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    About html

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    Hypertext Markup Language

    Caricato da

    Kumar Rajendran
    About html

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Scarica in formato DOCX, PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
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    HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML) HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup for creating web pages

    and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some tags, known asempty elements, are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tags,comments and other types of text-based content. The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page. HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semanticsfor text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts written in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML markup.

    HTML ELEMENTS
    HTML documents are composed entirely of HTML elements that, in their most general form have three components: a pair of tags, a "start tag" and "end tag"; someattributes within the start tag; and finally, any textual and graphical content between the start and end tags, perhaps including other nested elements. The HTML element is everything between and including the start and end tags. Each tag is enclosed in angle brackets. The general form of an HTML element is therefore: <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">content</tag>. Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2" >. Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the BR tag or the inline IMG tag. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case.

    HTML Versions
    Version HTML HTML+ HTML 2.0 HTML 3.2 HTML 4.01 XHTML 1.0 HTML5 XHTML5 Year 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2012 2013

    HTML5
    HTML5 is a markup language for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web and a core technology of the Internet. It is the fifth revision of the HTML standard (created in 1990 and standardized as HTML 4 as of 1997)[2]and, as of December 2012, is a W3C Candidate Recommendation.[3] Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices (web browsers, parsers, etc.). HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4, butXHTML 1 and DOM Level 2 HTML as well.[2] Following its immediate predecessors HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1, HTML5 is a response to the observation that the HTML and XHTML in common use on the World Wide Web are a mixture of features introduced by various specifications, along with those introduced by software products such as web browsers, those established by common practice, and the many syntax errors in existing web documents.[4] It is also an attempt to define a singlemarkup language that can be written in either HTML or XHTML syntax. It includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves and rationalises the markup available for documents, and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications.[5]For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a potential candidate for cross-platform mobile applications. Many features of HTML5 have been built with the consideration of being able to run on lowpowered devices such as smartphones and tablets. In December 2011, research firm Strategy Analytics forecast sales of HTML5 compatible phones will top 1 billion in 2013.[6] In particular, HTML5 adds many new syntactic features. These include the new <video>, <audio> and <canvas>elements, as well as the integration of scalable vector

    graphics (SVG) content (that replaces the uses of generic<object> tags) and MathML for mathematical formulas. These features are designed to make it easy to include and handle multimedia and graphical content on the web without having to resort to proprietary plugins and APIs. Other new elements, such as <section>, <article>, <header> and <nav>, are designed to enrich the semantic content of documents. New attributes have been introduced for the same purpose, while some elements and attributes have been removed. Some elements, such as <a>, <cite> and <menu> have been changed, redefined or standardized. The APIs and document object model (DOM) are no longer afterthoughts, but are fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification.[5] HTML5 also defines in some detail the required processing for invalid documents so that syntax errors will be treated uniformly by all conforming browsers and other user agents.

    DATABASE A database is an organized collection of data. The data is typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies). The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system. The term database system implies that the data is managed to some level of quality (measured in terms of accuracy, availability, usability, and resilience) and this in turn often implies the use of a general-purpose database management system (DBMS).[1] A generalpurpose DBMS is typically a complex software system that meets many usage requirements to properly maintain its databases which are often large and complex. This is specially the case with client-server, near-real time transactional systems, in which multiple users have access to data, data is concurrently entered and inquired for in ways that preclude single-thread batch processing. Most of the complexity of those requirements are still present with personal, desktop-based database systems. Well known DBMSs include Oracle, Sybase, FoxPro, IBM DB2, Linter, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite. A database is not generally portable across different DBMS, but different DBMSs can inter-operate to some degree by using standards like SQL and ODBC together to support a single application built over more than one database. A DBMS also needs to provide effective run-time execution to properly support (e.g., in terms of performance, availability, and security) as many database end-users as needed. A way to classify databases involves the type of their contents, for example: bibliographic, document-text, statistical, or multimedia objects. Another way is by their application area, for example: accounting, music compositions, movies, banking, manufacturing, or insurance.

    The term database may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of organized collection of data and may refer to the logical database, to the physical database as data content in computer data storage or to many other database sub-definitions.

    SQL (Structured Query Language)


    SQL (Structured Query Language)is a special-purpose language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, it is a declarative language with two parts: a data definition language and a data manipulation language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks".[4] Despite not adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became the most widely used database language. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standards (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has been enhanced several times with added features. But code is not completely portable among different database systems, which can lead to vendor lock-in. The different makers do not perfectly follow the standard, they add extensions, and the standard is sometimes ambiguous. DDL Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples:
    o o o o o o

    CREATE - to create objects in the database ALTER - alters the structure of the database DROP - delete objects from the database TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary RENAME - rename an object

    DML
    Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema objects. Some examples:
    o o o o

    SELECT - retrieve data from the a database INSERT - insert data into a table UPDATE - updates existing data within a table DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain

    o o o o

    MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update) CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data LOCK TABLE - control concurrency

    DCL
    Data Control Language (DCL) statements. Some examples:
    o o

    GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command

    MySQL (My Sequel)


    MySQL is the world's most used open source relational database management system (RDBMS) as of 2008 that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius' daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profitfirm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation. MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely usedLAMP open source web application software stack (and other 'AMP' stacks). LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python." Free-software-open source projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. For commercial use, several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality. Applications which use MySQL databases include: TYPO3, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, Drupal and other software. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web products, including Wikipedia, Google (though not for searches), Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Nokia.com, and YouTube. Difference between SQL and MYSQL SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It's a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

    MySQL is a database management system, like SQL Server 2005, Oracle, Informix, Postgres etc. MySQL is a RDMS (Relational Database Management System). All types of RDMB use SQL. SQL is used to manipulate database or to create a database. It's actually a common language. MySQL is an actual computer application. You must need to download or collect it and install it. MySQL is one of the most popular open source database management system. MySQL has an SQL interpreter. MySQL can be used as the back engine database for several kinds of applications and it's one of the best choice for many web programmers for web-base application.
    SQL is the language to write queries in. MySQL is a free database product. SQL is a standard for relational databases mysql is an open source sql product for the linux unix platform

    PHP
    PHP is an open-source server-side scripting language designed for Web development to produce dynamic Web pages. It is one of the first developed server-side scripting languages to be embedded into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. The code is interpreted by a Web server with a PHP processor module which generates the resulting Web page. It has also evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications. PHP can be deployed on most Web servers and also as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge. PHP was a competitor toMicrosoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) server-side script engine and similar languages, but gradually received better acceptance and is now installed on more than 20 million Web sites and 1 million Web servers. PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the formal reference to the PHP language. PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the termPHP. While PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, it is now said to stand for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, arecursive acronym.

    WordPress
    WordPress is a free and open source blogging tool and a content management system (CMS) based on PHP andMySQL. It has many features including a plug-in architecture and a template system. WordPress is used by over 16.7% of Alexa Internet's "top 1 million"

    websites and as of August 2011 manages 22% of all new websites.WordPress is currently the most popular blogging system in use on the Web. It was first released on May 27, 2003, by founders Matt Mullenweg and Mike Little as a fork of b2/cafelog. As of December 2011, version 3.0 had been downloaded over 65 million times.

    Open-source software
    Open-source software is software whose source code is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees. Open-source code can evolve through community cooperation. These communities are composed of individual programmers as well as very large companies. Many of these individuals programmers who start an open-source project usually end up as large companies with open-source programs. Examples of open-source software products are: Application software

    7-Zip file archiver Blender 3D graphics editor TACTIC digital asset management software for 2D/3D digital content creators Eclipse development environment comprising an IDE GIMP graphics editor Inkscape Vector graphics editor for .svg Mozilla Firefox web browser Chromium web browser Mozilla Thunderbird e-mail client NASA World Wind virtual globe, geobrowser OpenOffice.org (and the LibreOffice fork) office suite OpenEMR Electronic Medical Records software PrestaShop Electronic commerce platform ADempiere (now Free Software forked from Compiere) an enterprise resource planning (ERP) open source software platform for business Vue (Visual Understanding Environment) mind mapping software project of Tufts University WordPress web publishing platform

    Operating systems

    Android operating system derived from Linux FreeBSD operating system derived from Unix Linux family of Unix-like operating systems OpenIndiana a free Unix-like operating system

    ReactOS operating system built on Windows NT architecture Haiku free and open-source operating system compatible with BeOS

    Programming languages

    Perl a general purpose programming language PHP scripting language suited for the web Python general purpose programming language Ruby general purpose programming language PHDL hardware description language used for PC Board Design

    Server software

    Apache HTTP web server Drupal content management system MediaWiki wiki server software, the software that runs Wikipedia MongoDB document-oriented, non-relational database Moodle course management system or virtual learning environment WordPress blog software Joomla! content management system TYPO3 enterprise content management system Couchbase Server NoSQL document database

    Web portal
    A web portal is a website that brings information together from diverse sources in a uniform way. Usually, each information source gets its dedicated area on the page for displaying information (a portlet); often, the user can configure which ones to display. Apart from the standard search engines feature, web portals offer other services such as email, news, stock prices, information, databases and entertainment. Portals provide a way for enterprises to provide a consistent look and feel with access control and procedures for multiple applications and databases, which otherwise would have been different entities altogether. Types of portal

    Personal portals News portals Government web portals Cultural portals Corporate web portals Stock portals Search portals Tender's portals Hosted web portals Domain-specific portals

    Electronic commerce
    Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is a type of industry where buying and selling of product or service is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices social media, and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. E-commerce can be divided into:

    E-tailing or "virtual storefronts" on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a "virtual mall" The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and social media Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospective and established customers (for example, with newsletters) Business-to-business buying and selling The security of business transactions

    Shopping cart
    In online marketing, a shopping cart is a piece of e-commerce software on a web server that allows visitors to an internet site to select items for eventual purchase, analogous to

    the American English term "shopping cart." [1] In British English it is generally known as a shopping basket, almost exclusively shortened on websites to 'basket'. The software allows online shopping customers to accumulate a list of items for purchase, described metaphorically as placing items in the shopping cart or adding to cart. Upon checkout, the software typically calculates a total for the order, including shipping and handling (i.e. postage and packing) charges and the associated taxes, as applicable.

    Shipping Module

    Payment gateway

    A payment gateway is an e-commerce application service provider service that authorizes payments for e-businesses, online retailers, bricks and clicks, or traditionalbrick and mortar. It is the equivalent of a physical point of sale terminal located in most retail outlets. Payment gateways protect credit card details by encrypting sensitive information, such as credit card numbers, to ensure that information is passed securely between the customer and the merchant and also between merchant and the payment processor.

    Process A payment gateway facilitates the transfer of information between a payment portal (such as a website, mobile phone or IVR service) and the Front End Processor or acquiring bank. When a customer orders a product from a payment gateway-enabled merchant, the payment gateway performs a variety of tasks to process the transaction. 1. A customer places order on website by pressing the 'Submit Order' or equivalent button, or perhaps enters their card details using an automatic phone answering service. 2. If the order is via a website, the customer's web browser encrypts the information to be sent between the browser and the merchant's webserver. In between other methods, this may be done via SSL (Secure Socket Layer) encryption. 1. The payment gateway may allow transaction data to be sent directly from the customer's browser to the gateway, bypassing the merchant's systems. This reduces the merchant's PCI-DSS compliance obligations without redirecting the customer away from the website.

    3. The merchant then forwards the transaction details to their payment gateway. This is another (SSL) encrypted connection to the payment server hosted by the payment gateway. 4. The payment gateway forwards the transaction information to the payment processor used by the merchant's acquiring bank. 5. The payment processor forwards the transaction information to the card association (e.g., Visa/MasterCard) 1. If an American Express or Discover Card was used, then the processor acts as the issuing bank and directly provides a response of approved or declined to the payment gateway. 2. Otherwise [eg: a Mastercard or Visa card was used], the card association routes the transaction to the correct card issuing bank. 6. The credit card issuing bank receives the authorization request and does fraud and credit or debit checks and then sends a response back to the processor (via the same process as the request for authorization) with a response code [eg: approved, denied]. In addition to communicating the fate of the authorization request, the response code is used to define the reason why the transaction failed (such as insufficient funds, or bank link not available). Meanwhile, the credit card issuer holds an authorization associated with that merchant and consumer for the approved amount. This can impact the consumer's ability to further spend (eg: because it reduces the line of credit available or because it puts a hold on a portion of the funds in a debit account). 7. The processor forwards the authorization response to the payment gateway. 8. The payment gateway receives the response, and forwards it on to the website (or whatever interface was used to process the payment) where it is interpreted as a relevant response then relayed back to the merchant and cardholder. This is known as the Authorization or "Auth" 9. The entire process typically takes 23 seconds.[2] 10. The merchant then fulfills the order and the above process is repeated but this time to "Clear" the authorization by consummating the transaction. Typically the "Clear" is initiated only after the merchant has fulfilled the transaction (eg: shipped the order). This results in the issuing bank 'clearing' the 'auth' (ie: moves auth-hold to a debit) and prepares them to settle with the merchant acquiring bank. 11. The merchant submits all their approved authorizations, in a "batch" (eg: end of day), to their acquiring bank for settlement via its processor. 12. The acquiring bank makes the batch settlement request of the credit card issuer. 13. The credit card issuer makes a settlement payment to the acquiring bank (eg: the next day) 14. The acquiring bank subsequently deposits the total of the approved funds in to the merchant's nominated account (eg: the day after). This could be an account with the acquiring bank if the merchant does their banking with the same bank, or an account with another bank. 15. The entire process from authorization to settlement to funding typically takes 3 days. Many payment gateways also provide tools to automatically screen orders for fraud and calculate tax in real time prior to the authorization request being sent to the processor. Tools to detect fraud include geolocation, velocity pattern analysis, OFAC list lookups, 'black-list'

    lookups, delivery address verification, computer finger printing technology, identity morphing detection, and basic AVS checks.

    Search engine optimization


    Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or a web page in a search engine's "natural" or un-paid ("organic") search results.[jargon] In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search,academic search,[1] news search and industry-specific vertical search engines. As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what people search for, the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content, HTML and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic. The plural of the abbreviation SEO can also refer to "search engine optimizers," those who provide SEO services.

    Google Analytics Google Analytics (GA) is a service offered by Google that generates detailed statistics about a website's traffic and traffic sources and measures conversions and sales. The product is aimed at marketers as opposed to webmasters and technologists from which the industry of web analytics originally grew. It is the most widely used website statistics service. The basic service is free of charge and a premium version is available for a fee. [1] GA can track visitors from all referrers, including search engines and social networks, direct visits and referring sites. It also displays advertising, pay-per-click networks, e-mail marketing and digital collateral such as links within PDF documents.

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