ELECTIRC SECTION The Electric section is mainly classified into two that is i. ii.

High Tension (HT) Low Tension (LT)

In High Tension i. ii. iii. 11Kv Yard VCB Panel Transformer In LT section ACB MCCB Starters, are included

iv. v. vi.

In HT section 11Kv feeder line firstly come to a KSEB post. The feeder line again transmits to a Kochin Cagaz post. The 11Kv supply voltage from Kochin Cagaz post, which is reaches to a Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

1. 11 Kv YARD

Single Line Layout of 11Kv Feeder line

KSEB POST

KOCHIN KAGAZ POST

The generating voltage in India is 11Kv. The voltage is generated by different power stations i.e., Hydraulic, Thermal, Diesel, Nuclear etc. Firstly the power stations are generated the voltage, after the generation this voltage is step up and then transmit. This transmit voltage is step down for proper use and at last this voltage is distributed (The line voltage is 415v and Phase voltage is 230). Transmission and distribution lines are vital links between generating (Power) stations and consumers or customers. Transmission lines carry power at high voltage such as 66Kv, 132Kv, 220Kv or 400Kv over a long distance from the generating stations to the major load centres or receiving stations. The power is supplied to the various consumers, both domestic and industrial, from the secondary substations by means of distribution lines. The distribution line is also carried out by means of underground cables. THE MAIN COMPONENTS IN YARD Insulator Gang operating switch Lighting arrestor DO fuse CT & PT TOD Meter

INSULATOR Insulators are provided between conductors and cross arms / structures in order to prevent short circuit between the different phase conductors of the line and also prevent leakage of current to earth through cross-arms on the support. GANG OPERATING SWITCH Used for ON and OFF of 11Kv line

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR To discharge high voltage induced on the line to earth, due to lightning and to protect the transformer and associated equipment from lighting strokes. DO FUSE The drop out fuses simplest and most effective safety device for small distribution transformer. The drop out fuse opens the circuit and serves the mechanical isolation of system in case of flow of fault current. The drop out fuses is designed for vertical installation. They are practically maintenance free as they required duly replacement of fuse element. CT & PT Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current transformers, together with (potential transformers (PT)), are known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry. TOD METER (Trivector Operating Display) TOD Meter is used to measure Apparent power (KVA), Active power (KW), Reactive power (KVAR) , Power factor (PF), Current and Voltage etc. 2.VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker) i. ii. A circuit breaker is an equipment which can make or break a circuit either manually or remote control under normal condition Break a circuit automatically under fault condition

iii.

Make a circuit either manually or by remote control under fault conditions. Thus a circuit breaker (CB) in operates manual as well as automatic control for switching functions. The later control employs relates and operates only under fault conditions

The Vacuum Circuit Breaker vacuum is the arc quenching medium. Vacuum offers the highest insulating strength. It has far superior arc quenching properties than any medium. When contacts of a breaker are opened in vacuum the interruption occurs at first current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building up at a higher rate than obtained with other circuit breakers. Principle When the contacts of the breaker are opened in vacuum an arc is produced between the contacts by the ionisation of metal vapours of the contacts the arc is quickly extinguish because the metallic vapours, electrons and ions produced during arc rapidly content on surface of the breaker contact. Resulting quick recovery of dielectric strength. Working When the breaker operates the moving contact separate from the fixed contact and an arc is struck the production of arc is due to ionisation metal ions and depends upon the material of the contacts. The arc is quickly extinguish because the metallic vapours, electrons and ions produced during arc are diffused and seized by surface of contact and shield. Vacuum has very fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength. The arc extinction in vacuum breaker occurs with a short contact separation (say .625 cm ). Advantages and Disadvantages of VCB Advantages 1. They are compact reliable and have longer life 2. There is no fire hazards . 3. There is no generation of Gas during and after operation.

4. They can interrupt any fault current. The outstanding feature of a VCB is that it can break any fault current perfectly just before the contact reach the definite opening position . 5. They require little maintenance and smooth operation. 6. They can successfully with stand lighting surges. 7. They have low arc energy. 8. They are requiring small power for control mechanism. Disadvantages 1. Requirement of high technology for production of vacuum interrupters. 2. Vacuum interruption is costlier. 3. It needs additional surge suppressors with each phase. 4. Loss of vacuum due to transit damage or failure makes the entire interrupter useless and cannot be require at site. Application of VCB 1. Because of the short gap and excellent recovery characteristics it can be used at very high speed making switches in industrial applications 2. They are used in shunt reactor switching, transformer switching, line dropping capacitor bank switching. 3. They are used at voltages are high and current to be interrupted is low. 4. For low fault interrupting capacitors its cost is low. 5. These are used along with static over current relays. TRANSFORMER( Indoor Delta Star Type) A transformer is static AC machine which transfers the electric power from one electric circuit to another electric circuit with same frequency at different voltage and currents. It works on the productions of statically induced emf. Working principle of a Transformer It mainly consists of two inductive coils which are electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of low resistance. When one coil of the transformer is connected to an AC supply mains,

an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of this flux links with the other coil and produces mutually induced emf(according to Faradays Law of Electromagnetic induction). The coil connected to the supply mains is called primary winding and the coil connected to the load circuit is called secondary winding. When the transformer rises the voltage i.e. when the output voltage of a transformer is higher than its input voltage it is called step up transformer and when it lower the voltage i.e. when its output voltage is less than input voltage it is called step down transformer. Specifications of Transformer Tap changing Oil temperature Winding temperature Neutral CT Rating KVA Volts No load Ampere Ampere - ON Load -

- 2000KVA 11Kv/433V - 2000 -11000 HV -433 - HV 105 - LV 2666.8 Phase - HV -3 - LV-3 Type of cooling -ONAN Frequency -50Hz Impedance volts in % -5.75 Core & winding kg -2600 Oil kg -1500 Total weight kg -6600 Oil in litre -1750 Year of manufacturing - 2002

Onload tap changing Transformer In order to make the tap changing possible with the transformer on load ( without interrupting the supply ) special arrangements are to be provided. One way is to divide the coil into two parallel sections with identical tapings Under normal working conditions switches Sa and Sb are closed with same number of tapings i.e.(1& ) and each winding carry half of the total current.

When the tapings to be changed. One of the switches say S a is open to take the winding A out of the circuit at this instant the second winding B carries full current (double of its rated current) now the tapings on the winding A is changed and switch S a is closed at this moment only the two windings will have different induce emf and share the load unequally. The other switch Sb is open to disconnect winding B the tapings on this winding is changed ( equal to winding A) and switch Sb is closed. Now both of the winding will share the load equally. Disadvantages of on load tap changing During switching the impedance of the transformer is increased The no. of tapings required is double the voltage steps Complication are introduced in the design in order to obtain a high reactance between the parallel windings

The fault occurring in Power Transformer Open circuit fault Earth fault Phase to phase fault Inter turn fault Overheating from overloading or some internal cause such as core heating For power transformers the protection is to be provided usually against dangerous over loads and excessive temperature rise. Dangerous over load may be due to external fault or internal fault hence the protection for internal fault is to be provided in such transformer. Differential protection is the most important type of protection used for protection against internal phase to phase and phase to earth fault.

Transformer protection device o Vss-Voltage selector switch o REF-Restricted earth fault relay o Buchhols relay-it is used to detect internal fault of transformer

LT Section ACB (Air Blast Circuit Breaker) The breaker employs a high pressure air blast is quenching medium. The contacts are opened in a flow of air blast established by the opening of the blast valve. The air blast cools the arc and sweeps away the arcing products to the atmosphere. This rapidly increase the dielectric strength of the medium between the contacts and prevents from the pre establishing the arc and consequently arc is extinguish and flow of current interrupted Advantages The risk of fire is eliminated Arcing products are completely removed by the blast The growth of dielectric strength is to rapid that final contact gap needed for arc extinction is very small. There by reducing the size of the device The arcing time is very small due the rapid build-up of the dielectric strength between the contacts. Disadvantages The air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing property The air blast circuit breaker are very sensitive to the variation in the rate of rise of restriking voltage The air blast CB are used in high voltage installation the majority of circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110Kv

MCCB
Molded case circuit breaker is mainly used for over load and short circuit protection .The simplest C.B, MCBs are mainly used for circuit protection but in the case of MCCBs ,they are used in heavy circuits Different range of MCCBs are used in industry mainly to drive a motors 800A,50 KVA 630A,50KVA 11KV

VCB

200KVATRANSFORMER (11/440V)

ACB

3200A, Main MCB

MAIN ISOLATER

IND. ISOLATER S/W

RELAY/CONTACTER MOTOR

STARTERS

The DOL starters are mainly used up to 15 hp motors

Circuit diagram of DOL starter

Functions of starters are following Start and stop the motor Protect motor from over load under voltage and single phasing

VFD
The full form of VFD is variable frequency motor . This device is used in above 50 hp motors. It is a newest method for controlling motor VFD is mainly used for AC to DC conversion DC to AC conversion The VFDs are used in IGBT (Insulated gauge bipolar transistor) to change

Frequency and voltage . It is used for proper control of motor and also adjust the frequency and control the speed of motor. The VFD includes the provision for change temperature, voltage and current. It also provides the provisions for the regulation of voltage. This device is working on the basis of pre set program ADVENTAGES It reduces the starting current as low Speed can be adjustable so wear and tear is reduced Increases the efficiency of motor DISADVENTAGE Initial cost is high Voltage surge

APFC Panel
Full form of it is that is Automatic Power Factors Control. 14 capacitors are used in this panel. The available range of capacitors are 20KVA, 25KVAR etc. it used to improve power factor.

MOTORS
Induction motors are mainly classified as slip ring induction motors &squirrel cage induction motors. An induction motor is a rotating machine which converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is most commonly used due to following advantages Simple rugged and unbreakable construction Its cost is low and is reliable It has sufficiently high efficiency It requires less maintenance It is self starting Its speed control is easy by using semiconductor devices

Ofcours the induction motor also has few disadvantages like its speed decrease with increase in load and the starting torque is some what inferior to that of a DC shunt motor Squirrel cage induction motor It is cylindrical (solid) in shape and built up of number of laminations having slots on its outer surface. Solid copper or aluminium bars short circuited at both ends by copper rings are inserted in these slots. There is no insulation between the iron core and the conductors. The current induced in the rotor is contained within the circuit formed by the conductors and end rings. Skewing the rotor slots helps avoid logging (locking in at sub synchronous speed) and reduces vibration. Wound rotor (slip ring) induction motor It consist of laminated cylindrical core having slots on its outer surface. These slots carry three phase winding similar to the one in the stator. The rotor winding is uniformly distributes in the slots and is usually star connected. The rotor is wound for as many poles as the number of stator poles. The rotor winding are brought out and joined to three insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with one brush resting on each slip ring. The three brushes are connected to a three phase star connected rheostat. At starting the external resistance is included in the rotor circuit to give large starting torque and to reduce the starting current. As the motor speed up, resistance is gradually reduced up to zero

Working principal of a 3- phase induction motor

The two essential parts of a 3-pahase induction motor as mentioned earlier are stationary parts known as stator and rotating parts known as rotor. When 3-phase stator winding is fed from 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude and rotating at synchronous [Ns=120f/p] speed is produced. The rotating flux passes through the air gap and cuts the stationary rotor conductors. Due to relative speed between the rotating flux and stationary rotor conductors, an emf is induced in the later according to Faradays Laws of Electro Magnetic Induction. The frequency of induced emf is same as supply frequency. Its magnitude is proportional to the relative speed between the flux and the rotor conductors and its direction is given by Flemings Right Hand Rule, since the rotor conductors form a closed circuit and has no external path to the induced current whose direction as given by Lenzs Law, Such as to oppose the very cause producing it. In this case the cause which producing it is the relative speed. The rotor starts rotate in the same direction as that of stator flux and tried to catch it, but it never do so. MAIN MOTORS

150 Hp LINE SHAF

VFD

After dryer and MG 100Hp VFD

Motor windings in Star and Delta In star

In delta

Slip ring motor approach -7.5 Hp &10 Hp Squirrel cage motor approach 1.75 Hp & 5 Hp

Lighting circuit
Hpmv -150 Hpsv 250w & 150w Halogen 125w MH lamp 125w

(82 KVA lighting load)

Fuses (HRC) Ns type -4A control fuse Hf type 63A Size 00 fuse 125A Size 01 fuse 250A Size 02 fuse 415A

Total Load 6 pm to 10pm Peak time 10pm to 6am Off peak time 6am to 6pm Normal time

Boiler
Boiler is a device used to heat water by combustion of fuel. The water tube boilers uses in industry. Water tube boiler, in which water is inside the tube and fire outside. In the presence of fire water is converted into steam DM plant :- de mineralization of water to reduce the hardness of water. The use of hard water in boiler Boiler efficiency is decreased Amount of fuel is increased Working time is increased Life of boiler is decreased In this type of boiler 10 ton water is used per hour and the capacity of fuel is 10Kg/cm2 Boiler mountings:- it includes safety valve, pressure gauge, main steam stop valve, godown valve, tap etc. the saturation point of slum is 100o c. Economizer :- it is a device used to heat the feed water Mabry :- it is a device mainly provided the protection of boiler. ID fan :- it is help to suck the air for its proper working. FN fan :- it provide suitable air for rotating sand like hot materials used in boilers. PA fan :- effluent treatment plant for recycling water

Producer section

Raw material

Pulpier section

Turbo separator

Vibrator screen

TDR

Fan pump

Pressure screen

Belt

Press roll

Mg dryer

(after dryer)

Roll

Rewinder

Dispatch

Tinal roll In pulpier section divide into 3 and in which provides 3 motors 150,100,100 Hp respectively. Pulp from pulpier section transferred to turbo separator, where 30 Hp motor is used to separate plastic. Then pulp transferred to vibrator screen where it is grinding again and then it goes to . In which the presence of agitator pulp rotates and transferred to TDR. In TDR 150 Hp motor is used and pulp transferred to different steps. At last roll is formed

Production from the plants are that from the first plant is 30 Ton & from second plant is 40 T0n. the production rate depends up on the orders to the company