SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

1.0

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relationship between span and deflection.

2.0

INTRODUCTION

A beam must possess sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflections do not have an adverse effect on adjacent structural members. In many cases, maximum allowable deflections are specified by Code of Practice in terms of the dimensions of the beam, particularly the span. The actual deflections of a beam must be limited to the elastic range of the beam, otherwise permanent distortion result. Thus in determining the deflections of beam under load, elastic theory is used. In this experiment double integrations method is used to give the complete deflected shape of the beam.

3.0

THEORY

M x-x

EI dy =

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

dx v x-x = EI dy dx EIy = =

PLx _ Px + A 4 4

y x-x

PLx _ Px + Ax + B 8 12

When x = 0 ; dy = 0 hence A = 0

When x = L / 2 ; y = 0; hence 0 =

PL _ 32 B = -

PL + B 96 PL 48

When x = 0 ; Y mak = - PL ( mid span ; c ) 48EI

x = L / 2 ; v mak = PL ( at support ) 16 EI

Where E can be obtained from the backboard I = bd 12 b

4.0

APPARATUS

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

1.

Deflection of Beam and Cantilever Appratus

2.

Digital Dail Test Indicator

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

3.

Hanger and Masses

4.

Specimen Beam

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

5.0

PROCEDURES

1.

The moveable knife-edge supports were positioned so that they are 400mm apart. The chosen beam was place on the support.

3.

The hanger and the digital dial test indicator placed at mid span. The digital reading zeroed.

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

4.

An incremental load was apply and the deflection recorded for each increment in the table below.

5.

Repeated the above using span of 300mm and 500mm and another beam.

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

6.0

RESULT

Experiment 1: Span = 500mm

No. 1 2 3

Mass (N) 2.453 2.453 2.453

Deflection (experimental) - 2.01 - 0.68 - 1.49

Theoretical Def. (Ymax) - 0.00374 - 0.00072 - 0.0015 Table 1

% Different 98.14 % 99.89 % 99.90 %

Experiment 2: Span = 400mm

No. 1 2 3

Mass (N) 2.453 2.453 2.453

Deflection (experimental) - 1.02 - 0.37 - 0.80

Theoretical Def. (Ymax) - 0.00192 - 0.00031 - 0.00077 Table 2

% Different 99.81 % 99.92 % 99.90 %

Experiment 3: Span = 300mm

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

No. 1 2 3

Mass (N) 2.453 2.453 2.453

Deflection (experimental) - 0.44 - 0.16 - 0.34

Theoretical Def. (Ymax) - 0.00082 - 0.00016 - 0.00032 Table 3

% Different 99.81 % 99.90 % 99.91 %

7.0

DATA ANALYSIS

Experiment 1, number 1;

When x = Y mak

0; = - PL (mid span ; c ) 48EI = bd 12

I aluminium b = 19mm d = 2.5mm

I = (19) (2.5)3 12 = 24.740 mm4 = 2.474 x 10-11m4

E = 207GNm-2

Ymak = - (2.453)(0.5)3 48(69G)(2.474 x10-11) = - 0.00374 mm

% different = theo exp x 100% exp = - 2.01 (- 0.00374) x 100% - 2.01

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

= 98.14 %

When x = Y mak

0; = - PL (mid span ; c ) 48EI = bd 12

I tembaga b = 18mm d = 3mm

I = (18) (3.0)3 12 = 40.50 mm4 = 4.05 x 10-11m4

E = 105GNm-2

Ymak = - (2.453)(0.5)3 48(105G)(4.05 x10-11) = - 0.0015 mm

% different = theo exp x 100% exp = - 1.49 (- 0.0015) x 100% - 1.49 = 99.90 %

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

When x = Y mak

0; = - PL (mid span ; c ) 48EI bd 12

I steel

b = 19mm d = 3.0mm

I = (19) (3.0)3 12 = 42.75 mm4 = 4.275 x 10-11m4

E = 207GNm-2

Ymak = - (2.453)(0.5)3 48(207G)(2.474 x10-11) = - 0.00072 mm

% different = theo exp x 100% exp = - 0.68 (- 0.00072) x 100% - 0.68 = 99.89 %

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

8.0

DISCUSSION

Comment on the different between the theoretical and experimental result.

The range of percentage of the different between the theoretical and experimental result was 99.14% to 99.92%. Therefore, there might have some errors occur during this experiment. The surrounding environment might be effect the reading of the result of deflection. The errors also can occur when the hanger was hang at a wrong place or the masses was not accurate.

9.0

EXTRA QUESTIONS

1. Calculate the deflection when x = L / 3 (experiment 1, no 3). Check the result by

placing the digital dial at this position.

y x-x = EIy = PLx _ Px + - PL 8 12 48EI P = 2.453N x = 0.5/3 = 0.167m L =0.5m E = 105GNm-2

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

I = 40.50 mm4 = 4.050 x 10-11m4

PL = - (2.453)(0.5)3 48EI 48(105G)(4.05 x10-11) = - 0.0015 mm

y x-x = (2.453 x 0.5 x 0.1672) (2.453 x 0.1673) 0.0015 x 10-3 8 12 -3 = 3.32 x 10 m = 3.32 mm 2. Calculate V max in experiment 2, no. 2.

x=L/2; v mak = -PL ( at support ) 16 EI P = 2.453N L =0.4m E = 207GNm-2 I = 42.75 mm4 = 4.275 x 10-11m4

v mak = (2.453)(0.4)2 16(207G)( 4.275 x 10-11) = 1.109 x 10-3

10.0

CONCLUSION

Macaulays method (the double integration method) is a technique used in structural analysis to determine the deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beams. Use of Macaulays technique is very convenient for cases of discontinuous and/or discrete loading. Typically partial uniformly distributed loads (u.d.l.) and uniformly varying loads (u.v.l.) over the span and a number of concentrated loads are conveniently handled using this technique.

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

The first English language description of the method was by Macaulay. The actual approach appears to have been developed by Clebsh in 1862 Macaulay's method has been generalized for Euler-Bernoulli beams with axial compression, to Timoshenko beams, to elastic foundations, and to problems in which the bending and shear stiffness changes discontinuously in a beam.

From this experiment, we can concluded that we were achieve the objective that to determine the relationship between span and deflection. We also can conclude that the deflection will be increase when the mass or forces are increase. Beside that, the span or the length of the beam will also affect the value of deflection. The shorter beam will have a smaller value of deflection

11.0

REFERENCES

Labsheet Lab Structure Span Defelection (Double Intergration Method)

www.wikipedia.com.my Mechanics Of Materials Second Edition Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

CONTENT OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION........... THEORY. APPARATUS.. PROCEDURE..... RESULT...... DATA ANALYSIS... 1 1 1 3 5 7 8

SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD) GROUP 3 SECTION 3

DISCUSSION.. EXTRA QUESTION... CONCLUSION... REFERENCES

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