Complex Numbers

Facebook page : https://www.facebook.
com/MrSherifYehiaAlMaraghy

Mr . Sherif Yehia Al Maraghy https://twitter.com/Mr_Sherif_yehia
01009988836 01009988826 Email : Rooshery@hotmail.com
3
rd
Secondary Algebra - 90 - Complex numbers
Complex numbers

I ntroduction :
We have studied before different sets of numbers , the set of natural numbers N , the set of
Integers Z , the set of real numbers R and its clear that every set comes as an extension
Of the preceding one .
But all of the previous sets are unable to solve another equations like
2
a -1 = ,thus we must
extend the set of real numbers R to a new set of numbers, this new set is called the set of
complex numbers.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Imaginary numbers
If we want to solve the equation
3
x -1 , we see that x -1 = =
{ }
2 2 2
2
T 2 2
Now let : i -1 So i x x i
Thus the solution set of x -1 is i , -i
Remarks
1) i R So we can not represent it on the number line .
2) From the above we can conclude that if :
x - a
= = =
=
e
=
( )
( )
hen 2 2 2
solution 2 2 2 2
solution 2 2 2 2
x a i x ai
Example 1 : Solve the equation : x 9 0 x -9 x 9i x 3i
Example 2 : Solve the equation : x 2 0 x -2 x 2i x 2i
So we have a new set of number nam
= =
+ = = = =
+ = = = =
ed the set of imaginary numbers.

( ) ( )
2
3 2 4 2 2 5 4
6 4 2 7 4 3
Properties of the Imaginary number i
i -1 , i -1 and hence :
i i i -1 i -i i i i -1 -1 1 i i i 1 i i
i i i 1 -1 -1 i i i 1 -i -i
= =
= = = = = = = = =
= = = = = =
8 4 4
i i i 1 1 1 = = =

Also
4
3
2
4 4
3 3 4 4
1 i 1 1
i -i And -1
i i i -1
1 i 1 i
i And 1
i i i i
So we conclude that these values are repeated if the power is increased by 4.
= = = = =
= = = =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/MrSherifYehiaAlMaraghy

3
rd
Example (1)
7 8 13 15 42 101 4m 2 -19
5
1
Put in the simplest form : i , i , i , i , i , i , i : m Z , , i
i
+ +
e
Answer

7 4 3 3 8 4 2 15 12 3 3 42 40 2 2
8 20
101 100 1 4m 2 2 3 -19
5 5 19 19
i i i -i i i 1 i i i -i i i i -1
1 i 1 i
i i i i i -1 i i i i
i i i i
+ + +
+ +
= = = = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Set of Complex numbers
( ) ( )( )
2
2
2
2
To find the S.S of the equation : x 6x 13 0 we have to find the discriminant which is
B bac such that a 1 , b -6 , c 13
So B 4ac -6 4 1 13 -16 , so it has no real solution but we can solve it us
+ =
= = =
= =
2 2
ing
-b b 4ac 6 -16 6 16i 6 4i 6 4i
Complex numbers : x 3 2i
2a 2 2 2 2 2

= = = = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
Find the solution set of the equation
2
x 2x 3 0 + =
Answer

( )( )
2 2
a 1 , b - 2 , c 3
2 4 4 1 3
-b b 4ac 2 -8 2 8i
And x
2a 2 2 2
2 2 2 i 2 2 i 2
x x x 1 2 i
2 2 2
Then Either : x 1 2 i Or x 1 2 i
= = =

= = = =
= = =
= + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notice that
The complex number is that the number which can be written in the form x + i y : x , y eR

2
i 1, x is called the real part and iy called imaginar part of the complex nmber. =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remarks
1) In the complex number Z = x + i y , if y = 0 Then Z = x and we say that the number Z is a
pure real number.
2) In the complex number Z = x + i y , if y = 0 Then Z = x and we say that the number Z is a
I maginary number.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Operation on a set of complex numbers

(1) Addition of two complex numbers :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
Let the first number be : x i y and the second number be x i y
Then the sum of these two complex numbers : x x i y y
For Example : 6 2i 5 3i 11 i
+ +
+ + +
+ + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Multiplcation of two complex numbers :
Let the first number be
1 1 2 2
x i y and the second number be x i y , Then thier product is : + +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
x x y y i x y x y

first first Second Second i first Second Second first
Example : 3 2i 5 4i 3 5 2 4 3 4 512 7 22i
+ +
+ +
+ + = + + = +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
Find the product of the given complex numbers :
a 4 3i 2 5i b 1 7i -3 2i + +

Answer

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
a 4 3i 2 5i 4 2 3 -5 4 -5 2 3 i 23 14i
Or you can use the old way : 4 3i 2 5i 8 20i 6i 15i 23 14i as i -1
b 1 7i -3 2i 1 -3 -7 2 1 2 -3 -7 i 11 23i
Or 1 7i -3 2i -3 2i 21i 14i 11 23i for i -1
+ = + + =
+ = + = =
+ = + + = +
+ = + + = + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
If 5x 4i y 12 i x i 0 , Then find x , y R + + = e
Answer

( ) ( )
5x 4i y 12 i x i 0 5x 12 i 4y x 1 0 0i
12
hence we have Either 5x 12 0 x
5
12 7
Or 4y x 1 0 4y 1 y
5 20
+ + = + + = +
= =
+ = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Example (5)

( )( )
If 7i x 3i y i 9 , Then find x , y R = + e
Answer

( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2
7i x 3i y i 9 7i x y 3 -x 3y i 9
So 9 7i x y 3 -x 3y i x y 3 9 and hence x y 6 1
and 7 -x 3y x -7 3y 2
and by substituing from 2 in 1 :
y -7 3y 6 3y 7 y 6 0
2
3y 2 y 3 0 and hence y - Or y 3
3
Then f
= + = + + +
+ = + + + + = =
= + = +
+ = =
+ = = =
( )
-2
rom 2 : At y x -7 2 -9
3
At y 3 x -7 9 2
= = =
= = + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Operations on the set of complex numbers
Equality of two complex numbers :
We say that the two complex numbers
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
x i y and x i y are equal if x x and y y + + = =
From this definition , we can deduce the following property :
If a complex number Z is equal to zero Then it real part is Zero and its Imaginary part is Zero
Conclusion If x i y 0 Then x 0 and y 0 + = = =
Proof
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x i y 0 x -i y and by squaring
x i y , where i -1 x - y x y 0
Then the sum of two real ve numbers is zero ,which is impossible unless each of them is zero.

+ = =
= = = + =
+
x 0 and y 0 = =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
The conjugate of a complex number

Let = Z x+i y be a complex number ,Then = Z x+i y is called the conjugate number of Z
( Same number With opposite sign of the imaginary part )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Properties of conjugate numbers .
(1) The sum of two conjugate numbers is a real number.

( ) ( )
If Z x i y And Z x i y Z Z x i y x i y 2x = + = + = + + =
(2) The product of two conjugate numbers is a real number .

( )( )
2 2
If Z x i y , Z x i y Then Z Z x i y x i y x y = + = = + = +
(3) The conjugate of the sum of two complex numbers is equal to the sum of their conjugates.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Z Z Z Z
let Z x i y , Z x i y
Z Z x x i y y Then Z Z x x i y y
Z x i y And Z x i y Z Z x x i y y

+ = +
= + = +
+ = + + + + = + +
= = + = + +
1 2 1 2
Z Z Z Z + = +

(4) The conjugate of the product to two complex numbers is equal to the product of their
Conjugates :
1 2 1 2
Z Z Z Z =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
Resolve each of the following into two conjugate complex numbers
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
a x 1 b 4x 9y c 5 d 13 + +
Answer

( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
a x 1 x i because i -1 x i x i
b 4x 9y 4x 9i y 2x 3i y 2x 3i y
c 5 4 1 4 i 2 i 2 i
d 13 9 4 9 4i 3 2i 3 2i
+ = = +
+ = = +
= + = = +
= + = = +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
1 2i 1 2i 1 3i 1 i 6 7 1
a i
1 3i 1 3i 1 3i 1 9 10 10
2 i 3 i 2 i 6 i 1 7 1
b i
3 i 3 i 3 i 10 10 10
Thus a and b are conjugate
7 i 49 14i 1 48 14i 24 7i 7 i 24 7i
a And b
10 100 100 50 10 50
7
And ab
+ + +
= = = = +
+ +
+ +
= = = =
+
+ + + +
| | | |
= = = = = =
| |
\ . \ .
=
( )
2 2
i 7 i 49 1 1
10 10 100 2
24 7i 24 7i 48
and hence 25 a b 48ab 25
50 50 2
24 7i 24 7i 48
25 24 25 24 24 24 0
50 50
+ +
| || |
= =
| |
\ .\ .
+
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
+ +
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
( )
2 2
1 2i 2 i
Let a and b ,Prove that a and b are conjugate, Find 25 a b 48ab
1 3i 3 i

= = +

Division of two complex numbers

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
1 1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
2 2
2 2 2
let Z x i y and Z x i y , Then :
x i y x i y
Z
Multiply both by conjugate of denominator
Z x i y x i y
x i y x i y
Z

Z x y
= + = +
+
=
+
+
=
+

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (7)
Simplify into the simplest form

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 i 1 i
10 3 2i
i ii iii
3 i 2 5i 1 i 3 2i
+
+
+ +

Answer

( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
10 3 i 10 3 i 10 3 i
10
i 3 i
3 i 3 i 3 i 9 i 9 1
3 2i 2 5i
3 2i 6 15i 4i 10i -4 19i -4 19
ii i
2 5i 2 5i 2 5i 4 25i 29 29 29
2 i 1 i
2 2i i i 3 i 3 i 5 i 15 8i i 14 8i 7 4
iii
1 i 3 2i 3 2i 3i 2i 5 i 5 i 5 i 25 i 26 13

= = = =
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + +
= = = = +
+
+
+ +
| |
= = = = = =
|
+ + + +
\ .
i
13

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (8)

Answer


3
rd
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 4i 1 4i -i 1 3 5i
R.H.S
i 1 i 1 -i 1 2
x 2 i y 3 5i
2 x 2 i y x 1 i y 3 5i
x 1 i y 2
2x 4 2iy 3x 3 3iy 5i 5yi 2x 4 2i y 3x 3 5y i 5 5x 3y
2x 4 3x 3 5y x 5y 7 1 and 2y 5 5x 3y x y 1 2
from 1 and 2 : -6 y 6
+ +
= = =

+ +
= + + =

+ + = + + + = +
+ = = = + =
= y -1 and hence x 2 = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
let Z x i y Z x i y
Z Z x i y x i y 0 x y 2x yi x i y 0 0i
x y x 0 1 and 2x y y 0 2
1
y 2x 1 0 and hence y 0 Or x -
2
So when y 0 from 1 : x x 0 x x 1 0 and hence x 0 or x 1
When x -
= + =
= + = + + = +
= + =
+ = = =
= = = = =
=
( )
2 2
1 1 1 3 3
from 1 : y - y y
2 4 2 4 2
-1 3 -1 3
Thus Either Z 0 Or Z i Or Z i
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
Note that : - and - i are conjugate.
2 2 2 2
= = =
= = + =
+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
3 3 2 2
2
2
2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1 a b a b 2ab
2 a b a b a b ab a b a b 3ab
3 a b a b 2a b a b 2ab 2a b
4 a b a b 2ab a b 4ab Then a b a b 4ab
+ = +
(
+ = + + = + +

(
+ = + = +

= + = + = +
Remark that

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (9)
Let ZeC and
2
Z Z 0 = . Find Z
Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)
x 2 i y 1 4i
If , find x , y R
x 1 i y i 1
+ + +
= e

Answer


3
rd
( )
So , x , y in the plane represents the complex number z x i y this plane is
called argandplaneOr complex plane.
= +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
The point A represents 4 2i
The point B represents -2 i
The point C represents -4 3i
The point D represents 3 2i
The point H represents 2
The point J represents 4i
The point K represents -2i
The point
+
+
( )
N represents -4
( ) 4 2i +
( ) 2 0i +
( ) 2 2i
( ) -4 3i
( ) -2 i +
( ) -4 0i +
( ) 0 2i
( ) 0 4i +
Example (11)
( )
3 2
If we know that -2 is a root of the equation x x x 2 0, then find the two other roots. + + =

Answer
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
3 2 3 2
3 2
3 2 2
3 2
As -2 is a root of x x x 2 0 Thus x 2 is a factor of x x x 2
and we can find the other factors by dividing x x x 2 by x 2 as follows:
Thus x x x 2 x 2 x x 1
and hence the equation : x x
+ + = + + +
+ + +
+ + = + +
+
( )( )
2
2
2
x 2 x 2 x x 1 0
So for : x 2 0 x -2
-b b 4ac
Or x x 1 0 and hence : x where a 1 , b -1 , c 1
2a
1 1 4 1 3i
x x
2 2
1 3i 1 3i
Then the roots of the equation are : -2 , ,
2 2
+ = + + =
+ = =

+ = = = = =

= =
+

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Argand Diagram
Graph the two perpendicular lines in the plane , Such that x axis to represent the real part of
the complex numbers And y axis to represent the imaginary part of the complex number
the point

I n the given figure :


3
rd
2 2
Z r x y = = +
u
x
y
A
( ) ( )
o o o o
o
x 1 - 3 3
Cos ve And Sin ve ,2
r 2 2 2
lies in the fourth quadrant
1
For Cos 60 Or 360 60 300
2
1
For Sin -60 Or 1
2
t
u u u t
u
u u u
u u u
(
= = + = e
(

= = = =
= = =
( )
( ) ( )
o o o
o
2 2
80 -60 240
5
The principle argument of Z 300
3
Also if Z -1 i , Then x -1 and y -1 r Z x y 2
x 1 y -1 3
Cos - -ve and Sin -ve So , 2 "Third quad"
r r 2 2 2
For Cos
t
t
u u u t
=
= =
= = = = = + =
(
= = = = e
(

For example :
( )
o o o o
o o o o
o
1
- 135 Or 360 135 225
2
1
For Sin - -45 Or 180 -45 225
2
5
The Principle argument of Z 225
4
u u u
u u u
t
= = = =
= = = =
= =
OA
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
So arg Z Or amp Z also
x x y y
Cos and Sin
r r
x y x y
x r cos And y r sin
Note : T
u u
u u
u u
= =
= = = =
+ +
= =
( ) | |
he Argument of Z is Said to be principal argument of Z if 0,2 u u t e
Trigonometric formula for Complex numbers
( )
2 2
Let the Complex number Z x i y is represented by the point A x , y in argand diagram
Thenon ve real number x y is called the of the complex number Z x i y
And denoted by Z Where Z 0

= +
+ + = +
>
modulus
2 2
Z OA r x y = = = +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Argument of Z
The measure of the + ve angle between vector and the +ve direction of the x axis is called
The argument Or the amplitude of the complex number and is denoted by arg (Z)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For example : if Z 1 3i = , Then : x = 1 and y - 3 =
2 2
r Z x y 1 3 2 = = + = + =


3
rd
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
nd
1 o o o o
a Let Z -2 2i x -2 and y 2 And Z r 4 4 2 2
x -2 1 y 1
And Cos - and Sin So , " 2 quad"
r r 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
For Cos - Cos - 135 Or 360 135 225 "Refused"
2 2
1
For Sin
2
t
u u u t
u u u
u u
= + = = = = + =
(
= = = = = + e
(

= = = = =
=
1 o o o o
o
1
1
Sin 45 Or 180 45 135 "Agreed"
2
3
Then the Principle argument 135
180 4
3 3
Z -2 2i 2 2 cos i sin
4 4
u
t t
t t
= = = =
= =
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
Example (12)
find the modulus and the principle argument of Z 3 i =
Answer

( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 o o o o
Z r arg z
Z 3 - i x 3 and y -1 Z r x y 3 1 2
x 3 y -1 3
Cos and Sin so ,2 " fourth quad"
r 2 r 2 2
3 3
For Cos Cos 30 Or 360 30 330 "Agreed"
2 2
For Sin
u
t
u u u t
u u u
u
= =
= = = = = + = + =
(
= = + = = e
(

= = = = =
=
( )
1 o o o o
o o
-1 -1
Sin -30 Or 180 -30 210
2 2
11
Then the Principle argument 330 330
180 6
u u
t t
= = = =
= = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The trigonometric formula for the complex number

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
let Z x i y : z 0 be a complex number , where Z r and arg z amp z
Thus : x r cos and y r sin
So we can write the complex number Z in the form Z r cos i r sin
Z r cos i sin This is called the
u u
u u
u u
u u
= + = = = =
= =
= +
= + trignometric form of the complex number.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (13)
Express each of the following complex numbers in the trigonometric form.
( ) ( ) ( )
a -2 2i b -4 4 3i c 2 3 2i +
Answer


3
rd
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
rd
1 o o o o
b Let Z -4 4 3i x -4 and y -4 3 And Z r 16 48 8
x -4 1 y -4 3 - 3 3
Cos - and Sin So , " 3 quad"
r 8 2 r 8 2 2
1 1
For Cos - Cos - 120 Or 360 120 240 "Agreed"
2 2
Then the Pr
t
u u u t
u u u
= = = = = + =
(
= = = = = = e
(

= = = = =
( )
( ) ( )
o
2
3 3
th
4
inciple argument 240
180 3
4 4
Z -4 4 3i 8 cos i sin
3 3
c Let Z 2 3 2i x 2 3 and y -2 And Z r 12 4 4
x 2 3 3 y -2 -1 3
Cos and Sin So ,2 " 4 quad"
r 4 2 r 4 2 2
3
For Cos
2
t t
t t
t
u u u t
u
= =
| |
= = +
|
\ .
= = = = = + =
(
= = = + = = = e
(

=
1 o o o o
o
3
3
Cos 30 Or 360 30 330 "Agreed"
2
11
180 6
11 11
Z 2 3 2i 4 cos i sin
6 6
u u
t t
t t
= = = =
= =
| |
= = +
|
\ .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special Cases of trigonometric form
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o o
a 1 Cos 0 i Sin0 b -1 Cos i Sin
3 3
c i Cos i Sin b -i Cos i Sin
2 2 2 2
t t
t t t t
= + = +
= + = +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (14)
Express each of the following in the trigonometric form
(a) 3 (b) 6 i (c) 2 i (d) - 8 i (e) -2
Answer
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
o o
a 3=3 1 3 Cos 0 i Sin0 b 6i 6 Cos i Sin
2 2
3 3
c 2 i 2 Cos i Sin d -i 8 -i 8 Cos i Sin
2 2 2 2
e -2 2 -1 2 Cos i Sin
2 2
t t
t t t t
t t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| | | |
= + = = +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= = +
|
\ .


3
rd
( )
( )
1 1
1
2 2
a Z 2 and Z 2 cos i sin This is the trignometric form.
2 2 2
Z 0 2i 2i This is the algebraic form.
4 4 4
b Z 2 and Z 2 cos i sin This is the trignome
3 3 3
t t t
u
t t t
u
| |
= = = +
|
\ .
= + =
| |
= = = +
|
\ .
( )
2
o
3 3
2
tric form.
1 3
Z 2 i 1 3i . this is the algebraic form
2 2
7 7 7
c Z 2 2 and 315 Z 2 2 cos i sin Trignometric form
4 4 4
1 1
Z 2 2 i 2 2i, This is the
2 2
t t t
u
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
= = = = +
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
algebraic form
Example (15)
5 3i
Find the algebraic and the trignometric form of Z
3 2i
+
=
+

Answer
( )
( )
( ) ( )
th
1
7 3 i
5 3i 5 3i 3 2i 5 3 7i 2 3 7 3 7i
Z Z
3 4 7 7 3 2i 3 2i 3 2i
Z 3 i This is the algebraic form x 3 and y -1 Z r 3 1 2
3 -1 3
Cos and Sin So , 2 " 4 quad"
2 2 2
3 3
For Cos Cos
2
t
u u u t
u u

+ + +
= = = = =
+ + +
= = = = = + =
(
= + = e
(

= =
o o o o
o
30 Or 360 30 330 "Agreed"
2
11
180 6
11 11
Z 2 cos i sin and this is the trignometric form
6 6
u
t t
t t
= = =
= =
| |
= +
|
\ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (16)
Express each of the following numbers in its trigonometric and algebraic form.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
o
3 3 3
4 4 4
4
a Z ,where Z 2 and arg Z b Z ,where Z 2and arg Z
2 3
c Z ,where Z 2 2 and arg Z 315
d Z ,where Z 4 and arg Z 2n : n Z.
4
t t
t
t
= = = =
= =
= = + e

Answer


3
rd
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a Z r cos i sin - Z -r cos i sin
- Z r -cos i sin - Z r cos i sin
From the given figure
The Additive inverse between two points
are Symmetric around the Origin
b Z r cos i sin Z r cos i s
u u u u
u u t u t u
u u u
= + = +
= = + + + (

= + =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
in
Z r cos 2 i sin 2
Or Z r cos - i sin -
From the given figure
The Conjugate between two points
are Symmetric around the x axis
1 1 1 cos i sin
c Z r cos i sin
Z r cos i sin r cos i sin cos i
u
t u t u
u u
u u
u u
u u u u u
= +
= +
= + = =
+ +
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
th
2 2
sin
1 1 Cos i Sin 1 1
Cos i Sin 4 quad
Z r Cos Sin Z r
1 1 1 1
cos 2 i sin 2 Or cos - i sin -
Z r Z r
1 1
d Z r cos i sin Z r cos i sin
r cos i sin Z
1 cos i sin
r cos i sin cos Z
u
u u
u u
u u
t u t u u
u u u u
u u
u u
u u u
= =
+
= + = + ( (

= + = =
+
=
+
( )
( )
st
1 1
cos i sin 1 quad
i sin r Z
u u
u
( = +

( )
4 4
4
2
d Z 4 and 2n : n Z Z 4 cos 2n i sin 2n
4 4 4
Z 4 cos i sin This is the trignometric form
4 4
2 2
Z 4 i 2 2 2 2i , this is the algebraic f
2 2
t t t
u t t t
t t
| |
| | | |
= = + e = + + +
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= = +
|
\ .
orm
Z
Z
Z
- Z

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (17)
Let
( )
Z r Cos i Sin u u = + , Write the trigonometric form for : (a) Z (b) Z ( c)
1
Z
(d)
1
Z

Answer


3
rd
Example (18)
Find the principal argument of each of the following complex numbers, where 0 , .
2
t
u

e

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
3 4
a Z sin i cos b Z sin i cos
c Z - sin i cos d Z - sin i cos
u u u u
u u u u
= + =
= = +

Answer
( ) | |
To detrmine the principal argument of a complex number , we must put it on the form
r cos i sin : 0, 2 , and hence is its principal argument o o o t o + e

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
st
1 1
th
2
o
2
3
a Z sin i cos 1 quad Z cos i sin
2 2
b Z sin i cos then 4 quad
3 3
Z cos i sin We use 270 as we want to change The Sin to Cos
2 2
c Z - s
t t
u u u u
u u
t t
u u
| | | |
( = + = +
| |

\ . \ .
( = +

| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
rd
3
nd
4 4
3 3
in i cos then 3 quad Z cos i sin
2 2
d Z - sin i cos then 2 quad Z cos i sin
2 2
t t
u u u u
t t
u u u u
| | | |
( = +
| |

\ . \ .
| | | |
( = + + = + + +
| |

\ . \ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The modulus and argument of a product of two complex numbers

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
If Z r cos i sin & Z r cos i sin & Z r cos i sin
Z Z r r cos i sin cos i sin
r r cos cos sin sin i sin cos cos sin
r r cos i sin
Then
u u u u u u
u u u u
u u u u u u u u
u u u u
= + = + = +
= + +
= + + (

= + + + (

( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
Z Z Z r r r cos i sin cos i sin cos i sin
r r r cos i sin
Z r
Then Cos i Sin
Z r
u u u u u u
u u u u u u
u u u u
= + + +
= + + + + +
= + (

Conclusion :
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 3 3
5 5 -1 -1
n n
Z r Cos i Sin Z r Cos 2 i Sin2 Z r Cos3 i Sin3
1
Z r Cos5 i Sin5 Z r Cos - i Sin - Cos - i Sin -
r
Rule: Z r Cos n i Sinn
u u u u u u
u u u u u u
u u
= + = + = +
= + = + = +
= +


3
rd
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
o o
1
o o
2
1 2
o o o
1 2
We can solve this problem by two ways :
1 3
first way : Z 2 cos60 i sin60 2 i 4 1 3i
2 2
3 1
Z 4 cos150 i sin150 4 - i -2 3 2i
2 2
Z Z 1 3i -2 3 2i -4 3 4i
Second way : Z Z 2 cos60 i sin60 4 cos150 i sin
| |
= + = + = +
|
\ .
| |
= + = + = +
|
\ .
= + + =
= + +
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
o
o o o o
1 2
150
Z Z 8 cos 60 150 i sin 60 150 8 cos 210 i sin 210 -4 3 4i
(
= + + + = + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
o o o o o o
1 1
o o nd
1
o o o
1
first we have to put Z to its trigonometric form , hence must be an acute angle
i Z 2 cos 120 i sin 120 Z 2 cos 180 60 i sin 180 60
Z 2 - cos 60 i sin 60 Then 3 quad
Z 2 cos 180 60 i sin 180 60
u
= =
( =

= + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
o o o
1
o o o o o o
2
o o th
2
o o o o
2
2 cos 240 i sin 240
4 4
Z 2 cos i sin 1
3 3
Z 3 sin 150 i Cos 150 3 sin 180 30 i Cos 180 30
Z 3 sin 30 i Cos 30 Then 4 quad
Z 3 Cos 270 30 i Sin 270 30
t t
= +
| |
= +
|
\ .
= + = +
( = +

= + + +
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
o o
2
1 2
2
1
Z 3 Cos300 i Sin 300
a Z Z 2 3 cos 240 i sin240 cos 300 i sin300 6 cos540 i sin540
6 cos i sin
b Z 4 c
t t
= +
= + + = +
= +
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
2
2
os 2 240 i sin 2 240 4 cos480 i sin480 4 cos120 i sin120
c Z 3 cos300 4 i sin300 4 81 cos1200 i sin1200 81 cos120 i sin120
+ = + = +
= + = + = +
Example (19)
Let
( )
o o
1
Z 2 cos60 i sin60 = + and
( )
o o
2
Z 4 cos 150 i sin 150 = + Find
1 2
Z Z verify the result
by Transforming to the algebraic form.
Answer
1 2
Both of Z And Z are in the trigonometric form Then :

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (20)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o
1 2
2 4
1 2 1 2
If Z 2 cos 120 i sin 120 and Z 3 sin 150 i Cos 150
Find : a Z Z b Z c Z
= = +

Answer


3
rd
u
3
4
5
Example (21)
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1 1 2
4
If Z 5 cos i sin , Z -6 cos 2 i sin where 0, and tan , Find the
2 3
Algebraic and trignometric form of Z and Z Z
t
u u u u u u

= = + e =

Answer
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
th
1
1
nd
2 2
2
For Z 5 cos i sin Then 4 quad
Z 5 cos 2 sin 2 "Trigonometric form"
And for Z -6 cos 2 i sin2 Z 6 - cos 2 i sin 2 Then 3 quad
Z 6 cos 2 i sin 2 "Trigonometric fo
u u
t u t u
u u u u
t u t u
( = +

= + (

( = + =

= + + + (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
rm"
Z 25 cos 2 2 i sin 2 2 25 cos 4 2 i sin 4 2
Z 25 cos 2 i sin2
3 -7
But cos 2 2cos 1 2 1
5 25
4 3 24
Sin 2 2sin cos 2
5 5 25
-7 24
Z 25 i -7 24i And this is th
25 25
t u t u t u t u
u u
u u
u u u
= + = + ( (

=
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = =
(
= =
(

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| |
1 2
1 2
1 2
e algebraic form
And Z Z 30 cos 2 2 i sin 2 2
Z Z 30 cos 3 i sin 3 30 cos i sin
3 4
Z Z 30 -cos i sin 30 - i -18 24i which is the algebraic form.
5 5
t u t u t u t u
t u t u t u t u
u u
= + + + + + (

= + + + = + + + ( (

| |
= = =
|
\ .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Example (22)
5
write down the trignometric form for the number Z 1 i and hence find z . = +
Answer
( )
( )
5
5
5
5
1
Z i 1 x 1 and y 1 r z 2 and sin cos
4 2
Z 1 i 2 cos i sin which is the trignometric form.
4 4
5 5 1 1
Z 1 i 2 cos i sin 4 2 - cos i sin 4 2 - i
4 4 4 4 2 2
Z -4 4i whichis
t
u u u
t t
t t t t
= + = = = = = = =
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| | ( | |
= + = + = =
| |
(
\ . \ .
= the algebraic form.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (23)
( ) ( )
o o o o
1 2
1 2
2 1
If Z 10 cos310 i sin310 and Z 5 cos100 i sin100 find the trignometric and
Z Z
The algebraic form of and .
Z Z
= + = +

Answer
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
o o
o o o o
1
o o
2
o o
1
2
o o
1
2
o o
2
1
10 cos 310 i sin 310
Z
2 cos 310 100 i sin 310 100
Z 5 cos 100 i sin 100
Z
2 cos 210 i sin210 trignometric form
Z
Z 3 1
2 -cos30 i sin 30 2 - i - 3 i Algebraic form
Z 2 2
5 cos100 i sin100
Z
And
Z 1
+
(
= = +

+
= +
| |
= = =
|
\ .
+
=
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
| |
o o o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o
2
1
2
1
1
cos 100 310 i sin 100 310
2 0 cos310 i sin310
1 1
cos -210 i sin -210 cos 360 210 i sin 360 210
2 2
Z 1
cos 150 i sin 150 trignometric form
Z 2
Z 1 1 3 1
- cos30 i sin30 - i
Z 2 2 2 2
(
= +

+
( (
= + = +

( = +

(
= + = +

( )
3 1
- i algebraic form
4 4
= +
(


3
rd
u
-12
5
13
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
th
1 1
2
2
1
First : Put Z in its trigonometric form
Z 15 cos i sin Then 4 quad Z 15 cos 2 i sin 2
Z 65 sin2 i cos2 65 cos 2 i sin 2
2 2
Z 65
cos 2 2 i sin 2
Z 15 2 2
u u t u t u
t t
u u u u
t t
u t u
( = + = + (

(
| | | |
= + = +
| |
(
\ . \ .

| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |
2
13 3 3
cos - i sin -
3 2 2
13 3 3 13
cos i sin Sin i Cos
3 2 2 3
13 5 12 5
i 4i
3 12 13 3
u t u
t t
u u
t t
u u u u
(
| |
+
|
(
\ .

(
| | | |
= + + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

(
| | | |
= + + = +
| |
(
\ . \ .

| |
= =
|
\ .
Example (24)
8
2i
Write down the trignometric form of 2i , 1 i , Then find
1 i
| |
+
|
+
\ .

Answer
8
8
2i 2 cos i sin And 1 i 2 cos i sin
2 2 4 4
2 cos i sin
2i
2 2
cos i sin
1 i 2 4 2 4
2 cos i sin
4 4
2i
cos i sin cos8 i sin8 cos
1 i 4 4 4 4
t t t t
t t
t t t t
t t
t t t t
| | | |
= + + = +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
+
|
| | | |
\ .
= = +
| |
+ | |
\ . \ .
+
|
\ .
| |
| | | | | |
= + = + =
|
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
2 i sin 2 1 t t + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (25)
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1
-5
If Z 15 cos i sin and Z 65 sin2 i cos 2 where , and Tan
2 12
Z
Then find the algebraic form of
Z
t
u u u u u t u
(
= = + e =
(

Answer


3
rd
u
5
-4
-3
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
-1 1
-2
-2 2
2
As Z 2 cos i sin
Then
1 1
Z 2 cos i sin cos - i sin - Trignometric form
Z 2
1 1 4 3 2 3
cos i sin - i - i Algebraic form
2 2 5 5 5 10
1 1 1
Z 2 cos i sin cos -2 i sin -2 cos 2 i sin 2
Z 4 4
u u
u u u
u u
u u
= +
= = + = + (

| |
= = + = +
|
\ .
= = + = + = (

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
-1
1 1 1 32 -3 -4 7 6
2cos 1 i 2sin cos 1 2i i
Z 4 4 25 5 5 100 25
Z 2 cos i sin
1 1 1 1 4 3 2 3
Z cos - i sin - cos i sin - i - i
2 2 2 5 5 5 10 Z
u u u
u u u u
(

(
( = = =
(

= (

| |
= = = + = = (
|

\ .
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
k
k
2 r 2 r
cos i sin cos 2 r i sin 2 r cos i sin
k k
Where r 0,1,2,3 k 1
u t u t
u u u t u t
+ +
| | | |
+ = + + + = + (
| |

\ . \ .
=
( )
( ) ( )
o o
o o o o
cos50 i sin50 has 5 different values by putting r 0,1,2,3,4 in
50 2 r 50 2 r
cos i sin which are :
5 5
When r 0 : cos10 i sin 10 & When r 1 : cos82 i sin 82
When r 2
t t
+ =
+ + (
| | | |
+
| |
(
\ . \ .

= + = +
=
( ) ( )
( )
o o o o
o o
: cos154 i sin 154 & When r 3 : cos 226 i sin 226
When r 4 : cos 298 i sin 298
+ = +
= +
Example (26)
( )
o o
2
3
Let Z 2 cos i sin ,where 180 , 270 and Tan , Find the algebraic and
4
1 1
Trignometric form of , Z ,
Z Z
u u u u
( = + e =

Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
De Moivers Theorem
If n is a rational number then ( ) ( )
1
n
k
cos i sin cos i sin u u u u + = +
Rule

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For example


3
rd
Example (27)
3
Solvethe equation : x 1 0 : x C + = e
Answer
( )
1
3
3
1
2
3
x -1 cos i sin x cos i sin
2 r 2 r
x cos i sin where r 0 , 1 , 2
3 3
1 3
When r 0 x cos i sin i
3 3 2 2
When r 1 x cos i sin -1
5 5 1 3
When r 2 x cos i sin i
3 3 2 2
1 3
The solution set is i
2 2
t t t t
t t t t
t t
t t
t t
= = + = +
+ +
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ . \ .
= = + = +
= = + =
= = + =
+
1 3
, - 1 , i
2 2

| | | |

| | `

\ . \ .
)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (28)
( )
2
5
Find the trignometric forms of 3 1 +
Answer
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o
2
o o o o
2
1 1 o o o o
o o 5 5 5 5
We put 3 i in its trignometric form : x 3 , y i , r 3 1 2
3 1
Cos and Sin Thus 30
2 2
3 i 2 cos30 i sin30 3 1 4 cos60 i sin 60
60 360 r 60 360 r
3 1 4 cos60 i sin60 4 cos i sin
5 5
u u u
+ = = = + =
= = =
+ = + + = +
+ +
+ = + = +
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
5
o o o o o o 5 5 5
o o o o 5 5
Where r 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
Thus the values of 3 i are :
4 cos12 i sin12 , 4 cos84 i sin 84 , 4 cos156 i sin156
4 cos 228 i sin288 and 4 cos300 i sin 300
| |
|
\ .
=
+
+ + +
+ +


3
rd
Example (29)
( )
1
6
Find the values of -64i
Answer
( )
1
1
6
6
3 3
-64i 64 cos i sin
2 2
3 3
2 r 2 r
3 3
2 2
-64i 2 cos i sin 2 cos i sin
2 2 6 6
Where r 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
7 7 11 11
These values are : 2 cos i sin , 2 cos 1 sin , 2 cos i sin
4 4 12 12 12 12
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t t t t t
| |
= +
|
\ .
(
+ +
(
| |
= + = +
| (
\ .
(

=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
5 5 19 19 23 23
2 cos 1 sin ,2 cos i sin ,2 cos 1 sin
4 4 12 12 12 12
Which are : 2 cos45 i sin45 , 2 cos105 i sin 105 , 2 cos165 i sin165
2 cos 225 i sin225 , 2 cos 285 i sin285 , 2 cos345 i sin345
t t t t t t
| |
|
\ .
| | | | | |
+ + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + +
+ + +
( )
The given figure representation of these values which lie on the same circle whose centre
is O 0,0 and its radius is 2 , they divide the circle arcs. =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
The two square roots of a complex number

We have two forms
(1) Using the trigonometric form
Let the complex number
( )
Z r cos i sin u u = + Then :
( )
1
1
2
2
2 n 2 n
Z r cos i sin r cos i sin
2 2
So When n 0 r cos i sin
2 2
And When n 1 r cos i sin
2 2
u t u t
u u
u u
u u
t t
+ +
(
= + = +
(

(
= +
(

(
| | | |
= + + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

(2) Using the algebraic form
( )
2 2
Let Z a i b Where a,b R
To find Z let Z x i y
a i b x i y by squaring both sides , we get : a i b x y 2x y i
From the properties of complex numbe
= + e
= +
+ = + + = +
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
rs , we have : x y a 1
2x y b 2
Solving the two equations 1 and 2 : We get x and y and hence we can find Z.
=
=

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (30)
Find the two square roots of Z 2 2 3 i =
Answer
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
2
1 by using the trignometric form
We must put : Z 2 2 3 i in the form of : r cos i sin
1 - 3
x 2 And y -2 3 r 4 12 4 cos and sin 300
2 2
Z 4 cos300 i sin300 Z 2 cos300 i sin300
Z 2
u u
u u u
= +
= = = + = = = =
= + = +
=
( ) ( )
300 2n 300 2n
cos i sin where n 0 , 1
2 2
Thus the two roots are : 2 cos150 i sin150 - 3 i and 2 cos330 i sin 330 3 i
t t + +
(
+ =
(

+ = + + =


3
rd
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 by using the algebraic form:
Let Z 2 2 3i x i y By squaring the two sides
2 2 3i x y 2x yi from properties of complex numbers , we get
x y 2 1 and 2x y -2 3 x y - 3 2
To solve the t
= = +
= +
= = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2
2 2 2
2
4 2 4 2 2 2
2
1
- 3
wo equations 1 and 2 : from 2 y Then substitute in 1
x
- 3 3
x 2 x 2 x
x x
x 3 2x x 2x 3 0 x 3 x 1 0 x 3
y 1 y 1
And hence the two square roots : Z 3 i Or Z - 3 i
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
= = + = =
= =
= = +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (31)
( )
Findthe two square roots of i
Answer
( )
| |
( )
1
2
1
2
1 By using the trigonometric form :

i cos i sin i cos90 i sin90
2 2
90 2n 90 2n
i cos i sin where n 0,1
2 2
2 2
one of the two square roots is cos45 i sin45 i
2 2
and the other root is cos 22
= + = +
+ +
(
= + =
(

+ = +
2 2
5 i sin225 - i
2 2
+ =

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 By using the algebraic method :
Let i x i y i x y 2xy i
1
x y 0 1 And 2x y 1 x y 2
2
1
To solve the two equations 1 and 2 : from 2 y Then substitute in 1
2x
1 1
x 0 x 0 4x
2x 4x
= + = +
= = =
=
| |
= =
|
\ .


3
rd

( )
4 4 4
1 2 2
4x 1 0 4 x 1 x x y
4 2 2
2
x and y have the same sign i 1 i
2
= = = = =
= +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (32)
1
2
1 4 3 i
If x iy , Then find x , y R.
1 4 3 i
| |
+
+ = e
|
\ .

Answer

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 4 3 i
x i y By squaring the two sides.
1 4 3 i
1 4 3 i 1 4 3 i 1 4 3 i
1 4 3 i
x i y x i y
49 1 4 3 i
1 4 3 i 1 4 3i
1 4 3i 1 4 3 i
1 -4 3
x i y x i y x and y
49 7 7 7
| |
+
+ =
|
\ .
+ + +
+
+ = + = =
+
+ +
+ = + = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (33)
( ) ( )
2
if x y 1 2i 11 2i , Then find x,y R + + = + e
Answer

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
4 2 4 2
11 2i
x i y 1 2i 11 2i x i y
1 2i
11 2i 1 2i
x i y 3 4i x iy 3 4i
1 2i 1 2i
x y 2xy i 3 4i x y 3 1 And 2x y -4 x y -2 2
-2 -2 4
from 2 : y Substitute in 1 : x 3 x 3 x
x x x
x 4 3x x 3x 4 0 x
+
+ + = + + =
+
+
+ = = + =
+
+ = = = =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= =
( )( )
2 2
2
4 x 1 0
x 4 x 2 And y 1
+ =
= = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Example (34)
- 3
2
If x 8 6i , Find x =
Answer
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
3
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
4 2 4 2 2 2
x 8 6i And x x x Thus ,we shall get x
Let 8 6i a iy a y 2i a y 8 6i
a y 8 1 And 2ay -6 a y -3 2
-3 -3 9
from 2 : y Then Substitute in 1 : a 8 a 8 a
a a a
a 9 8a a 8a 9 0 a 9 a 1 0
a 3
= =
= + + =
= = =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = + =
=
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
-3
2
And y 1 x 3 i
x x 3 i 8 6i 18 26 i
1 18 26 i 18 26 i
x 0.018 0.026i
18 26i 18 26 i 1000
= =
= =
+ +
= = = +
+

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (35)
( ) ( )
2
If x C , find the solution set of x 2 i x 1 5i 0 e + + =
Answer
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
-b b 4ac
x , where a 1 , b - 2 i , c - 1 5i
2a
2 i 2 i 4 1 5i
2 i 7 24i
x x 1
2 2
Now let : 7 24 i m i n m n 2mn i 7 24i
m n 7 2 And 2mn 24 mn 12 3
12 12
From 3 : n And substitute in 2 : m 7 m
m m

= = = + = +
+ + + +
+ +
= =
+ = + + = +
= = =
| |
= =
|
\ .
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
4 2 4 2 2 2
2
144
7 m
m
m 144 7m m 7m 144 0 m 16 m 9 0
m 16 m 4 n 3 7 24 i 4 3i
2 i 4 3i 2 i 4 3i
2 i 4 3i
x x Or x
2 2 2
x 3 2i Or x -1 i
=
= = + =
= = = + = +
+ + + +
+ + +
= = =
= + =


3
rd
Example (36)
( ) ( )
2
Find the solution set of the equation: 2 i x 11 3i x 17 6 i 0 + + + + =
Answer

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
11 3i 17 6i
2 i x 11 3i x 17 6i 0 x x 0
2 i 2 i
11 3i 2 i 17 6i 2 i 25 5i 40 5i
x x 0 x x 0
2 i 2 i 2 i 2 i 5 5
- b b 4ac
x 5 i x 8 i 0 And x
2a
+ +
+ + + + = + =
+ +
+ +
+ = + =
+ +

+ = =

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
5 i 5 i 4 8 i
5 i -8 6i
x 1
2 2
Let -8 6i n mi -8 6i n m 2nm i

= =
= + = +

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
4 2 4 2 2 2
2
n m -8 2 And 2mn -6 mn -3 3
-3 -3 9
From 3 : m And substitute in 2 : n -8 n -8 n
n n n
n 9 -8n n 8n 9 0 n 9 n 1 0
n 1 n 1 m 3
5 i 1 3i
-8 6i 1 3i From 1 : x
2
and
= = =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= + = + =
= = =

= =
{ }
5 i 1 3i 5 i 1 3i
hence : x 3 2i Or x 2 i
2 2
Thus the solution set is 3 2i , 2 i
+ +
= = = = +
+

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
The Exponential of the complex number (Eulerss formula )

The number (e) is defined from the relation :

( )
( )
1
n
n 0
1 1 1
e lim 1 n and it is known that e 1 .......
1 2 3
It is easy to see that e is an irrational number where 2 e 3 e 2.718281828
The number e is of great importance in mathematics
= + = + + + +
< < ~
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Definition:

( ) ( )
2
x i y x
If Z x iy : y R and i -1 , then :
e e cos y i sin y : y - is measured by circular measure in radians
+
= + e =
= +

Note (1) :

( )
( )
x iy x iy x i y x
x i y x i y
2i 2i
e e e But e e cos y i sin y
e e e cos y i sin y e cos y i sin y which is called Eular`s formula.
Note : If y 2 e cos 2 i sin2 1 e 1
+ +
= = +
= + = +
= = + = =

Note (2):
We know that triangular formula of the complex number Z x i y = + is ( )
Z r cos i sin u u = +
Where
2 2
x y
r z x y , cos and sin
r r
u u = = + = =
Thus the exponential formula of the complex number :
i
Z x i y r e = + =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (37)
Put the number Z 1 i = + in it is exponential form (Euler`s form)
Answer
2 2
i
i
4
Z 1 i x 1 And y 1 r z x y 2
1 1
cos and sin And Z r e Z 2e
4 2 2
t
u
t
u u u
= + = = = = + =
= = = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (38)
Put the number Z 1 3i = in its exponential form.
Answer
2 2
5
i
3
Z 1 3 i x 1 And y - 3 r z x y 1 3 2
x 1 3 300 5
cos and sin - 300 Z 2e
r 2 2 180 3
t
t
u u u t
= = = = = + = + =
= = = = = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Example (39)
Find the algebraic formula of
i
3
Z 2e
t
=
Answer
i
2
1 3
Here and r 2 Z 2e 2 cos i sin 2 i 1 3i
3 3 3 2 2
t
t t t
u
| |
| |
= = = = + = + = +
|
|
\ .
\ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (40)
i
2
Put in the algebraic form: Z e
t
=
Answer
i
2
Z e cos i sin 0 i i
2 2
t
t t
| |
= = + = + =
|
\ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (41)
( )
2 1 i
Let Z , put Z in its algebraic and exponential form.
1 i
+
=

Answer
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
i
2
2 1 2i i
2 1 i 2 1 i 2 1 2i 1
1 i
Z 2i
1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 2
Z 2i 2 cos i sin 2 e
2 2
t
t t
+ +
+ + +
+
= = = = =
+
| |
= = + =
|
\ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example(42)
1
Put in exponential form the number Z
1+i
=
Answer
7
i
4
1 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 2
Z Z i r z
1 i 1 i 2 2 2 4 4 2 2
x 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
cos And sin - -
r 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
315 7 2
360 45 315 Z e
180 4 2
t
u u
t t
u

= = = = = + = =
+
= = = = = =
= = = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Operation on complex Exponential Functions

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1 1
i
i i i i
1 1
1 2 1 2 i
2 2
n
i i n n i i
2 r
i
i 2 r i i n n
n
r e r
1 r e . r e r r e 2 e
r e r
3 r e r e 4 the conjugate of e is e
5 e e : r z 6 r e r e : r 0,1,2,........,n 1
+
+ | |
|
+
\ .
= =
=
= e = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For example :

i i
4 3
1 2
If Z 2 e and Z 2e
= = Then :
( )
( )
i
- - 7i
4
i i i i i i i
1 4 3 4 3 4 3 12 12
1 2
i
2 3
6i 3
6
i
6
4 2
1
2r - i
1
i 2 r
n 3 2
2
2 2
i 1 1
6 2 2
2 2
Z 2 e 2 2
* Z Z 2 2 e e 2 2 e 2 2 e And * e e
Z 2 2
2e
* Z 2 e 8e
* Z Z 2 e 2 e : where r 0 ,1
When r 0 Z 2e and when r 1 Z 2e
+
+ | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= = = = = =
|
\ .
= =
= = = =
= = = =
5i
6

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (43)

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o o o o
1 2
1 2
2 1
If Z 10 cos310 i sin310 and Z 5 cos100 i sin100
Z Z
Then find : i ii in their exponential form.
Z Z
= + = +

Answer
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
o o
o o o o
1
o o
2
o
o o o
o
7 i
1 6
2
10 cos 310 i sin310
Z 10
i cos 310 100 i sin 310 100
Z 5 5 cos100 i sin100
210 7
2 cos 210 i sin 210 where 210
180 6
Z 7 7
2 cos i sin 2e
Z 6 6
t
t t
t t
+
(
= = +

+
= + = =
| |
= + =
|
\ .


3
rd
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o
o o o o
2
o o
1
o o o o o o
5 cos100 i sin100
Z 5
ii cos 100 310 i sin 100 310
Z 10 10 cos310 i sin310
1 1
cos - 210 i sin - 210 cos 360 210 i sin 360 210
2 2
+
(
= = +

+
( (
= + = +

( )
5
i
2 6
1
1
7 i -7 i
2 1 6 6
1 2
1 150 5
cos150 i sin150 and 150
2 180 6
Z 1 5 5 1
cos i sin e
Z 2 6 6 2
Z Z 1
Another solution: 2e e
Z Z 2
t
t t
t t
t t
= + = =
| |
= + =
|
\ .
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (44)

6
put each of the two numbers 2 i and 1 i in the triangular form and find the exponential
2 i
and the algebraic form of the number Z
1 i
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .

Answer

1 1 1
1 1 1
1
As i cos i sin , Then 2 i 2 cos i sin
2 2 2 2
Let Z 1 i Z r 1 1 2
1 1
And cos And sin hence
4 2 2
Z 1 i 2 cos i sin
4 4
2 cos i sin
2 i
2 2
cos
1 i 2 4
2 cos i sin
4 4
t t t t
t
u u u
t t
t t
t t
t t
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
= + = = + =
= = =
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
= =
+ | |
+
|
\ .
i sin cos i sin
2 4 4 4
t t t t
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ . \ .

6
6
6
3
i
2
o o
2i 6 6 3 3
Z cos i sin cos i sin cos i sin
1 i 4 4 4 4 2 2
2i
The exponential form of Z e
1 i
And the algebraic form of Z is Z cos 270 i sin 270 -i
t
t t t t t t
| |
| | | |
= = + = + = +
|
| |
+
\ . \ .
\ .
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
= + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Example (45)

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o
1 2
2 4
1 2 1 2
Let Z 2 cos120 i sin120 And Z 3 sin150 i cos150
Find the exponential form Eular`s form for each of : i Z Z ii Z iii Z
= = +

Answer

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o o o
1
rd o o o
1
first change Z to its trigonometric form , hence must be an acute angle
i Z 2 cos 180 60 i sin 180 60 2 -cos60 i sin60
Then 3 quad Use 180 Z 2 cos 240 i sin240

u
u
= =
(
+ = + =

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
o o o o
2
th o
2
2
4 4
Z 2 cos i sin 1
3 3
Z 3 sin 180 30 i Cos 180 30 3 Sin 30 i Cos 30
Then 4 quad Use 270 Z 3 Cos300 i sin300
5 5
Z 3 cos i sin 2
3 3
from 1 & 2
t t
u
t t
| |
= +
|
\ .
= + =
(
+ + = +

| |
= +
|
\ .
( )
( )
1 2
i
1 2 1 2 1 2
4 4 5 5
: Z Z 2 cos i sin 3 cos i sin
3 3 3 3
4 5 4 5
6 cos i sin 6 cos3 i sin3
3 3 3 3
Z Z 6 cos i sin Thus the exponential form of Z Z is Z Z 6e
t
t t t t
t t t t
t t
t t
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
| | | |
= + + + = +
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
= + =

( )
( )
2
1 1
2
i
2 2
3
1 1
4
2 2
4 4 8 8 2 2
ii Z 2 cos i sin Z 4 cos i sin 4 cos isin
3 3 3 3 3 3
and hence , the exponential form of Z is Z 4e
5 5 2 2
ii Z 3 cos i sin Z 81 cos i sin
3 3 3 3
and hence , the ex
t
t t t t t t
t t t t
| | | | | |
= + = + = +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
2
i
4 4
3
2 2
ponential of Z is Z 81e
t
=

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
1 2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2 1
-1 3 -1 3
Let a i and a i
2 2 2 2
-1 3 1 3 1 3 -1 3
a i 2 i i a
2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
-1 3 1 3 1 3 -1 3
and a i 2 i i a
2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
= + =
| |
= + = = =
|
\ .
| |
= = + = + =
|
\ .
The Cubic roots of unit
( )
e

( ) ( )
( )
( )
o o
1 1
o o 3
3 3
o o
We know that the trignometric form of unity 1 is cos0 i sin0
2 r 2 r
1 1 cos0 i sin0 cos i sin where r 0,1,2
3 3
So the trignometric forms of the cubic roots of unity are :
2 2
cos0 i sin0 and cos i sin
3
t t
t
+
= = + = + =
+ +
4 4
and cos i sin
3 3 3
-1 3 -1 3
The algebraic form for these roots are 1 and i and i
2 2 2 2
t t t
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

For example :
3
find the roots of : x 1 0 =
Answer

( ) ( )( )
3 2 2
x 1 0 x 1 x x 1 0 x 1 Or x x 1 0
-1 1 4 -1 3 -1 3 -1 3
x x i Or x i Or x 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3
the cubic root of a unity is : - i
2 2
e
= + + = = + + =

= = = + = =
=

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Properties of the cubic roots of unity
Property (1)
The square of any of the complex roots is equal to the other .
Proof
1 2
1 2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
Let the two complex roots are a and a ,where
2 2 4 4
a cos i sin and a cos i sin
3 3 3 3
2 2 4 4
a cos i sin cos i sin a
3 3 3 3
4 4 8 8 2
and a cos i sin cos i sin cos i sin
3 3 3 3 3
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
| |
= + = + = +
|
\ .
1
2
a
3
=

Another proof


3
rd
Corollary
Let us denote one of these two roots by w (omega) and hence the other root is
2
.hence the
Three cubic roots of unity are
2
1 , , where Rule :
1 3
- i
2 2
=
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Property (2): The sum of the cubic roots of unity is equal to zero.
2
1 0 + + =
Proof
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
1 i i 1 i i zero
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ + + = + =
| |
\ . \ .

Another proof

2 2 3
2
2
2 2
2 2
, are the two roots of the equation : x x 1 0 which is obtained from x 1
b coefficient of x -1
The sum of the two roots : , -1
a coefficient of x 1
-1 Rule : 1 0
Corollary : -1 1 -
+ + = =
= = = =
+ = + + =
+ = + =
2
1 - + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 -1 2 3 -1
2 5 5 5 1 -5 -4
3 -3 2 3 -3 1 2 -3 - 2 5
4 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 4 -2
4 4 -4 -3
+ + = + + = + = =
+ + = + + = + =
+ = + + = + =
+ + = + + = + = (

= + + = + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Property (3): The product of the cubic roots of unity is equal to 1 :
2 3
Rule: 1 = =
Proof

2 3
2 2 4 4 2 4
cos i sin cos i sin cos cos 2 i sin2 cos0 i sin0 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
1
| || | | |
+ + = + = + = + =
| | |
\ .\ . \ .
= =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
3 3 6 9 4 7 10
3 3
5 8 11 2 2
2 2

1 ....... 1 .....
1 1
..... Also and

Powers of
= = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = =

From this we can deduce , for all neZ
3n 3n 1 3n 2 2 2
2
1 1
1 , , , ,

+ +
= = = = =

16 15 1 47 45 2 2 87
-25 2 -101
25 24 1 101 99 2 2
& & 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
&

+ +
+ +
= = = = =
= = = = = = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Property (4)
2
The difference between the two cubic roots of unity is equal to 3i
3 i
=

Proof
( )
2
2 4 3 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 -1 2 -3 3i
3 i and 3 i
= + = +
= + = = =
= =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (46)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
3
16
2 2
2 2 2
If 1 , , are the cubic roots of unity , Then prove that :
i 1 ii 1 8
iii 1 1 3 iv 1 2 1 5 18
+ = =
= + + =

Answer

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
16
16
2 2 32 2
3
3
2 2 2
2 2 3 2 3
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 3
i 1 - 1 -
ii 1 1 1 -1 2 1 2 8
iii 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 3
iv 1 2 1 2 - 2 -3
also 1 5 1 5x - 5 -6
1 2 1 5 -3 -6 18 18
+ = + = = =
= + = = = =
= + = + + = + =
+ = + = =
+ = + = =
+ + = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Example (47)
Proof that :
2
2
1 1 -4
1 2 1 2 3
| |
=
|
+ +
\ .

Answer

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2 2 3 2
2 2
2
2
2
1 2 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 2 4 1 2 4 3 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 4 4
3i -
1 2 1 2 3 9 3
+ +
= = = =
+ + + + + + + +
| | (
= = =
|
(
+ +
\ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (48)
2 2
Solve the equation : x 1 : x C = + e
Answer

2 2 2 2 4 2
x 1 - x i x i = + = = =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (49)
15
2
2 3 5 3
Find the value of
2 3 5 3
| | +
+
|
+
\ .

Answer

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
3 3
2 2
2
3
2 2 2
2
2 2 3
2
2
15
15
2
2
2 3 2 3
, where 1 and 2 2
2 3 2 3
2 3
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3 2 3
5 3
5 3 5 3
5 3 5 3 5 3
2 3 5 3
Thus -1 -1
2 3 5 3
+ +
= = =
+ +
+
+ +
= = =
+ + +

= = =

| | +
+ = + = =
|
+
\ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Example (50)

( )
4 2
2 2
2
4 4
1 1 3 2 5 3
If a , b , c , d
3 2 5 3
Then prove that : a b 10 c d
+
= + = = =
+
+ = +

Answer

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 4
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
3 2 2 3
2
2 2 2
4
4 2 2
4 4 2
2
4 4
1 1
a -1 b 3i

3 2
5 3
3 2 3 2 5 3 5 3
c d
3 2 3 2 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 2
a b -1 3 i 1 9 10 And 10 c d 10 10 -1 10
a b 10 c d
= + = + = = = = =
+

+ +
= = = = = = = =
+ + +
+ = + = + = + = + = =
+ = +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (51)
( )
2
2
2
If 1,, are the three cubic roots of unity , then find the value of :
1 1
3 11 4
1 7 1 7
| |

|
+ +
\ .

Answer

( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 3
2 2 4 2 3
2
1 1 1 7 1 7
3 11 4 -3 3 11 4
1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7
7
-14 7
1 7 49
-7 2 i -49 2 2
1 7 -1 49 1 7 49
-49 2
-49 1 2
147
43 43 43
(
+
| |
= (
|
+ + + + \ .
(

=
+ + +
+ +
= =
+ + +
+

= = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3
rd
Example (52)
2
2
2 2
Find the quadratic equation ,whose roots are a and b
1 1
+ +
= =

Answer

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 3 2 3
2 3 2
2 3
2
2 2 3
2
2 2 2 1
2 2
a b
1 1 1 1
2
2 -1
2 2 2 2 3
1
1 2 -1 3 2
4 2
4 2 -1 1
2 2 3
and a b 1
1 1 1 -1 1 3 1
Thus the equation is : x a b x a b 0 The e
+ + + +
+ +
+ = + =

+

+ + +
= = = = =
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
= = = = =
+ + +
+ + =
2
quation is x x 1 0 + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (53)

( )
n 2 2 n n
Let cos i sin , Then prove that : 1 cos i sin
3 3 3 3
| |
= + + = +
|
\ .

Answer

( )
2
2
n
2 2 4 4 4 4
1 - - cos i sin - cos i sin -cos i sin
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4
cos i sin cos i sin
3 3 3 3
1 cos
3
| | | |
+ = = + = + =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
+ =
n
n n
i sin cos i sin
3 3 3
| |
+ = +
|
\ .

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Complex Numbers

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Complex Numbers

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Facebook page : https://www.facebook.

Potrebbero piacerti anche