1. Inventions Section 21, IPC Standards: a. Novelty Sections 23-25, IPC Maguan v. CA, 146 SCRA 107 Vargas v. F.M. Yaptico & Co., 40 Phil 195 Vargas v. Chua, 57 Phil 206 Frank v. Kosuyama, 59 Phil. 206 b. Inventiveness Section 26, IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) Aguas v. de Leon, 111 SCRA 238 Manzano v. CA, 278 SCRA 688 Industrial Application Section 27, IPC

B. C.

D.

c. 2. 3.

Utility Model Sections 109.1, IPC Industrial Designs Sections 112, 113, 119.1, IPC

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4. Lay-Out Designs (Topographies of Integrated Circuits RA 9150 amending RA 8293 Layout Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits Regulations E. What are not patentable? Section 22, IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) Secs. 8-9, RA 165 Sec. 74, RA 165 Article 27, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 100 S. Ct. 2204 Plant Variety Protection Act, Republic Act No. 9168 Sections 32 and 34 of the IPRA Law (RA 8371) Ownership of Patent Section 28, IPC Section 29, IPC Section 30, IPC Sections 67-70, IPC Section 236, IPC Regular Application for Patent 1. Who may apply? Sections 28-30, IPC Section 68, IPC Section 3, IPC Section 231, IPC Section 235, IPC 2. Application Sections 32-37, IPC Section 38, IPC Section 39, IPC Section 8, IPC Sections 108, 109.2, IPC (Utility Models) Section 114-115, IPC (Industrial Design)

F.

G.

3.

Priority Date Section 31, IPC Boothe v. Director of Patents, 95 SCRA 446 4. Filing Date Sections 40-41, IPC Section 116, IPC (Industrial Design) Formality Examination Section 42, IPC Classification and Search Section 43, IPC Confidentiality Before Publication
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5. 6. 7.

Section 45, IPC 8. 9. Publication of Patent Application Section 44, IPC Rights Conferred by a Patent Application After Publication Section 46, IPC

10. Observation by Third Parties Section 47, IPC 11. Request for Substantive Examination Section 48, IPC Schuartz v. CA, 335 SCRA 493 (2000) 12. Amendment Section 49, IPC 13. Conversion Sections 110 and 111, IPC H. Philippine Rules on PCT Applications (Pursuant to Patent Cooperation Treaty ratified by the Senate on 5 February 2001; PCT took effect for th pHilippines on 17 August 2001) I. Issuance or Refusal of Patents Section 50, IPC Section 51, IPC Section 53, IPC Sections 117 and 119, IPC (Industrial Design) Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003) Publication Upon Grant of Patents Section 52, IPC Term of Patent Section 54, IPC (Invention Patent) Section 109.3, IPC (Utility Model) Section 118, IPC (Industrial Design) Annual Fees Section 55, IPC Surrender, Correction and Amendment Section 56, IPC Sections 57-60, IPC Cancellation 1. Grounds Section 61, IPC Section 82, IPC
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J. K.

L. M.

N.

Section 109.4, IPC (Utility Model) Section 120, IPC (Industrial Design) 2. Proceedings Sections 62-66, IPC Section 230, IPC

O.

Rights of Patentee 1. Section 71, IPC Parke Davis & Co. v. Doctor's Pharmaceuticals, 124 SCRA 115 Limitations on The Rights Of A Patentee: Sec. 72, IPC as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) Secs. 73-74, IPC Sec. 231, IPC The Issue of Parallel Importation: Section 71, IPC Article 6 of the TRIPS Agreement: The Doctrine of Exhaustion 2. Action for infringement (Literal and Equivalent) Vargas v. F.M. Yaptico, supra Frank v. Benito, 51 Phil. 712 Frank v. Kosuyama, 59 Phil. 206 G. Sell v. Yap Jue, 12 Phil. 519 Maguan v. CA, 146 SCRA 107 Godines v. CA, 226 SCRA 338 Del Rosario v. CA, 255 SCRA 152 Smith Kline v. CA, 409 SCRA 33 (2003)

Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights Cases (A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC)
a. Civil Action for Infringement Section 76, IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) Section 75, IPC

Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights Cases (A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC) issued on 3 October 2011
b. c. d. Criminal Action for Repetition of Infringement Section 84, IPC Administrative Section 10.2, IPC Who can file? Section 77, IPC Creser Precision System, Inc. v. CA, 286 SCRA 13 Presumptions Section 78, IPC Damages
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e. f.

Secs. 79-80, IPC g. h. i. 3. Defenses in Action for Infringement Section 81, IPC Patent Found Invalid May be Cancelled Section 82, IPC Assessors Section 83, IPC

Licensing a. Voluntary Sections 85-92, IPC b. Compulsory Sections 93-95, IPC, as amended by RA No. 9502 (Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008) Sections96 -102, IPC Price v. United Laboratories, 166 SCRA 133 (1988) Smith Kline v. CA, 276 SCRA 224 (1997) Smith Kline v. CA, 368 SCRA 9

4.

Right to Transfer and Assign Section 4.2, IPC Sections 103-107, IPC Sections 85-92, IPC Albana v. Director of Patents, 93 Phil. 113

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