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60
(FM 1-108)
ARMY
SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES
AVIATION OPERATIONS
October 2000
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION:
Distribution authorized to U. S. Government agencies and their contractors only to protect technical or
operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by
other means. This determination was made on 5 December 2003. Other requests for this document
must be referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and
School, ATTN: AOJK-DT-PO, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28310-5000.
DESTRUCTION NOTICE:
Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.
Contents
Page
DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction
of the document.
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FM 3-05.60
Page
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Preface
Field Manual (FM) 3-05.60 describes the mission tasks, capabilities, limitations,
command and control (C2) relationships, employment principles, and operational
considerations of Army special operations aviation (ARSOA). The manual
establishes doctrine for operational employment of aviation combat support (CS),
combat service support (CSS), and command and support relationships. The
manual identifies requirements of ARSOA in different levels of conflict and
duration of operations. It further delineates unique capabilities, limitations, and
requirements when supporting a standing joint special operations task force
(JSOTF) or a commander in chief (CINC) during a regional contingency.
This manual explains short- and long-term employment and execution concepts
for ARSOA, including support requirements and relationships. The manual
provides doctrinal guidance to the ARSOA commander for the employment of
ARSOA in support of special operations (SO). The employment guidance
considerations and the command and support responsibilities apply to the special
operations forces (SOF) commander and his staff, as well as the conventional
commander and his staff.
The proponent of this manual is the United States Army John F. Kennedy
Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS). Submit comments and
recommended changes to Commander, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-DT-JAA,
Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28310-5000.
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not
refer exclusively to men.
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Chapter 1
MISSION
1-1. The mission of ARSOA is to plan, conduct, and support SO by
clandestinely penetrating nonhostile, hostile, or denied airspace. ARSOA
conducts air operations in any operational environment across the spectrum
of conflict. ARSOA supports SOF conducting joint, combined, interagency,
and liaison and coordination activities in regional crises and major conflicts,
or as directed by the National Command Authorities (NCA). As part of the
United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC), ARSOA
organizes, equips, trains, validates, sustains, and employs assigned aviation
units for USASOC missions.
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SUPPORTING TASKS
1-3. Supporting tasks for ARSOA are to—
• Design, integrate, and maintain aviation systems and support
equipment unique to SO aircraft and mission capability.
• Establish and maintain a program to recruit, select, and train Army
and other personnel for attachment to ARSOA units.
• Establish and maintain liaison positions with other SOF to plan and
coordinate activities.
EMPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS
1-4. ARSOA provides SOF the capability to penetrate hostile or denied
territory and to accomplish SO missions and collateral activities. ARSOA
units have specialized aircraft with sophisticated state-of-the-art special
mission equipment. ARSOA aircrews undergo intense training in the tactical
employment of the aircraft and the execution of SO aviation tasks. ARSOA
should arrive in the theater of operation with other SOF before hostilities and
should be a part of high payoff SO and collateral missions that support the
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1-11. ARSOA training is one of the most rigorous, technical forms of training
in the world. It produces some of the most professional and highly trained
soldiers who demonstrate superior performance in small groups or as part of
an integrated U.S. response with other military forces, as well as non-
Department of Defense (DOD) and civilian agencies. Selected small, self-
contained units can work swiftly and quietly without the noticeable presence
of conventional forces. Even under the most austere conditions, they are able
to operate without the infrastructure often needed by a larger force. They can
penetrate enemy territory by various means, sustain themselves in the
denied area, and execute various missions.
1-12. To make sure missions selected for ARSOA are compatible with
ARSOF capabilities, commanders must be familiar with the following SO
characteristics:
• ARSOA personnel undergo careful selection processes or mission-
specific training beyond basic military skills to achieve entry-level SO
skills. These programs make unlikely any rapid replacement or
generation of personnel or capabilities.
• Mature, experienced personnel compose ARSOA. Many maintain a
high level of competency in more than one military specialty.
• Some ARSOA elements are regionally oriented for employment. Cross-
cultural communications training is a routine part of the regional
training of those elements.
• ARSOA conducts specific tactical operations by small units with unique
talents that directly strike or engage strategic and operational aims or
objectives.
• Planning for SO may begin at the unified, joint, or interagency levels
for execution that requires extensive, rigorous rehearsal.
• SO are frequently clandestine or low-visibility operations, or they may
be a part of overt operations. They can be covert but as such require a
declaration of war or a specific finding executed by the NCA. ARSOF
can deploy at relatively low cost with a low profile that is less intrusive
than that of larger conventional forces.
• ARSOA units often conduct SO at great distance from operational
bases. They employ sophisticated communications systems and means
of insertion, support, and extraction to penetrate and return from
hostile, denied, or politically sensitive areas.
• SO occur throughout full spectrum operations—offense, defense,
stability operations, and support operations.
• SO influence the will of foreign leadership to create conditions
favorable to U.S. strategic aims and objectives.
• ARSOA are often high-risk operations that have limited windows of
execution and require first-time success.
• Employment of SO may require patient, long-term commitment and
support to achieve U.S. national goals in an operational area.
• ARSOA requires theater- and, frequently, national-level intelligence
support.
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ORGANIZATION
1-13. The ARSOA regiment (Figure 1-1, page 1-6) consists of a headquarters
and headquarters company (HHC), an assault battalion, an aviation support
battalion (with three forward-deployed companies), and an aviation battalion.
The forward-deployed companies are under the administrative control
(ADCON) of the ARSOA regiment. Additionally, table of distribution and
allowances (TDA) documents authorize a special operations aviation training
company (SOATC) and a systems integration and maintenance office (SIMO).
1-14. The ARSOA regiment has SO rotary-wing aircraft, including the
AH/MH-6J Cayuse, the MH-60L/K Blackhawk, and the MH-47D/E Chinook.
ARSOA units can plan, conduct, and support SO missions for the ARSOF
commander or for the theater special operations command (SOC). ARSOA can
be task-organized based on expected missions, the requirements of the units
they will support, the environmental conditions in the theater of operations,
and sustainment requirements. ARSOA task-organizes around one of the
special operations aviation (SOA) battalions. With proper personnel and
equipment augmentation, the ARSOA battalion commander and his staff
could also serve as a joint special operations air component commander
(JSOACC). When two or more battalions are required in the theater, the
regimental commander could serve as the JSOACC.
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1-6
Chapter 2
ARSOA abides by ARSOF truths (Figure 2-1), the principles of war, and
Army SO imperatives. All have unique implications to ARSOA’s concept
of operations in the battlespace and are manifested in ARSOA’s
operational considerations. Each SO mission and collateral activity
requires special capabilities from ARSOA. Mission planning for SO is a
detailed process conducted directly with the supported unit. ARSOA has
assets that maintain cultural, regional, and language orientation.
PRINCIPLES OF WAR
2-1. The principles of war apply equally to SO. SOF commanders, however,
apply them from a different perspective than do conventional force
commanders. This perspective comes from the nature of the forces and the
methods of application. Normally, SOF carry few weapons and have limited
fire support. They maintain a high degree of mobility and remain undetected
as long as possible. ARSOA commanders must understand the effects of their
operational environment and force capabilities as they apply the principles of
war. With each principle, the ARSOA commanders must consider various
components.
OBJECTIVE
2-2. Direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and
attainable objective. SOF objectives may be political, economic, psychological,
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OFFENSIVE
2-3. Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. SO are inherently offensive
actions. ARSOA, like all aviation, is offensive in nature as well. It allows the
supported commander to conduct operations in any direction on the
battlefield, unencumbered by terrain or obstacles.
MASS
2-4. Concentrate the effects of overwhelming combat power at the decisive
time and place. The employment of SOF is not in the conventional sense.
Even more so than conventional forces, SOF must avoid attrition or force-on-
force battles. They must subtly and indirectly concentrate their combat power
at decisive times and places. ARSOA efforts must not be against attractive
targets that may be operationally or strategically irrelevant. Extensive SO
planning and rehearsal are necessary to achieve temporary superiority of
force or, conversely, to avoid enemy engagement. Concentration of force relies
as much on the quality and focus of tactics, timing, and weaponry as it does
on numerical strength. ARSOA delivers the supported force to the precise
place at the precise time.
ECONOMY OF FORCE
2-5. Allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts. When
employed as a part of SOF, ARSOA is an economy-of-force measure that
allows the concentration of other forces elsewhere. The role of many SO is to
divert hostile forces into secondary theaters. This practice prevents a
concentration of hostile forces against the friendly main effort. ARSOA gives
the commander a means to employ a specialized force in the right location to
maximize the effect.
MANEUVER
2-6. Place the enemy in a position of disadvantage using the flexible
application of combat power. During SO, maneuver implies the ability to
infiltrate and exfiltrate denied areas to exploit enemy weaknesses. When
employed by ARSOA, maneuver is the ability to concentrate (infiltrate) the
supported commander’s elements, to strike the enemy where and when
the enemy is most vulnerable, and to disperse (exfiltrate) to avoid the
enemy’s strengths.
UNITY OF COMMAND
2-7. For every objective, seek unity of command and unity of effort. When
ARSOA is a part of SOF, the organization is joint, with uncluttered chains of
command that reduce layered headquarters elements.
SECURITY
2-8. Never let the enemy gain an unexpected advantage. Security is paramount
to SO and often dominates all other considerations. Compartmented planning is
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typical for SO, and planning staffs are normally small. Within a
compartmented activity, however, individuals must share information.
2-9. To enhance security and achieve surprise, individuals must follow
intelligence, counterintelligence, EW, and cover and deception procedures
when planning and executing SO. To provide security for the plan and to
preserve the security for other planned operations, ground and air planners
must go into isolation.
2-10. To allow ARSOA crews to conduct follow-on missions in the same
areas, however, planners should rotate crews to perform these missions if
possible. To enhance operational security, ground forces normally discuss
only the portion of the ground tactical plan that involves the ARSOA crews
and the immediate actions on the objective. When planning and coordinating
air operations, planners should discuss E&R plans and CSAR procedures for
downed aircrew as well. This practice provides mutual protection for all SOF
personnel in the event of capture.
SURPRISE
2-11. Strike the enemy at a time and place or in a manner for which he is
unprepared. Achieving surprise is usually a precondition for success in SO and
the major principle of war provided to a ground force commander through
ARSOA assets. ARSOA enables the commander to strike the enemy indirectly
and unexpectedly. It also allows the supported commander to take imaginative,
bold, and audacious action and to apply his combat power with precision.
SIMPLICITY
2-12. Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders to ensure a
thorough understanding. By nature, ARSOA missions are complicated and
multifaceted. Plans require and depend on precise timing and accuracy. SO
often use sophisticated, unorthodox methods and equipment requiring
specifically selected and trained SO aviators. Although the missions are
complex, detailed planning, in-depth briefings, and rehearsals help simplify
the mission and prepare the aircrews for every possible contingency.
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overall plan. ARSOA commanders must remain flexible and adapt their
operations to changing situations. By expecting these changes, they can
exploit fleeting opportunities.
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ARSOA PRINCIPLES
2-27. SO principles are an important part of SO mission planning. Principles
for ARSOA are as follows:
• Integrate supporting ARSOA assets from mission analysis to COA
development, through mission accomplishment.
• Increase ARSOA effectiveness by using the tactical and logistic
capabilities of other Services and nations.
• Use near-real-time and all-source intelligence products during mission
planning, rehearsal, and execution.
• Negate hostile acquisition means and weapons systems before and
during the mission.
• Employ the element of surprise by—
Conducting operations at night and during periods of low ambient
light.
Using deception and operations security (OPSEC) measures.
Using terrain-following techniques.
Using the range capability of the aircraft to fly indirect approaches.
Controlling or reducing electronic emissions during the mission.
2-28. During extended operations—
• Change tactics and procedures regularly to avoid becoming predictable.
• Anticipate enemy actions.
• Concentrate combat power on enemy vulnerabilities.
• Stay flexible.
• Designate the main effort clearly.
• Move SOF throughout the depth of the operational area as the tactical
situation changes.
• Concentrate SOF at the critical time by using precision timing and
navigation.
• Displace forward elements frequently for security.
• Maintain the ability to operate continuously.
• Understand the effects of battle on soldiers, units, and leaders.
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OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
2-29. Several considerations affect aviation support to SOF and must be a
part of all mission planning. Some may benefit the mission but most have an
adverse effect.
WEATHER
2-30. Weather affects friendly and enemy capabilities. ARSOA has the
unique capability to take advantage of adverse weather and to operate during
periods of zero illumination, reduced ceilings, and other limiting
meteorological conditions. The effects of the weather must be a part of
mission planning. Strong winds affect ground speed. Limited visibility or low
cloud ceilings provide some concealment for air operations and aid in
achieving surprise. These same conditions, however, restrict supporting high-
performance aircraft operations, such as tactical air, CAS, airlift, and aerial
refueling. Employment of aviation in these environments involves several
terrain considerations.
TERRAIN
2-31. Freedom of maneuver over terrain is an inherent characteristic of
aviation. This environmental flexibility provides a rapid means to overcome
the difficulties of movement and support of ground forces. Several factors
must be considered when employing aviation in these environments.
Mountains
2-32. High altitudes and high temperatures limit lift capabilities, useful
loads, and normal cruise speed. Weather conditions change rapidly. Limited
safe landing areas are available.
Arctic Areas
2-33. Cold temperatures increase lift capabilities and useful loads, but
snow and ice can adversely affect the aircraft’s performance. Blowing snow
limits visibility, especially during takeoff and landing. Extremely cold
temperatures have an adverse effect on aircraft components. Weather
conditions change rapidly.
Jungles
2-34. Dense jungles limit the range and effects of weapons. Hot, humid air
decreases aircraft lift, thus reducing the useful load. Problems with aircraft
corrosion increase, thereby increasing maintenance requirements. Safe
landing areas are scarce.
Deserts
2-35. High daytime temperatures decrease aircraft lift, thus reducing useful
loads. Sand and dust increase maintenance requirements. Flat, featureless
terrain increases the enemy’s long-range observation and complicates
navigation. Sandstorms and other phenomena develop quickly. Weather
support must be timely.
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Urban Areas
2-36. Aircraft are at high risk from small arms fire, complicated by the
proximity of noncombatants. Blowing debris increases foreign object damage
and can make landing areas unusable. High levels of artificial illumination
reduce night vision goggles (NVG) perception. If, however, lights are too
bright for NVG operation, unaided vision is probably sufficient. Tower and
wire hazards increase, thereby causing limited flight routes. Fire control
measures must relate to easily distinguishable features to control fratricide.
Observation, detection, and weapons engagement of aircraft from numerous
locations are critical considerations. Linear corridors, which are characteristic
of urban areas, limit fields of fire. Identifying targets, landing zones (LZs),
and pickup zones (PZs) is difficult.
Maritime
2-37. Air operations from naval vessels require extensive coordination with
naval air operations to synchronize the location, sequence, and timing of
departing or returning flights and long-range over-water and over-the-
horizon operations. Operating from naval vessels magnifies complications
from adverse weather conditions. Increased airframe corrosion from salt
water exposure requires fresh water source for aircraft washing.
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2-41. ARSOA missions and collateral activities fall into two categories: direct
and indirect. Direct contact with the adversary applies military resources to
accomplish a task without relying on indigenous or surrogate forces not under
direct U.S. control. Indirect contact with the adversary applies military
resources to train, advise, or assist interagency activities, nations important
to U.S. interests, or indigenous or surrogate forces pursuing objectives that
further U.S. interests. The categorization of ARSOA missions and collateral
activities as direct or indirect is useful when discussing the general
characteristics of these forces and when evaluating how various doctrinal
principles apply to them. These categories are not mutually exclusive.
2-42. Certain ARSOA missions and collateral activities may be executed as
sensitive special operations (SSOPS). These operations require national
oversight and interagency coordination because of their low visibility and
clandestine or (under special circumstances) covert methods. These techniques
are used to ensure secrecy or concealment. All SSOPS are conducted in pursuit
of national military, political, economic, or psychological objectives. SSOPS are
characterized as politically or militarily sensitive and are of a high-risk nature.
The activities of SO-related intelligence elements, when deployed through joint
staff operations channels, are also defined as SSOPS.
2-43. ARSOA can support SOF in all of the core missions and collateral
activities. ARSOA conducts these missions predominantly in a joint
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Unconventional Warfare
2-45. UW is a broad spectrum of military and paramilitary operations,
normally of long duration, predominantly conducted by indigenous or
surrogate forces organized, trained, equipped, supported, and directed in
varying degrees by an external source. It includes guerrilla warfare and other
direct offensive, low-visibility, covert, or clandestine operations, as well as the
indirect activities of subversion, sabotage, intelligence activities, and E&R.
2-46. Winning the conventional land battle “remains the absolute priority,”
despite an acknowledgment that potential adversaries are likely to follow
unconventional strategies (terrorism, insurgency, or guerrilla warfare) when
faced with a complex, adaptive army. Military operations conducted in
enemy-held, enemy-controlled, or politically sensitive territory make up UW
that includes guerrilla warfare and support to an insurgency. Indigenous
personnel carry out UW. External forces may support or direct these forces in
varying degrees in full spectrum operations. The focus of UW is primarily on
the success of existing or potential insurgent, secessionist, or other resistance
movements. The United States may engage in UW in three ways: as part of a
major theater war (MTW) or lesser regional contingency, in support of a
citizen or partisan defense intended as a deterrent, and as an effort to
support an insurgency. Special Forces (SF) provide advice and support as
training and assistance to UW organizations. Experiences in Afghanistan and
Nicaragua prove that support for an insurgency can be an effective way of
putting indirect pressure on adversaries. The costs versus the benefits of
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using UW against states that support insurgencies against the United States
and its allies must be carefully considered before employment.
2-47. During war, properly integrated and synchronized UW can extend the
depth of the conventional forces’ full spectrum operations. It gives the JFC
the windows of opportunity to seize the initiative through offensive action.
During UW, ARSOA supports the supported commander by conducting air
movement of supported SOF teams, indigenous forces, and supplies. These
air movements require ARSOA to conduct covert or clandestine penetration,
precision navigation, and long-range infiltration and exfiltration. ARSOA is
not for use in routine administrative and logistic air movements. It can,
however, extract U.S. and allied personnel recovered by the unconventional
assisted recovery mechanism (UARM).
Psychological Operations
2-51. PSYOP are planned operations to convey selected information and
indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective
reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations,
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Civil Affairs
2-55. CA are activities of a commander that establish, maintain, influence, or
exploit relations between military forces and civil authorities, both government
and nongovernment, and the civilian populace in a friendly, neutral, or hostile
area of operations to facilitate military operations and consolidate operational
objectives. CA may include performance by military forces of activities and
functions normally the responsibility of local government. These activities may
occur before, during, or after other military actions. They may also occur, if
directed, in the absence of other military operations.
2-56. ARSOA can provide freedom of maneuver for CA operations and CA
coordination within the host country. Generally, ARSOA has limited use in
CA. Normally, it only supports CA in support of an SF unit in a FID or UW
mission. As in PSYOP, the best use of ARSOA is in covert or clandestine
missions when hostile nations landlock the target audience or target country
and the penetration of nonpermissive airspace is necessary.
Information Operations
2-57. IO are actions taken to affect adversary information and information
systems while defending one’s own information and information systems. IO
include interacting with the global information environment and exploiting or
denying an adversary’s information and decision capabilities. Activities that
support IO include acquiring, using, protecting, managing, exploiting, and
denying information and information systems.
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2-58. ARSOA conducts IO across the range of Army operations, from passive
defense to PSYOP to precision strike operations against key information
nodes. The goal of ARSOA within IO is to achieve information dominance at
the right time, at the right place, and with the right weapons or resources.
C2 measures gain and maintain information dominance.
2-59. Command and control warfare (C2W) is defined as the integrated use
of OPSEC, military deception, PSYOP, EW, and physical destruction,
mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence,
degrade, or destroy adversary C2 capabilities while protecting friendly C2
capabilities against such actions. C2W applies across the operational
continuum and all levels of conflict. C2W is further divided into command
and control-attack (C2-attack), and command and control-protect (C2-protect)
functions. The goal of C2-attack is to gain control over the adversary’s C2
function, both in terms of flow of information and level of situational
awareness. During C2-attack, ARSOA through DA, can strike at the
adversary’s capabilities at all echelons, targeting personnel, equipment,
communications, and facilities in an effort to disrupt or shape an adversary’s
C2. With effective C2-attack, ARSOF can either prevent an adversary from
exercising effective C2 or leverage it to friendly advantage. SF, CA, and
PSYOP can play a key role in C2-attack planning and operations with the
creation and maintenance of regional databases on historical and cultural
influences. SF, through SR, also can play a key role in intelligence
preparation of the battlespace (IPB), and battle damage assessments
(BDAs)—both soft and hard kill.
2-60. The goal of C2-protect is to maintain effective C2 of friendly forces by
negating or turning to a friendly advantage the adversary’s efforts to
influence, degrade, or destroy friendly C2 systems. C2-protect is divided into
active and passive measures and seeks to limit the vulnerability of forces
(personnel, equipment, and information) to hostile action. C2-protect includes
countering an adversary’s propaganda to prevent it from affecting friendly
operations, options, public opinion, and the morale of friendly troops.
2-61. PSYOP are an essential tool in both C2-attack and C2-protect
operations. In C2-attack, PSYOP can drive a wedge between the adversary’s
leadership and its populace to undermine the adversary leadership’s
confidence and effectiveness. Through the proliferation of discrete messages,
demonstrations, and surrender appeals to adversary C4I collectors, PSYOP
forces magnify the image of U.S. superiority. In C2-protect, the main
objective of PSYOP is to minimize the effects of an adversary’s hostile
propaganda and disinformation campaigns against U.S. forces. PSYOP units
must work closely with other C2W elements and public affairs (PA) and civil-
military operations (CMO) strategists to maximize the advantage of IO.
2-62. CA forces support IO and facilitate military operations by applying
their skills and experience in public administration, economics, public
facilities, linguistics, cultural affairs, and civil information. Daily interfacing
of CA with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), humanitarian relief
organizations, local authorities, civilian populace, and military allows CA to
passively gain information relevant to the commander’s critical information
requirements (CCIR). When properly integrated, CA elements have an
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Direct Action
2-65. DA are short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions
by SOF to seize, destroy, capture, recover, or inflict damage on designated
personnel or materiel. In the conduct of these operations, ARSOA may
employ raid, ambush, or direct assault tactics; emplace mines and other
munitions; conduct standoff attacks by fire from air, ground, or maritime
platforms; provide terminal guidance for precision-guided munitions; conduct
independent sabotage; and conduct antiship operations.
2-66. Normally limited in scope and duration, DA operations usually
incorporate an immediate withdrawal from the planned objective area. They
are designed to achieve specific, well-defined, and often time-sensitive results
of strategic and operational critical significance.
2-67. DA operations may be conducted independently or as part of larger
conventional or unconventional operations or campaigns. Although normally
considered close-combat type operations, DA operations also include sniping
and other standoff attacks by fire delivered or directed by SOF. Standoff
attacks are preferred when the target can be damaged or destroyed without
close combat. SOF employ close combat tactics and techniques when the
mission requires precise or discriminate use of force or the recovery or
capture of personnel or material.
2-68. DA recovery missions are designed to locate, recover, and restore to
friendly control selected personnel or materiel that are isolated and
threatened in sensitive, denied, or contested areas. DA recovery missions
usually result from situations that involve political sensitivity or military
criticality of the personnel or materiel being recovered from remote or hostile
environments. These situations may arise from a political change, combat
actions, chance happening, or mechanical mishap. DA recovery operations
differ from CSAR by use of—
• Dedicated ground combat elements.
• Unconventional techniques.
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Special Reconnaissance
2-71. SR activities are reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted by
SOF to obtain or verify, by visual observation or other collection methods,
information concerning the capabilities, intentions, and activities of an actual
or potential enemy or to secure data concerning the meteorological,
hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. SR includes
target acquisition, area assessment, and post-strike reconnaissance.
2-72. SR complements national and theater intelligence collection assets and
systems by obtaining specific, well-defined, time-sensitive information of
strategic or operational significance. It may complement other collection
methods constrained by human intelligence (HUMINT) activity that places
U.S. or U.S.- controlled “eyes on target,” when authorized, in hostile, denied,
or politically sensitive territory. Normal ARSOA support for SR operations is
through infiltration, resupply, or exfiltration of SOF teams that perform
these missions. ARSOA can also perform some SR missions independently
and report strategic intelligence on enemy locations, intentions, and actions.
Combatting Terrorism
2-73. CBT activities are actions, including antiterrorism (defensive measures
taken to reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts) and counterterrorism
(offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism), taken
to oppose terrorism throughout the entire spectrum. HN responsibilities,
Department of Justice and Department of State lead agency authority, legal
and political restrictions, and appropriate DOD directives limit SOF
involvement in CBT.
2-74. CBT involves offensive measures SOF agencies take to prevent, deter,
and respond to terrorism. SOF apply specialized capabilities to preclude,
preempt, and resolve terrorist incidents. The U.S. Department of Justice and
the Department of State are the lead agency authorities. ARSOA’s support of
a hostage rescue, the recovery of sensitive materiel, or an attack on the
terrorist infrastructure is similar in nature to a DA mission. ARSOA provides
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CAS, provides airborne C2, and extracts supported SOF. Most CBT activities
are classified.
COLLATERAL ACTIVITIES
2-77. ARSOA can provide limited support to ARSOF collateral activities. CS,
CMO, humanitarian assistance (HA), and security assistance (SA) would
normally be provided general support (GS). Counterdrug (CD) and special
activities may require insertions and extractions, airborne C2, or air
movement of seized materiel. The most significant of the collateral activities,
CSAR can require the largest commitment of assets. Although not routinely
organized or trained to conduct CSAR, ARSOA has the inherent capability to
perform the mission. Each Service is required to provide CSAR for its own
operations and be prepared to support the joint force as required. SOF can
provide the ARSOF commander or theater SOC a CSAR capability that is
timely and flexible. ARSOA can also provide the joint force commander an
interim but limited JSRC capability during the initial stages of an operation.
ARSOA is a highly trained force that is best used for SO requiring the unique
capabilities of the aircraft (Appendix B) and its personnel. ARSOA supports
ARSOF collateral activities as follows:
Coalition Support
2-78. Coalition support by liaison elements improves the interaction of
coalition partners and U.S. military forces, particularly in coalition warfare.
It includes training coalition partners on tactics, techniques, and procedures
(TTP), providing communications to integrate them into the coalition
command and intelligence structure, and establishing liaisons to coordinate
for CS and CSS. Liaison elements often give the JFC an accurate evaluation
of the capabilities, location, and activities of coalition forces, thus facilitating
JFC C2. Coalition support improves the interaction of coalition partners. SOF
have unique capabilities for this mission because of their geographic
orientation and language skills. ARSOA normally does not support coalition
forces unless for a specific mission or capability.
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evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE); theater SAR; E&R; and the
coordination of negotiated and forcible recovery options.
2-80. Each Service is responsible for providing forces capable of performing
CSAR in support of its own operations and in support of the JFC. The ability
of ARSOA to penetrate air defense systems and to conduct joint air, ground,
or sea operations deep within hostile or denied territory at night or in adverse
weather inherently makes ARSOA highly suitable for CSAR. Considering
these capabilities, ARSOA may be tasked to perform CSAR for other
components, or for the joint force as a whole, until they are able to establish
their own capabilities. The JFC must realize that diversion of ARSOA assets
to CSAR reduces their capability to perform their primary mission. In the 31
instances during Operation DESERT STORM where CSAR operations were
not conducted, the initial risk assessment (a requirement for CSAR
operations) convinced commanders that the risks outweighed the benefits. In
these cases, the individual evaders independently made their way back to
friendly control or to a point where CSAR or unconventional assisted recovery
(UAR) could be accomplished. During a UAR, UW forces, dedicated SOF
recovery teams, and UARMs direct the evader’s recovery. A UARM is an
entity, group of entities, or organizations within enemy-held or hostile areas
that operate to receive, support, move, and exfiltrate distressed military
personnel or other selected individuals to friendly control. They are specially
trained SOF and indigenous forces or other clandestine organizations, with
unique capabilities to seek out, contact, authenticate, support, and return
evaders and other distressed personnel to friendly control.
Counterdrug Activities
2-81. CD activities are active measures taken to detect, monitor, and counter
the production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs. Most ARSOF CD activities
are closely related to FID missions. Using their skills in cross-cultural
communications, ARSOF train and support HN CD forces on critical skills
required to conduct small-unit CD operations. ARSOA CD activities overseas
support the geographic combatant commander’s regional CD campaign plan or
the U.S. ambassador’s country-specific CD plans. CD operations are measures
to disrupt, interdict, track, or destroy illicit drug activities. The levels of
violence by the drug infrastructure may dictate the increased use of military
and paramilitary forces in CD operations. A 1981 amendment to the Posse
Comitatus (18 U.S. Code 1385) authorizes specific DOD assistance in drug
interdiction. The primary role in this interagency activity is to support U.S. and
HN CD efforts abroad. ARSOA support for CD is similar to the SR mission.
Countermine Activities
2-82. Countermine (CM) activities attempt to reduce or eliminate the threat
to noncombatants and friendly military forces posed by mines, booby traps,
and other explosive devices. CM activities include mine awareness,
identification and teaching of demining techniques, and minefield breaching
operations. It does not include actual demining and minefield breaching
operations. ARSOF, using their language skills and organic engineering and
demolitions capabilities, along with conventional forces support, train HN
forces in locating, recognizing, and safely disposing of mines and other
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FM 3-05.60
destructive devices from a specific area. ARSOF also may assist in managing
an HN’s or a multinational CM program. PSYOP and CA teams help local
governments develop and execute public education programs to reduce risks
to noncombatants through public awareness of the problem. ARSOA supports
only unique CM missions, such as providing reconnaissance for and
destroying anti-shipping mines in sea-lanes.
Humanitarian Assistance
2-83. HA consists of programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of
natural or man-made disasters or other endemic conditions such as human
pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life
or that can result in great damage to, or loss of, property. HA provided by
U.S. forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance is designed to
supplement or complement the efforts of the HN civil authorities or agencies
(NGOs) that may have the primary responsibility for providing HA. ARSOF
are well suited to perform HA activities in remote regions because of their
rapid deployability, regional orientation, organic communications, and ability
to sustain operations under adverse environmental conditions. SF and CA
can assess the needs of an area quickly. They then communicate their
assessment to a JFC or an ambassador to help design a plan to alleviate
suffering. CA and PSYOP forces are particularly important in organizing the
civilian infrastructure, in coordinating NGO activities, and in encouraging
popular support of humanitarian efforts. Participation in HA requires
significant interagency coordination. ARSOA supports HA only if the
requirement is valid and GS is unavailable.
Security Assistance
2-84. SA consists of a group of programs authorized by the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, as
amended, and other related statutes by which the United States provides
defense articles, military training, and other defense-related services by
grant, loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of national policies and
objectives. The primary ARSOF role in SA is to provide mobile training teams
(MTTs) and other forms of mobile training assistance. Public law prohibits
personnel who provide SA services, including mobile training assistance, from
performing combatant duties. SF, with CA and PSYOP attachments, are
particularly effective in SA because they use the same regional orientation,
communications, mobility, and other skills required for FID and UW
missions. SA is a particularly valued activity because ARSOF train
themselves in skills useful in stability operations and support operations
while they train or otherwise assist foreign military forces. ARSOA normally
does not participate in SA.
Special Activities
2-85. Special activities fall under Executive Order 12333 and require a
Presidential finding and Congressional oversight. ARSOA conduct special
activities abroad that support national foreign policy objectives; however,
these activities are conducted in such a manner that U.S. Government
participation is neither apparent nor acknowledged publicly. Whether
supporting or conducting a special activity, SOF may perform any of their
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FM 3-05.60
TACTICAL APPLICATION
2-86. ARSOA tactics focus on surprise, mass, maneuver, and simplicity.
Mission execution should be during the hours of darkness, as risks increase
during daylight operations. Low-level terrain flight altitudes during low-
ambient light or limited visibility provide the element of surprise. Training in
night formation flight and precision navigation enables the massing of
combat power at the precise time and place. The use of indirect routes
exploits the increased range capability of the aircraft and is a measure to
avoid known enemy locations or indigenous personnel. This capability allows
ARSOA to maneuver over the battlespace. Simplicity is only possible because
of the equipment employed by ARSOA. All ARSOA aircraft are capable of
precision navigation, long-range secure communications, long-range flight
performance, and increased weapons lethality.
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FM 3-05.60
plan of action (EPA). As a minimum, the EPA should contain the following
information:
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MARITIME OPERATIONS
2-97. ARSOA is inherently capable of providing viable maritime operations
in a joint or unilateral environment. The U.S. Navy Service Component staff
for maritime operations is thoroughly familiar with aviation procedures and
coordination requirements. Elements of ARSOA are proficient in maritime
operations. Aircraft, systems, and equipment comply with the current
materiel requirements of joint procedures and regulations. ARSOA can
perform assault missions with internal and external loads to support land or
water-surface operations.
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Chapter 3
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3-2
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MISSION PLANNING
3-5. FM 101-5, Staff Organization and Operations, explains the Army
MDMP in depth. The MDMP is the foundation for planning in a time-
constrained environment. The products created during the full MDMP are for
use during subsequent planning sessions when time may be unavailable for
thorough planning and existing METT-TC factors are substantially
unchanged. The desired outcome of an effective mission planning process is
the synchronization of total combat power in the battlespace.
PROCESS
3-6. The JSOTF uses the 96-hour special operations mission planning
process (Figure 3-4, page 3-5). This process complements the C2 structure.
The 96-hour time line is a base time line for mission support, but METT-TC
can increase or reduce the time line as required. The time line generates from
the earliest anticipated launch time (EALT), which is the JFSOCC’s best
estimate for mission execution. The JSOAC must keep the JSOTF informed
of ARSOA’s asset availability, as limited aviation platforms may affect
JSOTF’s operating tempo (OPTEMPO) and hinder mission execution. The
JFSOCC sends the tasking order to the joint air operations center (JAOC)
and simultaneously to the ground force element and ARSOA 96 hours before
the EALT.
3-7. ARSOA begins mission planning based on the EALT but determines the
actual launch time to meet the time-on-target after METT-TC analysis. An
important aviation link in this process is airspace coordination handled by
the JSOACC and the JFACC through the SOLE. The JSOACC, the single air
manager for SOF aviation, deconflicts JSOTF fixed-wing and rotary-wing
missions. The JFACC, located at the JFC or other assigned location,
deconflicts theater assets and produces allocation requests, ATOs, and ACOs
or other assigned duties.
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FM 3-05.60
3-8. The 96-hour mission flow defines the JSOTF planning sequence and
provides limits and boundaries to the mission process. ARSOA integrates the
supported SOF ground commander’s plan into the mission planning process.
The ARSOA representative to this process is the aviation LNO attached to
the planning staff. The JFSOCC representation to the process is the SOLE.
The JFSOCC provides the SOLE to coordinate, deconflict, and integrate SOF
air and surface operations with conventional air operations. ARSOA receives
the information copy of the tasking order (TASKORD) approximately the
same time as the planning staff receives the support request (SPTREQ).
ARSOA conducts parallel planning, allowing the LNO to receive initial
guidance from the aviation commander and to input those limitations and
constraints into the planning staff ’s COA development. LNO and SOLE
input at this stage is critical in ensuring the feasibility of aviation
survivability and support for the ground force commander’s COA. This early
input reduces planning time through elimination of impracticable aviation
COAs. The LNO participates in the war games with the planning staff to
determine decision points and abort criteria critical to mission success. The
SOLE ensures all support criteria for the mission are provided to the JFACC.
Throughout the entire process, the LNO and SOLE keep higher HQ and the
ARSOA operations officer informed of the mission’s direction and the CCIR
and intent.
3-9. The LNO participates in the operation order (OPORD) brief to the
supported ground force commander. (See Appendix C.) The ground force
commander coordinates with the LNO to brief the preliminary ground plan
and rehearsal plan. This first meeting with the ground force element is
usually 8 to 12 hours after the ground force commander’s mission brief.
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FM 3-05.60
During this period, the ground force element conducts its mission planning
and completes a detailed aviation mission checklist. The checklist discusses
infiltration, exfiltration, contingencies, communications, and other
requirements.
3-10. The LNO takes the preliminary tactical plan, the rehearsal plan, and
the completed checklist to the aviation operations officer for analysis. The
LNO then disseminates the information to the air mission commander and
the flight leader. If the rehearsal is complicated, the flight leader takes that
responsibility from the LNO and conducts the rehearsal with the ground force
element to develop the plan. The next meeting is not later than the ground
force element’s back brief to the ground force commander. The flight leader
finalizes the tactical plan, the E&R plan, the communications plan, and any
other contingencies that may need adjustment after the rehearsals. The LNO
and flight leader disseminate threat and mission updates from the ground
force element until mission launch. The air mission commander (AMC), the
flight leader, and the ground force commander perform simulation to
examine the threat and to develop appropriate contingencies for flying given
routes, using special operations forces planning and rehearsal system
(SOFPARS). The planning and rehearsal information support (PARIS)
provides information to SOFPARS during rehearsal and simulation.
3-11. ARSOA performs a tailored MDMP that parallels the ground force
commander’s planning process. Several factors favor the MDMP. The primary
ARSOA mission is to nurture ARSOA’s relationship with the ground force
and to support the force with as many assets as the mission requires. This
type of support forces ARSOA to react and adjust to the ground commander’s
tactical plan, thus limiting the ARSOA COAs and planning time.
3-12. Throughout mission planning, SOA must remain flexible and
adaptable to the ground force commander’s intent. Without the ground plan,
ARSOA COAs are limited to asset availability, forward arming and refueling
point (FARP) capability, and scheme of maneuver. ARSOA can develop and
request suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) and fire support through
the SOLE, but the ground force commander must integrate those requests
into the tactical plan. ARSOA war games the entire tactical plan and finalizes
full-mission profile rehearsals only after the ground force commander
approves the ground force element’s plan. SR and FID missions may not
require complex analysis and only static rehearsals (rock and contingency
drills), as these missions usually require only infiltration and exfiltration
operations. DA missions are, however, normally intricate operations that
require detailed war-gaming and flying rehearsals. Synchronizing the
planning, focusing the key players, conducting rehearsals, and performing
precombat checks and inspections are critical to the ARSOA mission-planning
process and to mission success.
3-13. Figures 3-5 through 3-7, pages 3-7 and 3-8, illustrate the sequence of
ARSOA mission planning, including the tasks performed by each mission
element. The mission-planning time line begins 106 hours before take-off and
progresses to mission take-off (H-hour).
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REHEARSALS
3-14. The rehearsal is a major step in the ARSOA MDMP model. It allows all
soldiers to visualize the events and contingencies required for successful
accomplishment of the mission. Conducting the rehearsal presents two
significant challenges: time available and selection of the rehearsal
facilitator. ARSOA rehearsal must integrate into the supported ground force
commander’s MDMP sequence, as well as the overall mission plan. The
rehearsal facilitator must be intimately familiar with the plan and have
sufficient time to prepare adequately for the rehearsal. An LNO, a ground
force commander, an air mission commander, or an ARSOA full-mission-
qualified aviator may fill this role. The person chosen must understand the
plan and have the time to rehearse the mission properly. The rehearsal
serves several purposes:
• It allows the key players an opportunity to visualize the key events of
the plan and identified contingencies.
• It provides a forum for key players to analyze and make adjustments to
the plan.
• It reinforces and confirms the final version of the mission plan
discussed in the war game and briefed in the air mission brief.
3-15. When time permits, ARSOA executes a combined arms rehearsal, with
ground force representation. If a ground force representative is unavailable,
an ARSOA officer should serve as the ground force advocate in the rehearsal.
Based on the limited time normally available for rehearsals, ARSOA
normally uses the sketch map or terrain model technique or the rock drill.
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FM 3-05.60
The sketch or model replicates the terrain of the area of operations and
should reflect the route, objective, and key terrain necessary for the mission.
Detailed terrain models, sketches, or maps and diagrams of appropriate key
terrain may be used. The techniques chosen must ensure the air and ground
forces gain a better understanding of the plan while the force remains
postured to preserve combat power.
3-16. Planning and preparation are critical to the success of the rehearsal.
The essential elements of the preparation are the rehearsal plan, the script,
and ground rules. The disciplined execution of the mission plan ensures that
the rehearsal reflects the plan clearly, simply, directly, and completely.
Rehearsal Plan
3-17. Identification of major events to be rehearsed and the time available is
critical to the rehearsal plan. The facilitator must be familiar with key events
of the concept of the operation, scheme of maneuver, and contingencies to
build the rehearsal plan. The rehearsal plan should address the agenda, the
response sequence (who is talking), and actions checklist (friendly and
enemy), and the sequence of events. The amount of time available determines
the level of detail and resolution of the rehearsal. At a minimum, the actions
on the objective must be rehearsed. As the amount of time available
increases, other key events should be rehearsed. An ideal rehearsal includes
the full-mission profile, from start to finish, and all first-level contingencies.
Participants of the rehearsal are the AMC, all aircrews, and representatives
from each staff section. The AMC approves the key events for the rehearsal.
Script
3-18. The script provides structure, focus, and discipline to the rehearsal.
Mission walk-through should occur twice during the rehearsal. During the
first iteration, the walk-through should not include contingencies. The second
iteration includes all planned contingencies.
Ground Rules
3-19. The S2 briefs deployments of the enemy during each phase and
addresses the most likely and most dangerous enemy COAs. The S2 makes
sure the plan is suitable and feasible against the enemy’s most dangerous
response. The ground force representative or LNO briefs the ground force
disposition and scheme of maneuver during the appropriate phase. The AMC
determines when the rehearsal meets the standards and is complete.
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FM 3-05.60
ARSOA may need to conduct its own war game before the ground force
commander’s COA decision; however, the purpose of the ARSOA war game
process is to refine and develop the aviation concept of the ground force
commander’s COA fully. During the war game, the commander or AMC can
make decisions, assess risk, and provide guidance to keep the plan and
planning process focused. The process also allows the AMC, flight leaders,
and staff to—
• Visualize the plan from the same form of reference.
• Identify and discuss contingencies.
• Determine decision points and discuss preconditions and associated
CCIR necessary in making feasible, acceptable, and suitable decisions.
• Anticipate battlespace events.
• Synchronize the fight and necessary resources.
• Determine the C2 plan for each phase of the operation.
• Identify hazards, assess risk, and implement control measures.
• Refine the bump plan.
COMMUNICATIONS
3-22. ARSOA communications must support covert air-to-air and air-to-
ground aircraft communications for C2, mission deconfliction, and mission
support to SOF units. Figure 3-8 depicts the C2 networks necessary to
support the ARSOA C2 structure. The location of the JSOACC depends on
the command relationship between the supporting and supported units.
3-10
FM 3-05.60
3-11
Chapter 4
FIRE SUPPORT
4-1. Fire support is often critical to mission success. The nature of the
ARSOA mission requires fire support to be timely and target critical. It must
not, however, prematurely reveal the objective of the mission; therefore,
emphasis is on OPSEC.
4-2. For ARSOA-supported missions, the supported unit originates most fire
support requests. The ARSOA commander requires the fire support request
and status to be included in SOA mission planning. The fire support
coordinator for the entire SO mission, including the ARSOA portion, is the
mission planning agent (MPA). Fire support requests go to the JSOTF or SOC
J3 as appropriate. When working for the joint force land component
commander (JFLCC), SOF coordinates with the land component commander’s
(LCC’s) G3 and fire support element (FSE) for fire and air support. When
they operate as a separate component, the commander, joint special
operations task force (COMJSOTF) obtains and deconflicts air and fire
support through the Joint Targeting Coordination Board (JTCB) process.
Field Artillery
4-4. SOF have no organic field artillery. Field artillery units may have a
mission of direct support (DS) to SOF for an operation. These DS field
artillery units focus their positioning and fire planning to meet the needs of
the SOF. Field artillery units, with a mission of GS or GS reinforcing, may
provide fire support to SOF. These field artillery units support the force as a
whole and are generally not as responsive as DS units. Requests for field
artillery support go to the SOC through normal channels, down to the
supporting field artillery unit. The nature of ARSOA missions results in most
missions being flown beyond the range of friendly field artillery. This
extended range makes field artillery support most useful for covering ingress
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FM 3-05.60
and egress and for local SEAD. The support may be solely for the ARSOA
mission, or it may be a combined effort with other fire missions. It may also
be a diversion to preserve the clandestine characteristics of the ARSOA
mission.
4-2
FM 3-05.60
AIR INTERDICTION
4-10. Air interdiction operations are conducted to destroy, neutralize, or
delay the enemy’s military potential, thereby reducing the need for detailed
integration of fire and movement of friendly forces. Close coordination with
the battlefield coordination detachment (BCD) and the tactical air control
system (TACS) is necessary to emphasize the nature and need of any SO
request for TACAIR. The JTCB and the TACS obtain and deconflict air and
fire support through the JTF’s established targeting process. If interdiction
taskings affect ARSOA missions or requests, the JTCB must be aware of
these taskings to prevent fratricide. Deconfliction of air interdiction
operations is performed through the JSOACC to the JFACC directly or
through the SOLE. If provided, the SOLE is the COMJSOTF’s primary link
to the JFACC’s targeting cell.
RECONNAISSANCE
4-12. Immediate reconnaissance is normally unavailable. The procedures for
requesting the support, however, are the same as those for CAS.
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FM 3-05.60
PLANNING
4-14. Like TACAIR, requests for SEAD go through the theater JFACC.
SEAD planning occurs at the JAOC level. All requests for SEAD support
should go to the JAOC. Although local SEAD often supports high-priority
missions, SEAD planning is normally on a theater or area basis rather than a
single-mission basis. Tasking SEAD assets to fill the ARSOA SEAD requests
is, therefore, normally a part of a comprehensive GS package. To compete for
scarce assets, SEAD requirements must be on time within the theater’s
ATO cycle.
COORDINATION
4-15. SEAD is temporary. It does not have long-term effects unless it is part
of a major extended SEAD operation. Although dedicated SEAD support for
some ARSOA missions may be necessary, the timing of SEAD must take
advantage of the initial impact yet not jeopardize the ARSOA mission. The
SEAD request must specifically state the greatest need for SEAD, including
where and when. Normally, full coverage of an operation is impossible
because of limited, dedicated SEAD assets. SEAD support may also be split,
such as between TACAIR and artillery, and be for different areas or targets
or at a different time.
AIR DEFENSE
4-17. Although ARSOA does not have organic ADA assets, air defense may
be available from several sources. Elements of the divisional forward area air
defense (FAAD) battalions or the corps Patriot battalions may, for example,
provide air defense support. Depending on the theater, echelons-above-corps
(EAC) Patriot units may provide incidental ADA coverage as well. Because of
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FM 3-05.60
its range, the Patriot provides coverage well beyond the FLOT and engages
hostile aircraft and missiles attempting to penetrate the forward area. Patriot
units can support corps and EAC units.
4-18. Without proper coordination and integration in the modern battlespace,
the potential exists for conflict between aviation and air defense operations.
ADA units must neutralize hostile aircraft and missiles in the same airspace
where friendly aviation units conduct operations. To coordinate each other’s
efforts, the units observe the following three control statuses of air defense
weapons:
• WEAPONS HOLD: Do not fire except in self-defense or in response to a
formal order.
• WEAPONS TIGHT: Engage aircraft only if positively identified as
hostile in accordance with (IAW) published hostile criteria.
• WEAPONS FREE: Engage aircraft if not positively identified as
friendly.
4-19. To reduce the risk of fratricide, units must coordinate with the area air
defense commander (AADC) for routes through borders, FLOTs, or defense
zones before mission execution. Similarly, units must request any dedicated
air defense requirements or combat air patrol (CAP) over enemy territory
before mission execution. Like SEAD, CAP attracts the attention of the
enemy. To prevent compromising ARSOA activities, units must, therefore,
use CAP judiciously. CAP may serve as a barrier between enemy air bases
and the ARSOA mission or route area, as a moving CAP near the route or
task force, or as a sweep ahead of ARSOA aircraft. In any case, close
coordination with the supporting unit is an absolute necessity.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS
4-20. The accuracy and lethality of attack helicopters make them useful in
supporting egress or ingress operations. The limited availability of attack
helicopters (as a theater asset) and their versatility place them in great
demand. The ARSOA commander must, therefore, state his intent, submit
early requests, plan for the use of these helicopters, and specify the desired
mission results. Staging the ARSOA mission from the same base as the
attack helicopters allows face-to-face briefings, which in turn improve mission
coordination. Staging from the same base also reduces the operational
visibility of ARSOA operations.
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INTELLIGENCE
4-24. Although ARSOA units gather certain operational intelligence as part
of their overall mission, they have no dedicated organic intelligence-gathering
capability. The ARSOA task force S2 does not process intelligence—it is a
forwarding office only. The lack of any deployable connection to an operations
and intelligence net also reduces the ability to enter mission debriefings into
the intelligence nets.
4-25. Route selection partially depends on known enemy air defense
locations. A target information broadcast system or another system collects
this information. The detect-and-destroy radius of known enemy positions
allows the system to select routes that avoid these positions. Normally, these
systems are unavailable at the Air Force special operations component
(AFSOC); however, access to them is necessary during the planning phase.
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
4-26. ARSOA relies upon a combination of organic ASE and CS systems to
defeat enemy ground and air defenses. Ideally, SEAD and other activities,
such as ground and airborne jammer support, decrease the need for ARSOA
to use active ASE. The use of organic equipment to defeat enemy tracking
systems and missiles is, however, necessary. Coordination with supporting
units and intelligence agencies provides the data necessary for mission
planning. ARSOA planners should tailor route selection, ASE settings and
equipment, and tactics to the expected threats.
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COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
4-27. ARSOA has no organic deployable counterintelligence (CI) assets.
SOC, JSOTF, or another appropriate higher echelon must accomplish
coordination and support for ARSOA CI needs.
WEATHER SUPPORT
4-28. ARSOA has an Air Force weather team assigned that supports
battalion task force deployments. The support permits face-to-face weather
briefings for flight crews. It also gives the flight crews access to Air Weather
Service products. If the weather team is not in place, ARSOA task forces
normally receive weather support from AFSOF, SOC, or a SOWT attached to
an SFG. ARSOA requires light data, sea condition data, and weather
forecasts from deep within enemy territory up to 72 hours before mission
execution. Accurate and current weather forecasting, including satellite
weather forecasting products and interpretation, is necessary for mission
planning to support route selection, equipment requirements, fuel needs, and
combat support.
ENGINEER SUPPORT
4-30. Corps and division engineer units may support ARSOA. When
available, engineer units conduct a variety of missions to support ARSOA.
MOBILITY
4-31. Engineer reconnaissance teams may assist in reconnaissance missions
to locate possible sites for FARPs, LZs, or forward operational bases (FOBs).
Engineers provide current mine threat overlays that may impact on ground
operations. They clear obstacles and possible booby traps.
COUNTERMOBILITY
4-32. Engineers support countermobility by providing hasty protective row
minefield training and by installing obstacles to disrupt, turn, fix, and block
enemy forces.
SURVIVABILITY
4-33. Engineers construct berms and trenches to protect holding areas and
FARPs. They help construct wire obstacles around the perimeter. They also
help in training camouflage techniques.
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GENERAL ENGINEERING
4-34. Engineers perform tasks to ensure the continuous supply of CS and
CSS assets forward, including replacement of tactical bridges, support
facilities, and area damage control. Tasks also include constructing,
maintaining, and repairing combat roads and trails, main supply routes, and
lines of communication.
TOPOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING
4-35. Engineers provide terrain data in support of air and ground
operations. Terrain data help identify possible air corridors, FARP
operations, potential LZs and PZs, and terrain that can mask movement.
4-8
Chapter 5
The U.S. Army strategy for conducting land warfare has changed from
AirLand Operations to force projection. Most ARSOF units are in the
continental United States (CONUS) and have always operated in a force-
projection mode. USASOC has aligned its ARSOF sustainment
organizations and activities with the U.S. Army’s concept of force
projection. This change allows ARSOF to integrate organic CS and CSS
elements within the theater Army support structure for continuous,
responsive sustainment to deployed ARSOF.
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FM 3-05.60
PREPARATION MODES
5-5. Deliberate planning and crisis-action planning are the two methods of
planning for continued CS and CSS. In deliberate planning and preparation,
ARSOA can fully identify support requirements for OPLANs and concept
plans (CONPLANs) in a bare base SOR down to the user level. This way, the
ASCC coordinates in fulfilling requirements from the support structure in the
theater Army and prepares a support plan establishing and identifying
support relationships. In crisis-action planning and preparation, the
requirements the combatant commander anticipates dictate the amount of
responsiveness and improvisation for reactive, no-notice support and
sustainment. Upon notification of mission requirements, ARSOA units
submit another SOR, thus modifying logistics requirements that differ from
the bare base SOR and published theater support plan.
5-2
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5-3
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5-10. When an ARSOA unit receives a mission, it updates the standing SOR
developed during the deliberate-planning process. The ARSOA commander
uses this SOR to cross-level supplies necessary at the assigned mission unit
level. The SOR identifies and consolidates in priority all unit requirements
that exceed organic capabilities. The mission unit forwards the SOR to the
next higher organization.
5-11. At the next higher level, the SOR begins the process into the
operational channels, through the S3 or operations staff officer (G3). The
operations and logistics sections review the SOR and direct or assist cross-
leveling and transfer of necessary items in the most expeditious way possible.
The staff level then forwards the SOR to the next higher level for any
supplies and services remaining on the SOR. This staff level forwards an SOR
through the process again, requesting only the supplies and services not
previously obtained. At the next level, USASOC coordinates with DA HQ,
Army Materiel Command (subordinate commands), other agencies, and major
commands to source all requirements.
5-12. To complete the SOR process, USASOC forwards unsatisfied support
requirements (two copies of the SOR—one to the SOC and the other to the
5-4
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ASCC for information pending validation) to the SOC for validation. The SOC
coordinates with the ASCC for the necessary supplies and services.
5-13. The theater ASCC then tasks the assigned units the sustainment
mission. After all the units specify their efforts to satisfy all support
requirements identified in the SOR, the ASCC publishes a support plan
providing the details of the support. If the ASCC cannot sustain the ARSOA
mission or a sister Service can better sustain it, the theater ASCC forwards
the SOR to the theater CINC for assistance.
5-14. The SOR flow is not an exact procedure. More than one level may be
working the sustainment issues at the same time. ARSOA develops an SOR
for all theater contingency plans. The ASCC staff looks at the key issues and
coordinates them before submitting the revised SOR.
RESPONSIBILITIES
5-16. Responsibilities for planning and executing theater support do not
align with the levels of war or with the HQ normally associated with them.
The ASCC provides the necessary capability for the Army forces assigned to a
unified command.
5-17. The theater SOC tasks missions to ARSOF. The theater SOC works
closely with the unified command staff and the theater ASCC to articulate
the ARSOF requirements. The theater CINC establishes priorities and
allocates the available resources to ARSOF to accomplish each mission. The
ASCC develops the theater support plan, which includes sustainment of
ARSOA by the theater logistics organizations. The theater SOC then
monitors in-theater ARSOA sustainment.
5-18. The SOC and ARSOA logisticians coordinate with the ASCC to develop
plans and subsequent orders or to implement directives the ASCC issues to
support the ARSOF assigned to the unified command. The SOC advises the
ASCC commander on the appropriate command and support relationships for
each ARSOF mission. The SOTSE keeps SOSCOM informed of the status of
ASCC supporting plans.
5-5
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PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
5-20. Planners must address the following considerations:
• Maximizing the use of existing facilities.
• Limiting CSS requirements to mission essentials.
• Concentrating maintenance on returning major end items to service.
• Relying on air lines of communications (ALOC) for rapid resupply.
• Anticipating high attrition during resupply missions into denied areas.
• Identifying to the ASCC as early as possible those items that require
operational floats or other special logistics arrangements.
• Making maximum use of HN support, including local and third country
resources.
• Coordinating basing requirements for surveillance and security force
support during combat operations.
5-21. The collocation of ARSOA assets with other SOF reduces distribution
problems and facilitates use of the airlift. ARSOA organic support capabilities
and limitations include—
• Class I. The ARSOA task force deploys with a basic load of meals,
ready to eat (MREs) for initial sustainment. They have no organic food
service or water storage capability.
• Class II. ARSOA deploys with a basic load of administrative supplies
for initial sustainment. It has limited document management
resources, such as computers, copiers, and shredders.
• Class III. ASCC pipeline support, joint assets, or in-country sources
provide bulk fuel to ARSOA in theater. During sustained operations,
heavy expanded mobile tactical truck (HEMTT) fuelers deploy if airlift
or sealift is available from the ASCC to provide fuel support at the
intermediate staging base (ISB) or forward staging base (FSB). They
can establish limited FARPs as well. ARSOA can deploy the equipment
by airborne or airland methods to establish 500-gallon blivet FARPs,
usually in support of a tactical operation. They do not have the
capability to conduct long-term sustainment operations without bulk
resupply from theater assets. Theater assets must deliver bulk
resupply, as ARSOA does not have the organic capability to transport
large quantities of fuel. Because of the high OPTEMPO of ARSOA, the
fuel requirement is higher than it is for a similarly sized conventional
force. Additionally, the fuel must be tested and certified for use with
aviation assets. ARSOA deploys with a basic load of Class III-packaged
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) for initial sustainment. ARSOA
5-6
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5-7
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unit to provide food service. The SOR must identify food service
requirements.
• Laundry and shower. Based on duration of the operation, the
ARSOA task force may require laundry and shower services. When
developing SOR, logistics planners must compute and include water
requirements for these services into the total water requirements.
• Aircraft water requirements. ARSOA has additional water
requirements to wash ARSOA aircraft and flush engines to prevent
corrosion during operations in austere environments, such as the
desert or the ocean. Logistics planners must compute these water
requirements as well. Figure 5-3 lists the minimum water planning
requirements for each type of organic aircraft in remote operations.
This minimum water requirement is for manual washing of aircraft
and engine flushing on a daily basis. The SOR must identify these
water requirements.
Figure 5-3. Water Requirements for Aircraft Washing and Engine Flushing
5-8
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5-9
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• Combat offload.
463L pallet.
500-gallon fuel blivet, 1 each, 432 gallons.
250-GPM pump with equipment, 1 each.
2.75 rocket, 56 each.
7.62-mm minigun, 12,000 rounds.
5-25. The C-130, C-141, C-17, and C-5 can airdrop the 12- and 16-foot FARP
platforms and 18 FARP personnel parachutists. The following aircraft can
airdrop the 32-foot FARP platforms:
• C-130 and MC-130 with no jumpers.
• C-141 with one platform and 18 FARP personnel parachutists or two
platforms and no jumpers.
• C-17 with one platform and 18 FARP personnel parachutists.
• C-5 with one or two platforms and 18 FARP personnel parachutists.
5-10
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REGIMENT HEADQUARTERS
5-29. Upon receipt of a mission or the notification of an impending mission,
the regiment HQ begins planning the operation or contingency. Upon
notification of authorization to deploy forces, the regiment HQ—
• Implements a 24-hour EOC.
• Provides an FSP manager for the deploying task force.
• Reviews with the regiment S3 the SOR from the deploying ARSOA task
force and submits these requirements to USASOC DCSLOG, JSOTF
J4, and ASCC.
• Provides 24-hour oversight of activities of the SSA, ALSE, property
book officer (PBO), organization clothing and individual equipment
(OCIE), and regimental aviation maintenance officer (RAMO) for
aviation-intensive managed items (AIMI) release.
• Provides PBO or material management for deployed assets.
Coordinates directly with designated direct support unit (DSU), under
direct liaison authorized (DIRLAUTH).
• Provides a deployment Department of Defense Activity Address Code
(DODAAC) to the deploying task forces.
• Coordinates for all local purchases of items not readily available from
the Army supply system and SO sources of supply.
5-11
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SOTSE
5-32. The SOTSE is responsible for coordinating and monitoring ASCC
logistics support for ARSOA deployed to that theater. The SOTSE—
• Reviews, coordinates, and monitors logistics support (intertheater and
intratheater transportation, supplies, and services) identified and
agreed upon in the validated SOR.
• Coordinates logistics to deployed ARSOA task force operating in or
from the theater.
ASCC
5-33. The ASCC provides CSS IAW Title 10 U.S. Code. SOTSE coordinates
logistics support between the supporting unit and the supported ARSOA task
force. Additionally, the SOC must coordinate for intratheater airlift of SOF-
peculiar repair parts, tools, and associated test equipment. The airlift must be
routine, scheduled support in order to forecast delivery of parts into the
theater AOR.
Theater SOC
5-34. When certain items are unavailable in the Army supply system but are
available in a sister Service, the SOC is the executive agent for coordinating
logistics support from another Service in support of the ARSOA task force.
DIRLAUTH between the SOC and the ASCC is essential to ensure
appropriate logistics support.
Deployed JSOTF HQ
5-36. Once the JSOTF or ARSOTF officially initiates operations, the JSOTF
or ARSOTF J4 must validate logistics planning. The JSOTF HQ oversees and
validates required items and documents the need on the logistics situation
report (LOGSITREP).
5-12
Appendix A
Intelligence
The effectiveness of SOA depends primarily upon the ability of the S2 to
gather and disseminate detailed operational intelligence quickly to
mission planners. The SOC J2, with theater intelligence assets, provides
near-real-time intelligence throughout mission planning and execution.
OB TEAM
A-4. The OB team is responsible for foreign OB files. It studies and processes
information on specific geographical target areas and assesses foreign
military capabilities. SOA OB intelligence goes beyond enemy air defense
threats. It includes foreign air support facilities and navigation aids that SOA
elements exploit or avoid while deep in hostile territory.
A-1
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A-2
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A-3
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PRIORITIZATION
A-14. Major subordinate units (MSUs) and major subordinate commands
(MSCs) should use the following priority categories to validate their RIIs or
PIR for further submission:
• Expedite, to cover mission-essential RIIs that require an answer
during or before the deployment of a unit. Expedite RIIs warrant the
national intelligence community’s immediate attention and are vital to
the security and success of the mission. Expedite RIIs or PIR should
have a message precedence of immediate.
• Priority one, to cover mission-essential RIIs that support the
imminent deployment of a unit into a theater of operations for
contingency operations or foreign training missions, such as MTTs and
A-4
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A-5
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A-6
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A-7
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A-8
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A-9
Appendix B
Aircraft Capabilities
This appendix lists all aircraft in the ARSOA inventory. It defines the
most advanced technology in helicopters. Because of continuous
advancements in technology, the capabilities of all aircraft and systems
are dynamic in nature. This appendix also provides a capabilities matrix
that lists all ARSOA aircraft. The matrix serves as an easy, rapid
reference for mission planners.
MH-6J HELICOPTER
MISSION
B-1. The primary mission of the MH-6J helicopter is to conduct overt and
covert infiltration, exfiltration, and combat assaults over a wide variety of
terrain and environmental conditions. The MH-6J also performs C2 and
reconnaissance missions.
B-1
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DESCRIPTION
B-2. The MH-6J is a light assault helicopter. It is a single-engine, light
utility helicopter modified to transport up to six combat troops and their
equipment externally. Its small size allows for rapid deployability in C-130,
C-141, and C-5 transport aircraft. Aircraft modifications and aircrew training
allow for extremely rapid upload and download times.
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
B-3. The ARC-186 (V) VHF provides AM and FM, air-to-air, and air-to-
ground communications. It has a band range from FM 30.000 to 87.975
megahertz (MHz) and AM 116.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25-kilohertz (kHz)
increments.
B-4. The AN/ARC-210 provides the following band ranges:
• UHF, 225.0 to 399.975 MHz.
• VHF and AM, 108.0 to 155.975 MHz.
• FM, 30.000 to 87.975 MHz.
B-5. The SATCOM provides ability for satellite air-to-air and air-to-ground
communications.
B-6. The SABRE is a ground radio with capabilities for air-to-air and air-to-
ground communications. Each aircraft has the system, although it is not
installed in all aircraft.
B-7. The AN/ARC-182 is a multichannel, multimode radio. It is SATCOM,
HaveQuick, and single-channel ground and airborne radio system
(SINCGARS) capable. The AN/ARC-182 can operate on the following
frequencies:
• UHF, 225.0 to 399.975 MHz.
• VHF and AM, 108.0 to 155.975 MHz.
• VHF and FM, 155.975 to 173.975 MHz.
• FM, 30.0 to 87.975 MHz.
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
B-8. The Trimble 3100 Navigation System uses global positioning system
(GPS) and long-range navigation (LORAN).
B-9. The AN/APN-154 (V) has a very high frequency omnidirectional range
(VOR), distance-measuring equipment (DME), and tactical air navigation
(TACAN).
B-10. The ARGUS 7000 Display is a pictorial navigation instrument that
depicts aircraft position, orientation, and direction of flight in relation to
landing facilities, navigational aids, and special-use airspace. The unit provides
real-time situational awareness designed to reduce cockpit workload.
AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY EQUIPMENT
B-11. Each aircraft has the APR-39 Radar Warning Receiver System. This
passive omnidirectional warning set detects and identifies hostile search and
B-2
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acquisition and fire control radar. It provides audio and visual alerts to the
flight crew.
STANDARD MISSION EQUIPMENT
B-12. Some aircraft have the FLIR, a passive radar system that provides an
infrared image of terrain features and ground or airborne objects of interest.
A standard videocassette recorder can play back recorded images.
B-13. The MH-6J can have two Goliath tanks installed as an internal
auxiliary fuel system (IAFS). The tanks provide 62 additional gallons of fuel
each. Each tank adds approximately 90 minutes of flight time.
Armament
B-14. The MH-6J has no standard armament.
SPECIAL MISSION EQUIPMENT
B-15. Personnel can rapidly configure the aircraft for fast-rope operations.
Motorcycle racks provide the capability to insert and extract up to two
motorcycles.
TRANSPORTABILITY OF MH-6J AIRCRAFT
B-16. A C-130 can carry 3 MH-6Js, a C-141 can carry 6, a C-17 can carry 9,
and a C-5 can carry 21. In each case, tactical uploading and downloading of
the aircraft can take place in an extremely short time.
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
Weather Minimums
B-17. A minimum 500-foot ceiling and a 2-mile visibility capability must
exist for day and night flying over all types of terrain. The unit commander
may reduce weather minimums on a case-by-case basis.
B-18. A visible horizon must exist in two of the four horizontal quadrants at
all times. All MH-6J missions must take place under visual meteorological
conditions (VMC). Instrument flight rule (IFR) flights are unauthorized.
Winds
B-19. The maximum wind allowed to start the aircraft is 40 knots, with a 20-
knot gust spread.
Flight Altitudes
B-20. For training missions, the minimum en route altitude for routes not
reconnoitered is 300 feet above ground level (AGL). The minimum overwater
altitude is 50 feet. For operational missions, the minimum en route altitude is
METT-TC dependent.
Landing Areas
B-21. The MH-6J is capable of landing on any structure that allows clearance for
the rotor systems (30 feet) and meets stress requirements. Single-aircraft
confined landing areas require a minimum size of 50 feet by 50 feet.
B-3
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Shipboard Operations
B-22. The MH-6J can operate day and night from any ship with at least a
one-spot helicopter-landing capability.
Aircrew Composition
B-23. The normal aircrew for most training exercises and operational or
contingency missions consists of a pilot and a copilot. All overwater flights
require a pilot and copilot current and qualified in overwater flight. All
aircrews can conduct NVG infiltration and exfiltration, stabilized body
operations (STABO), fast-rope insertion and extraction system (FRIES), and
aerial suppression operations to urban, mountainous, desert, and jungle
objectives, as well as to ships and offshore drilling platforms. Aircrews have
training in long-range precision navigation and formation flight over land
and water to arrive at objectives at a prearranged time (± 30 seconds).
Aircraft Capabilities
B-24. Table B-1 lists the capabilities of the MH-6J aircraft. Figures B-1 and
B-2, page B-5, illustrate specific dimensions of the aircraft.
Table B-1. MH-6J Aircraft Capabilities
Aircraft Weight
B-4
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Figure B-2. MH-6J and AH-6J Aircraft Dimensions and Turning Radius
SAFETY
B-25. The MH-6J has no seat belts installed for passengers. Each passenger
must provide his own means of securing himself. A short length of rope—
wrapped and knotted around the waist with a snap link attached to one
end—allows each passenger to secure himself to hard points on the aircraft.
B-5
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AH-6J HELICOPTER
MISSION
B-26. The mission of the AH-6J helicopter is to provide a rapidly deployable
light attack helicopter to meet the need for precise, small-area target
destruction or neutralization, with provisions for close air fire support for
ground assault operations.
DESCRIPTION
B-27. The AH-6J is a highly modified version of the McDonald Douglas 530-
series commercial helicopter. The aircraft is a single turbine engine, dual-
flight control, light attack helicopter. Its primary employment is close air
support of ground troops, target-destruction raids, and armed escort of other
aircraft.
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
B-28. The ARC-186 (V) VHF provides AM and FM air-to-air and air-to-
ground communications. It has a band range from FM 30.000 to 87.975 MHz
and AM 116.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25-kHz increments.
B-29. The AN/ARC-210 provides the following communications band ranges:
• UHF, 225.0 to 399.975 MHz.
B-6
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B-7
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WEAPONS SYSTEMS
B-40. The AH-6J uses the plank system (Figure B-3), which features
detachable, foldable outboard store stations. The system permits simplified
aircraft transportability. Because of the flexibility of the plank system,
numerous configurations of weapons systems are possible. The M-27 system
is a single minigun mounted on the left side of the AH-6J. It has a maximum
of 1,500 rounds loaded in the ammunition can. The HGS-17 system is a single
rocket pod (7- or 19-shot) mounted on the right side. The standard plank
configuration for an AH-6J aircraft is two miniguns and two seven-shot
rocket pods.
B-8
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B-9
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B-45. Minigun and 2.75-inch FFAR targets include ground troops, buildings,
small boats, aircraft, and thin-skinned vehicles (SLAP rounds can penetrate
3/4-inch homogeneous rolled steel). Hellfire missile targets include tanks and
other hard-skinned vehicles, bunkers to some degree, larger boats, and
buildings (shaped warhead causes very localized damage).
TRANSPORTABILITY OF AH-6J AIRCRAFT
B-46. The C-130 can carry 3 AH-6Js, a C-141 can carry 6, a C-17 can carry 9,
and a C-5 can carry 21. In each case, tactical uploading and downloading of
the aircraft can take place in an extremely short time. Off-load times vary,
based upon numerous factors, such as ramp space, ramp condition, ramp
type, off-load area, aircraft configuration, and mission configuration. General
planning times for off load from ramp down to takeoff (except C-5
deployment) are as follows:
• With the plank system, approximately 10 minutes.
• With the “T” tail removed, approximately 15 minutes.
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
Weather Minimums
B-47. A minimum 500-foot ceiling and 2-mile visibility capability must exist
for day and night flying over flat or mountainous terrain or over water. The
unit commander may reduce weather minimums on a mission-essential, case-
by-case basis.
B-48. A visible horizon must exist in two of the four horizontal quadrants at
all times. All AH-6J missions must take place under VMC rules.
Winds
B-49. The maximum wind allowed to start the aircraft is 40 knots, with a 20-
knot gust spread.
Flight Altitudes
B-50. For training missions, the minimum en route altitude for routes not
reconnoitered is 300 feet AGL. The minimum overwater altitude is 50 feet.
For operational missions, the minimum en route altitude is METT-TC
dependent.
Landing Areas
B-51. The AH-6J is capable of landing on any structure that allows clearance
for the rotor systems and meets stress requirements. Single-aircraft confined
landing areas require a minimum size of 50 feet by 50 feet.
Shipboard Operations
B-52. The AH-6J can operate day and night from any ship having at least a
one-spot helicopter-landing capability. Because of the high radio and radar
electromagnetic interface (EMI) signature onboard U.S. Navy vessels, only
Mark 66 MOD-3 rocket motors are compatible with shipboard operations
without waiver approval.
B-10
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Aircrew Composition
B-53. The aircrew of an AH-6J consists of two pilots—a pilot in command
(PIC) and a copilot. The PIC is responsible for the employment and actions of
his aircraft. The copilot assists the PIC in accomplishing the mission. Both
aircrew members have extensive training in navigation, gunnery, shipboard
operation, overwater training, mountain flying, urban operations, and desert
flying. The lead aircraft has a flight-lead-qualified pilot during all operations.
The flight-lead pilot is responsible for mission accomplishment and is the
primary mission planner.
Aircraft Capabilities
B-54. Table B-2 lists the capabilities of the AH-6J. The aircraft dimensions
illustrated in Figures B-1 and B-2, page B-5, also pertain to the AH-6J.
Table B-2. AH-6J Aircraft Capabilities
Aircraft Weight
B-55. The cruise airspeed of the AH-6J is 90 knots indicated airspeed. The
maximum airspeed is 108 knots indicated airspeed. All speeds are
dependent on mission configuration and load.
B-11
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SAFETY
B-56. Personnel must observe the following safety precautions:
• Never walk in front of armed aircraft.
• Wear protective headgear at all times when working around the
turning rotor blades of the low rotor and tail rotor system of the AH-6J.
• Wear hearing and eye protection when working around operating
aircraft.
• Be aware that the aircraft exhaust can start ground fires in extremely
dry conditions with combustible material present (for example, dry
grass or straw).
• Approach operating AH-6J aircraft as depicted in Figure B-5.
B-12
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MH-60L HELICOPTER
MISSION
B-57. The primary mission of the MH-60L is to conduct overt or covert
infiltration, exfiltration, and resupply of SOF across a wide range of
environmental conditions. Additionally, the MH-60L/DAP has the primary
mission of armed escort and fire support. Secondary missions of the MH-60L
include C2, external load, CSAR, and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC)
operations. The MH-60L can operate from fixed-base facilities, remote sites,
or oceangoing vessels.
DESCRIPTION
B-58. The MH-60L (Blackhawk) is a highly modified twin-engine utility
helicopter. Its configuration may include a number of auxiliary fuel systems
to allow for operational times of as much as 5.5 hours with a range of 640
nautical miles. The MH-60L has secure Selective Adaptive Communications
Processor (SELSCAN) HF, FM, UHF, VHF, SATCOM, and SABRE
communications. The FRIES allows for rapid insertion and extraction of
personnel in areas blocked from air-land maneuvers. The aircraft has two
M134 7.62-mm Gatling guns (miniguns), a ballistic armor subsystem (BASS),
and ASE to increase aircrew survivability in all threat environments. Dual
GPSs, Omega, Doppler, and weather-detection systems allow pinpoint
navigational and weather-avoidance capability. Mission-selective systems
include a cargo hook for external load operations, a personnel locator system
(PLS) for CSAR, and a four-place C2 console for airborne C2 operations. An
armed version of the MH-60L, the DAP is capable of mounting two M134
B-13
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7.62-mm miniguns, two 30-mm chain guns, two 2.75 rocket pods, Hellfire
missiles, or combinations of the systems for armed escort and fire support
operations.
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
B-59. The ARC-186 (V) VHF provides AM and FM air-to-air and air-to-
ground communications. It has a band range from FM 30.000 to 87.975 MHz
and AM 116.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25-kHz increments.
B-60. The AN/ARC-220 HF Radio with SELSCAN provides long-range
air-to-air and air-to-ground communications.
B-61. The AN/ARC-210 provides the following communications band ranges:
• UHF, 225.0 to 399.975 MHz.
• VHF and AM, 108.0 to 155.975 MHz.
• FM, 30.000 to 87.975 MHz.
B-62. The ARC-164 (V) UHF provides HaveQuick II and air-to-air and air-
to-ground communications. The band range is from 225.000 to 399.975 MHz
in 25-kHz increments.
B-63. The SATCOM is capable of satellite air-to-air and air-to-ground
communications.
B-64. The SABRE is a ground radio, capable of air-to-air and air-to-ground
communications.
B-65. The AN/ARC-182 is a multichannel, multimode radio capable of
SATCOM, HaveQuick, and SINCGARS. It can operate on—
• UHF, 225.0 to 399.975 MHz.
• VHF and AM, 108.0 to 155.975 MHz.
• VHF and FM, 155.975 to 173.975 MHz.
• FM, 30.0 to 87.975 MHz.
B-66. The AN/ARC-174 HF-AM, with SELSCAN, is capable of long-range
air-to-air and air-to-ground communications.
B-67. The airborne target handover system (ATHS) is capable of data
bursting preselected and formatted information to other equipped aircraft or
ground stations.
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
B-68. The AN/ARN-149A Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) is capable
of direction finding and homing.
B-69. The ARN-123 (V) (VOR/DME/Instrument Landing System [ILS])
is capable of heading guidance for instrument navigation and instrument
approaches.
B-70. The AN/ASN-137 Doppler Navigation System is capable of
continuous Doppler-derived measurements of the helicopter’s velocity and
B-14
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B-15
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B-16
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MISSION-SELECTIVE SYSTEMS
B-88. The following items are mountable on the MH-60L to support a
primary mission or to enhance the capabilities of aircraft performing assault
or DAP missions:
• Cargo Hook. This item is mountable in the belly of the aircraft, below
the main rotor. The hook can support external loads up to 9,000
pounds.
• External Rescue Hoist System. This system is a hydraulic hoist
capable of lifting 600 pounds. It contains 200 feet of usable cable. The
crew chief or the hoist operator maneuvers the hoist using a handheld
pendant.
• Internal Auxiliary Fuel System. The MH-60L has wiring provisions
for four additional 150-gallon fuel cells, mountable in the cargo area.
Each fuel cell provides approximately 50 minutes flight endurance.
Ambient conditions and weight restrictions limit the maximum number
of additional fuel cells. The use of all four IAFS cells reduces usable
cargo area space to near zero.
• External Extended Range Fuel System (ERFS). This system
consists of two 230-gallon, or two 230- and two 450-gallon, or four 230-
gallon jettisonable fuel tanks mountable on the external stores support
system (ESSS) for long-range deployment of the aircraft. The use of the
ERFS restricts the employment of the M134 miniguns. Center-of-
gravity or maximum-gross-weight restrictions and ambient conditions
may limit the specific configuration of the ERFS.
• C2 Console. This system provides four operator positions with access
to the four AN/ARC-182 (V) multiband transceivers and FLIR display.
Personnel may configure the MH-60L with an ESSS to employ the
FOL-AC with the supporting amplifier array frame on the cabin floor
for PSYOP missions.
DAP SPECIAL CONFIGURATION
B-89. The mission of the armed MH-60L DAP (Figure B-7, page B-18) is to
conduct attack helicopter operations using area fire or precision-guided
munitions and armed infiltration or exfiltration of small units. The DAP is a
multimission aircraft capable of deploying on short notice and of conducting
direct action missions. It is also capable of reconfiguring for troop assault
operations. The DAP is capable of conducting all missions during day, night,
or adverse weather.
B-17
FM 3-05.60
B-18
FM 3-05.60
B-19
FM 3-05.60
target practice tracer (TPT). The HEDP is effective against light armor and
personnel at ranges of 4,000 meters. With the use of the MONOHUD as a
sighting system, the 30-mm cannon is a point-target weapon at a range of
1,500 meters and less. It is also an area fire weapon at ranges up to
4,000 meters.
B-97. The AGM-114 Hellfire is a 100-pound semiactive laser-guided missile,
capable of defeating any known armor. The M272 launchers are able to hold
four Hellfire missiles each. The minimum engagement range is .8 kilometer
to a maximum of 8 kilometers. Any ground or air North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) standard laser designator can designate the missile.
B-98. The AN/AAQ-16D Airborne Electronic Special Operations
Payload (AESOP) FLIR is a FLIR with a laser range finder or designator
(LRF/D). The Q-16D allows the DAP to detect, acquire, identify, and engage
targets at extended ranges with laser-guided munitions. The FLIR is a
controllable, infrared surveillance system that provides a television video-
type infrared image of terrain features and ground or airborne objects of
interest. The FLIR is a passive system and detects long wavelength radiant
infrared energy emitted, naturally or artificially, by any object in daylight
or darkness.
B-99. Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS). The DAP can fire the infrared seeking,
fire-and-forget missile.
MH-60L DAP RECONFIGURATION
B-100. The MH-60L DAP has the capability to perform utility and armed
missions. The time to reconfigure the aircraft from either the armed to the
utility or vice versa is minimal. The 7.62 miniguns remain with the aircraft
regardless of the mission.
TRANSPORTABILITY
B-101. C-5A/B and C-141 aircraft can deploy the MH-60L, including the DAP
configuration. The C-5A/B can carry a maximum of six MH-60Ls. The
helicopters need a short time to prepare for on-load and again for rebuild
upon arrival at the destination. The C-17 can carry three MH-60Ls. The C-
141 can carry a maximum of two MH-60Ls; however, it requires considerable
time for preparation and rebuild. During disassembly, the ESSS wings are
removed and loaded onto the floor of the helicopter. The loaded helicopter
then goes onto the C-141 aircraft. The removed DAP equipment goes on a
separate trailer and accompanies the helicopter on the same C-141 aircraft.
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
B-102. Successful mission accomplishment is largely a function of adequate
pre-mission planning time. Mission notification should occur in time to have
an adequate mission-planning session and briefing, followed by a period of
rest before mission execution.
Weather Minimums
B-103. For training missions, forecast and actual weather of 500-foot ceiling
and 2-mile visibility. For contingency missions, as directed by the
commander, a 500-foot ceiling and 2-mile visibility for planning purposes.
B-20
FM 3-05.60
This type of forecast allows for en route cruise speed of the standard 120
knots and ample opportunity to adjust mission execution in the event of lower
weather.
Winds
B-104. The MH-60L rotor has the capability to start and stop in actual winds
no greater than 45 knots.
Flight Altitudes
B-105. For training missions, the minimum altitude for routes not
reconnoitered is 300 feet AGL and 150 feet AGL for reconnoitered routes. For
contingency missions, the minimum altitude is dependent upon METT-TC.
Landing Areas
B-106. The minimum landing area for the MH-60L is 100 feet by 100 feet.
Shipboard Operations
B-107. The MH-60L, including the DAP, can operate day and night from Navy
ships with Level II Class 2 helicopter-landing pads. For DAP, because of the
high radio or radar EMI signature onboard U.S. Navy vessels, only Mark 66
MOD-3 rocket motors are compatible with shipboard operations without
waiver approval.
Aircrew Composition
B-108. Most training flights and all NVG operations require four aircrew
members—a PIC, a pilot, and two aircrew chiefs or gunners. One aircrew
chief is at the right gunner’s position. He scans for hazards, operates the
hoist, conducts FRIES operations, operates the minigun, and conducts
external load operations. The other aircrew chief is at the left gunner’s
position and scans for hazards, conducts FRIES operations, operates the
minigun, and assists in external load operations.
Aircrew Qualifications
B-109. All aircrews are qualified to support flight operations for the missions
stated in JP 3-05. Aircrew qualifications include multiship NVG infiltration,
exfiltration, and live-fire operations in urban, overwater, mountain, desert,
jungle, and NBC environments to LZs, buildings, ships, and oil rigs. Aircrews
are trained in NVG long-range overland and overwater navigation, with an
arrival standard of ± 30 seconds.
B-21
FM 3-05.60
Aircraft Capabilities
B-110. Table B-3 lists the capabilities of the MH-60L.
Table B-3. MH-60L Aircraft Capabilities
Maximum Gross Weight (Ferry)
B-22
FM 3-05.60
MH-60K HELICOPTER
MISSION
B-111. The primary mission of the MH-60K (Blackhawk) is to conduct overt
or covert infiltration, exfiltration, and resupply of SOF over a wide range of
environmental conditions. The MH-60K is capable of operating from fixed
base facilities, remote sites, or oceangoing vessels.
DESCRIPTION
B-112. The MH-60K is a highly modified twin-engine utility helicopter. The
aircraft can be configured with a number of auxiliary fuel systems to allow for
operational times of as much as 5.5 hours with a range of 634 nautical miles.
The MH-60K is equipped with secure HF, SINCGARS, FM, UHF, VHF,
SATCOM, and SABRE communications. The FRIES allows for rapid insertion
and extraction of personnel in areas occluded from AirLand maneuvers. The
aircraft has two M134 7.62-mm Gattling guns, a BASS, and ASE to increase
aircrew survivability in all threat environments. The GPS, area navigation
unit, inertial navigation unit (INU), attitude and heading reference system
(AHRS), and multimode radar systems allow pinpoint navigation. Mission-
selective systems include the cargo hook for external load operations and the
PLS for CSAR.
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
B-113. The ARC-186 (V) VHF (AM/FM) System provides air-to-air and air-
to-ground communications, with a band range from FM 30.000 to 87.975 MHz
and AM 116.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25-kHz increments.
B-23
FM 3-05.60
B-24
FM 3-05.60
B-25
FM 3-05.60
Armament
B-141. The standard armament is the M134 (7.62-mm minigun), 6-barrel,
air-cooled, electrically operated Gattling gun. (See Figure B-9.) The maximum
effective fire (MEF) is 1,000 meters. The M134 fires A165 (7.62 ball); A257
(7.62 low light ball); and SL66 (armor-piercing sabot) ammunition. One gun is
mounted outside both the left and right gunner’s windows. Aircrew chiefs
normally operate the weapon system. Weapon sighting is by open steel sights.
B-26
FM 3-05.60
B-27
FM 3-05.60
Landing Areas
B-150. The minimum landing area for the MH-60K is 100 feet by 100 feet.
For shipboard operations, the MH-60K can operate day and night from Navy
ships that have Level II Class 2 helicopter-landing pads.
Aircrew Composition
B-151. Most training flights and all NVG operations require four aircrew
members. These members include a PIC, a pilot, and two aircrew chiefs or
gunners. One aircrew chief—stationed at the right gunner’s position—scans
for hazards, operates the hoist, conducts FRIES operations, operates the
minigun, and conducts external load operations. The other aircrew chief—
stationed at the left gunner’s position—conducts FRIES operations, operates
the minigun, and assists in external load operations.
Aircrew Qualifications
B-152. Aircrews can perform all mission tasks in all environments. They can
perform NVG long-range overland and overwater navigation, with an arrival
standard of ± 30 seconds.
Aircraft Capabilities
B-153. Table B-4 lists the capabilities of the MH-60K aircraft. Figures B-10
through B-12, pages B-29 through B-31, illustrate specific dimensions and
capabilities of the aircraft.
Aircraft Weight
Basic weight 15,600 pounds
Maximum gross weight 24,500 pounds
Aircraft Dimensions
Length 64 feet 10 inches (Folded, 60 feet 7 inches)
Width 53 feet 8 inches (Folded, 9 feet 9 inches)
Height 16 feet 10 inches
Diameter of main rotor 53 feet 8 inches
Aircraft turning radius 41 feet 8 inches
Range and Endurance
Fuel Tank Endurance (Hours + Minutes) Fuel Range (Nautical Miles)
Main 1+30 165
Main plus one auxiliary 2+30 275
Main plus two auxiliary 3+30 385
Airspeed
Cruise 115 knots indicated airspeed
Maximum 145 knots indicated airspeed
B-28
FM 3-05.60
B-29
FM 3-05.60
B-30
FM 3-05.60
B-31
FM 3-05.60
MH-47D HELICOPTER
MISSION
B-154. The primary mission of the MH-47D is to conduct overt and covert
infiltration, exfiltration, air assault, resupply, and external-sling operations
under a wide range of environmental conditions. The aircraft can perform a
variety of other missions, including shipboard operations, platform
operations, urban operations, water operations, FARP operations, mass
casualty operations, and CSAR operations.
DESCRIPTION
B-155. The MH-47D (Chinook) is a twin-engine, tandem rotor, heavy assault
helicopter specifically modified for long-range SO flights. It has secure voice
communications on FM, UHF with HaveQuick II, VHF, HF and SELSCAN,
SABRE, and SATCOM radios. Other features include FRIES, limited aircraft
survivability equipment, a defensive armament system of two M134 machine
guns (one located in the left forward cabin window and one at the right cabin
door), one M-60D machine gun (located on the ramp), and an internal rescue
hoist with a 600-pound capacity.
B-156. The MH-47D adverse weather cockpit (AWC) is equipped with
weather avoidance and search radar, an aerial refueling probe for in-flight
refueling, a PLS used with the PRC 112 for finding downed aircrews, FLIR,
B-32
FM 3-05.60
B-33
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of the present position to the Rockwell Collins CMS 80 Mission Computer for
sensor integration.
B-169. The LTN 92 Ring Laser Gyro INS provides continuous derived
measurements for computations of the present position for worldwide
navigation guidance based on gyro precession. It sends these signals to the
Rockwell Collins CMS 80 Mission Computer for sensor integration or may act
as a stand-alone navigation system.
B-170. The mission computer unit provides mission navigation
management, including flight plan and automatic navigation. The aircraft
automatic flight control system (AFCS) can be coupled to the mission
computer for two-axis autopilot capabilities.
AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY EQUIPMENT
B-171. The AN/APR 39A Radar Warning Receiver identifies hostile pulse
fire control radar and provides audio and video alerts to the flight crew when
the system detects threat radar emissions.
B-172. The AN/ALQ 156 (V) 47 is an active airborne Doppler radar system
that detects the approach of antiaircraft missiles. When detecting a missile,
the system automatically triggers the M-130 flare system and ejects a decoy
flare.
B-173. The AN/ALE-47 (V) Countermeasures Dispensing System
consists of five components used to provide preemptive and terminal threat
protection. The pilots control the system by using the cockpit control unit
(CCU) mounted in the center console. The AN/ALE-47 replaces the M-130
system and enhances aircraft survivability by—
• Integrating with avionics and EW systems.
• Providing threat adaptive programmable dispensing routines.
• Providing data links for advanced expendables.
• Using available threat sensors.
B-34
FM 3-05.60
NOTE: These are maximum hook-rated loads and may not accurately reflect
the true capability of the aircraft because of external conditions, such as
pressure, altitude, and temperature.
B-181. The external rescue hoist system is configured for use at the
center cargo hook and rescue hatch. It has a 600-pound capacity and
approximately 150 feet of usable cable.
B-182. The AN/AAQ-16 FLIR is a controllable, infrared surveillance system
that provides a television video-type infrared image of terrain features and
ground or airborne objects of interest. The FLIR is a passive system and
B-35
FM 3-05.60
B-36
FM 3-05.60
Aircrew Qualifications
B-192. MH-47D aircrews can perform all mission tasks in all environments.
They can perform NVG infiltration and exfiltration operations, arriving at
the target time of ± 30 seconds. MH-47D aircrews can also perform aerial
refueling operations.
Aircraft Capabilities
B-193. Table B-6 lists the capabilities of the MH-47D aircraft.
Table B-6. MH-47D Aircraft Capabilities
Aircraft Weight
B-37
FM 3-05.60
Height 78 inches
Width 90 inches
Depth 366 inches
Troop Capacity
B-38
FM 3-05.60
MH-47E HELICOPTER
MISSION
B-195. The primary mission of the MH-47E is to conduct overt and covert
infiltration, exfiltration, air assault, resupply, and sling operations over a
wide range of environmental conditions. The aircraft can perform a variety of
other missions, including shipboard operations, platform operations, urban
operations, water operations, FARP operations, mass casualty operations,
and CSAR operations.
DESCRIPTION
B-196. The MH-47E (Chinook) is a twin-engine, tandem rotor, heavy assault
helicopter specifically designed and built for the SOA mission. It has a totally
integrated avionics subsystem that combines the following:
• Redundant avionics architecture with dual mission processors.
• Remote terminal units.
• Multifunction displays and display generators to improve combat
survivability and mission reliability.
• Aerial refueling probe for in-flight refueling.
• External rescue hoist.
B-39
FM 3-05.60
• Two L714 turbine engines with full authority digital electronic control,
which provides more power during hot or high environmental
conditions.
• Two integral aircraft fuel tanks, providing 2,068 gallons of fuel.
• Stormscope for thunderstorm avoidance.
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
B-197. The ARC-186 (V) VHF (AM/FM) provides air-to-air and air-to-
ground communications, with a band range from FM 30.000 to 87.975 MHz
and AM 116.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25-kHz increments.
B-198. The AN/ARC 201A (V) SINCGARS (VHF-FM) is a single-channel
ground and airborne radio system that provides voice and data
communications, in single channel of frequency hopping mode, with a band
range from 30.000 to 87.975 MHz.
B-199. The ARC-164 (V) UHF with HaveQuick II capability provides
air-to-air and air-to-ground communications with a band range from 225.000
to 399.975 MHz in 25-kHz increments.
B-200. The AN/ARC-200 HF Radio provides long-range two-way
communications in AM and single sideband (SSB), including the upper and
lower sidebands.
B-201. The AN/ARC-231 SKYFIRE SATCOM provides satellite two-way
communications, both line of sight or satellite, with a band range from
255.000 to 399.995 MHz in either 25- or 5-kHz spacing.
B-202. The SABRE is a ground communication radio that provides two-way
line-of-sight communication in the 136 MHz to 174 MHz range.
B-203. The CP-1516/ASQ ATHS provides the capability of data bursting
preselected and formatted information to other equipped aircraft or ground
stations.
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
B-204. The AN/ARN-149A ADF provides direction finding and homing.
B-205. The ARN-123 (V) (VOR/DME/ILS) provides heading guidance for
instrument navigation and instrument approaches.
B-206. The AN/ASN-137 Doppler Navigation System provides continuous
Doppler-derived measurements of the velocity of the helicopter and
continuous computations of the present position for worldwide navigation
guidance. In the MH-47E, these signals are sent to the mission processors
and are used as velocities only.
B-207. The EGI H764G Navigation System is a self-contained INU with
an embedded GPS card. The EGI system is fundamentally a dead-reckoning
navigation system. The advantage of a self-contained INU is its
invulnerability to enemy countermeasures. The disadvantage is its
inaccuracy, which builds over time unless the INU can be updated over
known landmarks. Through miniaturization, the GPS receiver has been
reduced to the size of a computer card. This miniature GPS receiver can now
B-40
FM 3-05.60
B-41
FM 3-05.60
NOTE: When using the right cabin door weapon system, do not use the
forward fast-rope station.
B-219. The minigun is normally for soft targets and troop suppression, which
require a high rate of fire. The minigun is air cooled and link fed. It has a
maximum effective range of 1,500 meters with tracer burnout at 900 meters.
The weapon has an adjustable rate of fire of 2,000 or 4,000 rounds per
minute. The aircrew members currently fire ball or SLAP ammunition with a
mix of four balls to one tracer, 4:1, or a 9:1 mix to prevent NVD shutdown on
low-illumination nights. The ammunition complement without reloading is
8,000 rounds per weapon.
FRIES
B-220. The FRIES is a system for inserting and extracting personnel.
Applied loads for the FRIES are as follows:
• Applied loads at the rear ramp for insertions will not exceed nine
persons per rope at the same time.
• Applied loads at the rear ramp for extractions will not exceed six
persons per rope at the same time.
FLIR, AN/AAQ-16
B-221. The AN/AAQ-16 is a controllable, infrared surveillance system that
provides a television video-type infrared image of terrain features and ground
or airborne objects of interest. The FLIR is a passive system that detects long-
wavelength radiant infrared energy emitted, naturally or artificially, by any
object in daylight or darkness. In the MH-47E, the pilots or the onboard
computer may control the FLIR, and the infrared video may be saved on VHS
tape for later mission debriefings.
MAP DISPLAY GENERATOR
B-222. When used with the data transfer module (DTM), the map display
generator (MDG) displays aeronautical charts, photos, or digitized maps in
the mission planning and 3D modes of operation based on digital terrain
elevation data (DTED) and digital feature analysis data (DFAD).
MISSION-SELECTIVE SYSTEMS
External Cargo Hook System
B-223. Use each hook (Table B-7) separately or with others. Plan all loads as
a tandem-rigged load to facilitate greater load stability and to ensure faster
airspeeds during flight.
Table B-7. External Cargo Hooks, MH-47E
Type Capacity
B-42
FM 3-05.60
B-43
FM 3-05.60
Winds
B-231. No wind minimums are specified for training, operational, and
support missions; however, 45 knots is the maximum wind for starting and
stopping the rotor system in the MH-47E.
Flight Altitudes
B-232. For training missions, the minimum en route altitude is 150 feet AGL
or AHO for reconnoitered routes and 300 feet AGL or AHO for
unreconnoitered routes. For operational missions, the minimum en route
altitude is dictated by threat systems.
Landing Areas
B-233. The minimum landing area for the MH-47E is 150 feet by 100 feet.
Shipboard Operations
B-234. The MH-47E can operate day and night from Navy ships possessing
Level II Class III helicopter-landing pads.
Aircrew Composition
B-235. Most training, exercises, or operational or contingency missions
require five aircrew members. Aircrew members include a pilot, a copilot, a
flight engineer, and two aircrew chiefs. The flight engineer is usually at the
ramp station. He scans for other aircraft (targets or obstacles), operates the
hoist (when required), assists in FRIES operations, operates the machine
gun, and conducts sling-load operations. The aircrew chiefs are at the left and
right forward gunners’ stations. They scan for other aircraft (targets or
obstacles), operate the miniguns, and assist in sling-load and FRIES
operations.
Aircrew Qualifications
B-236. All aircrews can support flight operations for the missions stated in
JP 3-05. Aircrew qualifications include NVG infiltration and exfiltration
operations to urban, overwater (ship, oil rigs), mountainous, desert, and
jungle objectives arriving at the target at a prearranged time ± 30 seconds.
Aircrews are trained in formation live-fire, long-range NVD operations over
land and water. MH-47E aircrews can also perform aerial-refueling
operations.
Aircraft Capabilities
B-237. Table B-8 lists the capabilities of the MH-47E aircraft. Figures B-13
through B-20, pages B-46 through B-53, illustrate specific dimensions and
capabilities of the aircraft.
Table B-8. MH-47E Aircraft Capabilities
Aircraft Weight
B-44
FM 3-05.60
Aircraft Dimensions
Height 78 inches
Width 90 inches
Depth 366 inches
Troop Capacity
B-45
FM 3-05.60
B-46
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B-47
FM 3-05.60
B-48
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B-49
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B-50
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B-51
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B-52
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B-53
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B-54
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CAPABILITIES MATRIX
B-239. The ARSOA aircraft capabilities matrix (Figure B-21) is a ready
reference for mission planners. Its purpose is to reduce mission-planning
time. The matrix provides instant information, without time-consuming
research on the part of mission planners. The current aircraft capabilities
matrix encompasses all aircraft systems. ARSOA units must update the
matrix periodically as technology changes occur.
Aircraft Capabilities
Flight Time (Standard Tanks) 1+20 1+17 1+45 1+40 1+30 2+08 4+30
Range (Nautical Miles) 110 116 212 200 165 256 540
(Standard Tanks)
Air Refuelable no no no yes yes yes yes
(FY 01)
Passengers 6 0 12 0 14 26 37
Landing Area (Feet) 50x50 50x50 100x100 100x100 100x100 150x100 150x100
Communications
Navigation
B-55
FM 3-05.60
Navigation (Continued)
Armament
M134 7.62-mm Minigun no yes yes (2) yes (2) yes (2) yes (2) yes (2)
M230 30-mm Chain Gun no no no yes no no no
M260 7-Shot Rocket no yes no yes no no no
M261 19-Shot Rocket no yes no yes no no no
AGM-114 Hellfire (Maximum) no yes (4) no yes (8) no no no
M2 Caliber .50 Machine Gun no yes (2) no no no no no
ATA Stinger no yes no yes no no no
B-56
Appendix C
Operations
This appendix contains the formats of an OPORD and a mission-planning
folder specifically designed for ARSOA aircrews. Mission-planning
aircrews continually coordinate and update these documents throughout
the execution of the mission. This appendix also discusses airspace C2 for
ARSOA aircrew operations.
(Classification)
1. SITUATION.
a. Enemy forces.
(1) Weather (current and forecast).
(a) Area of operations or objective area.
(b) Forward staging base.
(c) En route (ingress and egress).
(2) Light data.
(a) Sources of light for night operations.
(b) Percent of moon illumination.
(c) Angle of moon during operation.
(3) Sea data.
(a) Sea state.
(b) Water temperature.
(4) Terrain (area of operations and objective area).
(a) Key terrain.
(b) Decisive terrain.
(c) Avenues of approach (air, land, and sea).
(Classification)
C-1
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(d) Cover and concealment.
(e) Observation and fires.
(f) Hazards (existing obstacles and minefields).
(g) Effect on aviation.
(h) Effect on mission.
(i) Choke points on route.
(5) Enemy troops.
(a) Permissive, uncertain, and hostile environment.
(b) En route, LZ and objective area, FARP sites.
(c) Identification of forces.
(d) Locations.
(e) Strength.
(f) Morale.
(g) Capabilities.
(h) Vulnerabilities.
(i) Activities (current and future).
(j) C2.
(k) Service and support.
(l) Probable COAs following mission execution.
(m) Reaction time from known locations.
b. Friendly forces.
(1) Higher HQ.
(a) Command relationship (effective date-time group [DTG]).
(b) Mission.
(c) Intent.
(2) Ground and assault force.
(a) Command relationship (effective DTG).
(b) Mission.
(c) Intent.
(3) Adjacent units.
(a) Location.
(b) Mission.
(c) Airspace coordination.
(Classification)
C-2
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
c. Attachments and detachments.
(1) Command relationship (effective DTG).
(2) Mission.
(3) Location.
d. Public affairs guidance.
e. Priority intelligence requirements and information requirements (PIR and IRs).
f. Essential elements of information and essential elements of friendly information (EEI
and EEFI).
2. MISSION. Who, what, when, where, and why.
3. EXECUTION.
Intent: State the commander’s intent.
a. Concept of the operation.
(1) Scheme of maneuver.
(a) General scheme, mission profile (diagram, chart), and H-hour (if applicable).
(b) Event- or time-driven.
(c) Phasing.
(d) Main effort.
(2) Plan of fire support.
(a) General scheme (air, ground, naval).
(b) Priority of fires.
(c) Target overlay.
(d) Types of fires.
(e) Preparatory or prehour fires.
(f) Fire support coordination measures.
(g) Illumination requirements.
(h) J-SEAD.
(i) Employment of nuclear or chemical fires.
(j) Test fire time and location.
(k) Actions to prevent fratricide.
(3) Counterair operations.
(a) Assets and plan.
(b) Use of ASE.
(c) Passive measures.
(Classification)
C-3
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(4) EW.
(a) Collection and jamming.
(b) Types of targets.
(c) Priority of jamming.
(5) Deception.
(a) LZs, routes.
(b) Special movement and landing instructions.
(c) Deception target and intent.
b. Tasks to subordinate units.
(1) Companies, platoons, sections, or teams.
(2) AVUM.
(3) HQ.
c. Tasks to combat support units.
(1) Fire support.
(a) CAS.
(b) Chemical support.
(c) Field artillery support (including displacement).
(d) Naval gunfire support.
(e) Attack helicopters (AHs).
(f) Special instructions.
(g) Fire support overlay and target list.
(2) Air defense.
(a) Command relationship.
(b) Specified tasks.
(3) Chemical (including decontamination).
(4) EW.
(5) Engineering (battlespace preparation).
d. ISB.
(1) Marshalling area procedures and control.
(2) Time sequence.
(a) Show.
(b) Concept briefing.
(c) Weather decision.
(d) Preflight.
(Classification)
C-4
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(e) Aircraft run-ups, equipment checks, communications checks, load time.
(3) Route to the area.
(4) Fuel requirements.
(5) Special equipment required.
(6) Contingencies.
(a) Minimum number of aircraft.
(b) Aircraft abort (cross-loading of personnel and equipment).
(c) Weather abort criteria.
(d) Ground force command and AMC bump plan.
(7) Aircraft parking plan.
(8) Aircraft load plan on C-5, C-17, C-130, C-141.
(9) Security plan.
e. FSB.
(1) Location.
(2) Landing.
(a) C-5, C-17, C-130, C-141.
1. Direction.
2. Time.
3. Offload sequence and position.
4. Aircraft parking and buildup area.
5. Fuel plan.
(b) Self-deployed.
(3) Aircraft combat load (ACL) plan.
(a) Seat configuration (if any) and number.
(b) Straps.
(c) Doors opened or closed.
(d) Miscellaneous equipment (stored, location).
(4) Security requirements.
(5) Repositioning for departure.
*(6) Hazards.
*(7) Weapons systems loading.
(a) Location.
(b) Orientation or heading.
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(c) Safety measures.
*(8) Takeoff.
(a) Time.
(b) Heading.
(c) Formation.
(d) Airspeed.
(e) Altitude.
(f) Hazards.
(g) Aircraft lighting.
(h) ASE requirements.
(i) Fuel required.
(j) Weapons status.
(9) Combat control team (CCT) instructions.
(a) Communications.
(b) Signal.
*(10) Contingencies.
(a) Air Force air aborts.
(b) Air Force go-around.
(c) Aircrew injuries.
(d) Bump plan.
1. Change of lead aircraft due to maintenance.
2. Change of AMC aircraft due to maintenance.
3. Change of ground commander aircraft due to maintenance.
4. Change of other aircraft.
5. Spare (location, running, not running).
(11) Weather abort criteria.
(12) Aircraft abort criteria.
(a) Minimum number aircraft required to accomplish the mission.
(b) Aircraft systems failure criteria.
f. Flight route.
(1) Initial approach fix (IAF) air aborts.
(2) Formation.
(3) Airspeed and ground speed.
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(4) Altitudes.
(5) Hazards to flight.
*(6) Turns in excess of 60Û
*(7) Communications signals unique to this portion.
*(8) Air traffic control (ATC) and CCT procedures.
*(9) Aircraft lighting.
*(10) Checkpoints.
*(11) Rally points (air and ground).
*(12) Point of no return.
*(13) Brief penetration control measures.
(a) IFF set for penetration.
(b) ASE and electronic countermeasures (ECM) (APR-39/44, flares, chaff, ALQ-144, radar,
TACAN).
(c) Armor panels and plates, forward.
(d) Armament systems.
(e) Review release point (RP), target, departure, and go-around procedures.
(f) Fast rope, extend bars.
(g) Fuel transfer off, prior to RP.
(h) Warning calls.
(i) Aircraft lights, interior and exterior.
(j) FLIR, lower brightness RP or short final.
(14) RP; time, distance, and heading (TDH) from RP to objective.
(15) Egress.
(a) Armament systems.
(b) Aircraft lights, adjust.
(c) IFF.
(16) Penetration control point (PCP) procedures.
(17) Aviation element link-up procedures.
(a) Location.
(b) Communications.
(c) Link-up procedure.
(18) ASE requirements (specify actions along route and especially when cross-FLOT).
*(19) Weapons status.
(a) Hold, fire only in self-defense.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(b) Tight, fire only if target identified as enemy.
(c) Free, fire at anything except if positively identified as friendly.
**(20) Contingencies.
(a) Downed aircraft.
(b) Actions on enemy contact.
(c) Communications failure.
(d) Lead disorientation.
(e) Weather abort.
(f) Adjustment to route procedures.
(g) Maintenance divert.
(h) Casualty evacuation (CASEVAC) divert.
(i) Formation change.
(21) Mission abort criteria.
g. Landing area procedures (LZ, PZ).
(1) Location (primary and alternate).
(2) Description.
*(3) Hazards.
*(4) Arrival procedures.
(a) Time.
(b) Formation.
(c) Direction.
(d) Airspeed.
(e) ATC and CCT procedures.
(f) Aircraft lighting.
(g) Doors opened and closed.
(h) Door gunner instructions.
(i) Signal to execute alternate PZ and LZ.
(5) PZ and LZ marking and control.
(6) Aircraft positioning in PZ and LZ.
(a) Engines running.
(b) Auxiliary power unit (APU) only.
(c) Complete shutdown.
(d) Security in the PZ and LZ.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
*(7) Load plan (including troop safety considerations).
(a) Seat configuration (if any) and number.
(b) Strap configuration.
(c) Doors opened or closed.
*(8) Link-up procedures with supporting aviation elements.
*(9) Minimum fuel required to complete the mission from PZ and LZ.
(10) FARP operations (see coordinating instructions).
**(11) Contingencies.
(a) Lead aircraft change.
(b) AMC aircraft change.
(c) Task Force (TF) commander aircraft change.
(d) Tactical bump plan.
(e) Dispersal plan and rally point.
*(12) Time sequencing.
(a) Load.
(b) Reposition.
(c) Takeoff.
(d) Time on target (TOT) or H-hour.
*(13) Security requirements.
*(14) Weapons status.
(15) Departure procedures (same as FSB).
(16) En route procedures (same as flight route).
h. Assault (landing) plan and actions on the objective or target.
(1) LZ and objective location (primary and alternate).
(2) TOT and H-hour (rounds on target or wheels down) or critical
event that must occur before assault.
(3) Formation at RP (assault formation).
(4) Direction of flight.
*(5) Airspeed and ground speed.
*(6) Altitude.
*(7) Aircraft lighting.
(8) Hazards in the LZ or objective.
(9) LZ marking and control.
(10) ATC or CCT procedures.
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(11) Aircraft touchdown points.
(12) Type of assault (fast rope, air, land).
(13) Location of friendly troops in LZ (reconnaissance and surveillance team, sniper).
*(14) ASE requirements in the LZ.
*(15) Air defense status and coordinating instructions.
*(16) Weapons status (hold, tight, free).
(17) Fires.
(a) Door gunner’s missions (be specific).
1. Priorities and sectors.
2. Shift-fire and hold-fire instructions.
3. Control measures and actions taken to prevent fratricide.
(b) Target overlay (artillery, AH control measures).
(c) Preplanned fires.
(d) ROE.
(e) Laser safety (troops on the ground).
(f) DAP, AH priorities, and type of ammunition.
**(18) Contingencies.
(a) Downed aircraft on insertion and departure.
(b) Go-around procedures (direction, signal, altitude, lighting, communication,
control measures, and intentions).
(c) Actions on enemy contact (flight and individual aircraft).
(d) Communications failure.
(e) Rally point.
(f) Friendly killed in action (KIA)/wounded in action (WIA) (troops and aircrew members).
(g) Signal to execute alternate LZ or objective.
(h) Aircraft delay and down on LZ.
(19) Departure instructions.
(a) Authorization to depart.
(b) Departure plan (when ready, in chalk order, or as a flight).
NOTE: If departing individually, identify departure sectors, control measures (“Eagle” call), rally
point, and safety measures.
(c) Heading.
(d) Formation.
(e) Airspeed and ground speed.
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(f) Aircraft lighting.
(g) ATC and CCT procedures.
(h) Routes (primary and alternate).
(20) Follow-on instructions (laager, prepare for extraction, hold, return to FSB).
(21) Safety considerations during the assault and extraction.
i. Departure airfield procedures.
(1) Location.
(2) Arrival procedures.
(3) Parking and tear down.
(4) Repositioning.
(5) Marshalling.
(6) Critical times.
**(7) Contingencies.
(a) Friendly WIA and KIA.
(b) Aircraft abort or down.
(c) Weather abort.
(8) Security.
j. Coordinating instructions.
(1) Location and markings of friendly.
(2) Maps and charts.
(3) SAR plan.
(a) Brief CSAR zones for ingress, egress, safe area.
(b) Brief concept of operation, CSAR assets, C2, signal.
(c) Recovery hospital, secure LZ and FSB.
(d) Weather or divert plan (alternate recovery instructions).
(e) Effect on tactical operation.
(f) PLS coordination.
(g) Activation or implementation of SAR plan.
(4) EPA.
(a) Escape and evasion route, checkpoints, and procedures.
(b) Designated area for recovery (DAR).
(c) Recognition and recovery procedures.
(d) Notification procedures.
(e) PLS and ISOPREP coordination.
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(f) Destruction of aircraft and sensitive items.
(5) Initial IMC procedures.
(a) Altitude to climb to, heading, airspeed, squawk.
(b) Recovery airfield and instrument capabilities.
(c) Minimum safe altitude.
(d) Communications procedures.
(e) Highest terrain, obstacles, and hazards.
(f) Effect on mission.
(g) Forecast weather and freezing level.
(h) Tactical procedures.
(i) Approval by higher headquarters of initial IMC recovery plan.
(6) FARP procedures.
(a) Location, marking, and marshalling control.
(b) Airspace management.
(c) Refueling points.
(d) Rearm points.
(e) Safety (weapons, ammunition, personnel).
(f) Security.
(g) Dispersal plan (including link-up procedures at rally point).
(h) Lighting.
(7) J-SEAD.
(8) Aircrew coordinating instructions with assault force in flight (time warnings and navigation).
(a) Fast-rope procedures, doors open and closed, removal of cargo strap, primary doors.
(b) Headset and communications coordination.
(c) Call-out of air control points (ACPs) or RP-TDH to objective or LZ.
(d) Time warnings.
(e) Confirm LZ.
(f) Door fires.
(g) Clamshell report (report given after all personnel and equipment are clear of the target
area).
(9) Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) level (include instructions on NBC defense and
decontamination procedures and operational exposure guide [OEG]).
(10) ROE.
(a) Combatants.
(b) Noncombatants.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(11) Precious-cargo-handling instructions (person or item that is the objective of the mission).
(a) Handling and control in and out of aircraft.
(b) Control in the aircraft.
(c) Doors closed.
(d) Reporting requirements (clamshell report).
(12) Preaccident plan.
(13) Inspections.
(a) Individual.
(b) Aircraft systems and communication.
(c) Weapons systems.
(14) Rehearsals and equipment checks.
(a) Loading and offloading procedures.
(b) Aerial link-ups.
(c) Assault procedures and actions on the objective.
(d) Door gunner fire procedures.
(e) Communications checks.
(f) ASE checks.
(g) Weapons checks, bore sighting, laser mount.
(h) Precious cargo handling.
(i) FARP operations.
(j) Actions on the objective.
(15) Air defense warning and air defense weapons control status.
(16) Individual responsibilities.
(a) Flight plan.
(b) Manifest.
(c) Weather.
(d) Sensitive item inventory.
(e) Weapons issue.
(f) ALSE issue.
(g) Mission brief sheet.
(h) Sterilization.
(i) Fuel identification plate (government credit card).
(j) NVG emergency locator transmitter (ELT) and radio aircraft key.
(17) Airspace deconfliction and coordination.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(18) Precision letdown procedures (GPS) at FSB, ISB, target.
(19) Antiterrorism measures.
(20) Backbrief time and location (platoon leader, AMC, flight lead, and key personnel
backbrief critical events or concept to commander).
(21) Debrief time and location.
(22) Weather decision time.
(23) Final mission update time and location.
4. SERVICE SUPPORT.
a. Supply.
(1) Class I (rations).
(2) Class III (fuel, POL).
(a) Location.
(b) Type.
(c) Amount.
(d) Compatibility of fuel and equipment.
(3) Class V (ammunition).
(a) Issue point and procedures.
(b) Individual authorizations by type.
(c) Crew-served authorizations by type.
(d) Aircraft systems authorizations by type.
(e) Turn-in procedures.
(4) Class VIII (medical supplies).
(5) Class IX (aircraft repair parts).
b. Water.
c. Maps.
d. Uniform.
e. ALSE.
f. Special equipment.
(1) ASE.
(2) PLS.
(3) Oxygen.
(4) FRIES.
(5) Cargo hook.
(6) Seats.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
g. Storage.
h. Weapons.
(1) Aircraft systems and aircrew-served weapons.
(2) Individual weapons.
(3) Issue instructions.
(4) Storage and security.
(5) Test firing and cleaning.
(6) Maintenance.
(7) Turn-in procedures.
i. Billeting.
j. Finance.
k. Transportation.
l. Maintenance.
(1) Location and composition of support.
(a) Pre-mission.
(b) Preflight.
(c) Crank.
(d) Mission.
(2) Location and composition of ground support equipment.
(a) Pre-mission.
(b) Preflight.
(c) Crank.
(d) Mission.
(3) Support facilities available.
(a) Hangar.
(b) Shop capabilities.
(4) Downed aircraft recovery.
(a) Recovery officer in charge and team location.
(b) Notification on command net frequency of the following information:
1. Type and serial number of downed aircraft.
2. Latitude and longitude of aircraft.
3. Description of recovery site.
4. Brief description of aircraft condition.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
5. Area security call sign and frequency.
6. Sensitive items and aircraft configuration.
7. Authority to destroy, if required.
(c) Method of recovery.
1. Method of recovery or disposition of aircraft made after consideration of
information received and tactical situation.
2. One of three methods of recovery.
m. MEDEVAC procedures.
(1) Responsibilities.
(2) Recovery hospital and location.
(3) Coordination procedures and communications.
(4) Alternate recovery procedure.
(5) Collection point at objective area.
(6) Launch authority.
n. Prisoner of war handling and collection point (including civilian detainees, if applicable).
o. NBC equipment and location of decontamination sites.
p. Services (hygiene, laundry, trash collection).
q. Discipline, law, and order.
r. Casualty reporting procedures.
5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL.
a. Command.
(1) Commander and location.
(2) AMC and location.
(3) Assault force commander (second in charge) and location.
(4) TF commander and location.
(5) Flight lead.
(6) Succession of command (air assault TF commander or ground commander,
air component commander, air mission commander, flight or serial commander).
(7) Rear detachment commander.
(8) Battalion or company command post location.
(9) TF command post location.
(10) Assault force command post location.
(11) Location of command sergeant major or first sergeant.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
b. Signal.
(1) Signal operating instructions (SOI) period (fill dates).
(2) Call signs.
(3) Frequencies or nets (primary and alternate, secure and nonsecure).
(a) Mission command.
(b) TF command.
(c) Helicopter communications.
(d) Company internal.
(e) Adjacent units.
(f) Fire control.
(g) SAR.
(h) SERE and PLS PRC 112-A-B.
(i) MEDEVAC.
(j) ATC and CCT.
(k) AWACS.
(l) Vectoring.
(m) Satellite and HF.
(4) Execution checklist and prowords.
(5) Signals.
(a) Lights.
(b) Visual markers.
(c) Recognition (day and night).
(d) Recognition (near and far).
(6) Challenge and password.
(7) Running password and number combination.
(8) Secure communications requirements. Identify element responsible for keying.
(9) Transponder.
(a) Mode requirements (include Transponder Kit lA/C) and codes.
(b) Antenna requirements.
(10) Aids to navigation.
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
Addressees:
I. REFERENCES.
II. GENERAL.
A. JFSOCC’s concept for employment of the Army special operations aviation task force
(ARSOATF) (deployment, employment, and sustainment).
B. JFSOCC’s contingency missions assigned the ARSOATF.
C. U.S. military strategic objectives.
D. Variables that complicate the attainment of strategic objectives.
E. JFC’s campaign plan points that accommodate the variables.
F. Preparation and priorities for unplanned contingencies.
III. JFSOCC CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS.
A. Location and mission of the JFSOCC.
B. ARSOATF mission.
IV. SPECIFIC MISSION GUIDANCE.
A. Force operating locations.
B. Readiness standards (deployment time and time to commence operations expressed
in N+XX).
C. Specified operations tasks.
D. Specified planning and preparation tasks.
E. Specified area and mission orientation.
F. Actions to prevent fratricide.
V. SUSTAINMENT.
VI. COMMAND AND CONTROL.
VII. OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES.
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT
C-4. The feasibility assessment (Figure C-3) is a basic target analysis that
provides an initial determination of the viability of a proposed target for SOF
employment. Normally, the feasibility assessment is associated with the SOF
ground element. When an ARSOATF is given a unilateral mission to conduct
a DA or an SR mission, the feasibility assessment should be used for target
analysis. It should include an initial assessment.
(Classification)
SECTION I - MISSION DESCRIPTION
A. Target Identification Data (Basic Encyclopedia [BE] Number, Category Code, Geographic
Coordinates, Universal Transverse Mercator [UTM] Coordinates, and Map Sheets).
B. Mission Statement and Commander’s Guidance.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
7. Enemy capabilities.
a. Defensive.
b. Offensive.
c. Intelligence and counterintelligence.
8. Reaction and reinforcement.
9. Security on target.
SECTION V - COURSES OF ACTION
A. Identification of COAs.
B. Analysis of COAs.
C. Comparison of COAs.
1. Advantages.
2. Disadvantages.
3. Risks.
D. Recommended COA.
SECTION VI - INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS
SECTION VII - SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
A. Personnel.
B. Logistics (Including CSS).
C. Other.
(Classification)
C-20
FM 3-05.60
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
C-5. The initial assessment (Figure C-4) provides a basic determination of
the viability of the infiltration and exfiltration portions of a proposed SOF
mission. If the mission is to support another Army or Navy SOF mission, the
initial assessment becomes a part of the feasibility assessment as needed to
help establish the overall viability of the mission. The initial assessment goes
to the MPA for review and approval before it goes to the JFSOCC.
(Classification)
SECTION I - MISSION DESCRIPTION (BE Number, Category Code, Geographic Coordinates,
UTM Coordinates, Map Sheets)
SECTION II - ASSUMPTIONS
SECTION III - MISSION DATA
A. Launch Bases, ISBs, Recovery Bases.
B. LZs, DZs, Seaward Launch Points (SLPs), Beach Landing Sites (BLSs), Recovery Zones (RZs),
and Seaward Recovery Points (SRPs).
C. Abort and Emergency Divert Bases.
D. Air-Refueling Tracks and FARPs.
E. Flight and Seaward Approach Routes.
1. Ingress.
2. Egress.
3. Orbiting and holding.
F. Range Factors.
G. Time Factors.
H. Route Factors.
I. Refueling Factors.
J. Aircrew Factors.
K. Weather.
SECTION IV - MISSION ASSESSMENT
A. Threat.
1. Air defenses.
2. Deception of air defenses.
3. Surface and subsurface waters.
B. Probability of Team Infiltration.
C. Probability of Team Resupply.
D. Probability of Team Exfiltration.
(Classification)
Figure C-4. Initial Assessment Format
C-21
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
E. Overall Probability of Mission Success.
F. Other Factors.
SECTION V - LIMITING FACTORS
A. Intelligence.
B. Weather.
C. Terrain and Hydrography.
D. Equipment.
E. Monitors.
F. Tactics.
G. Logistics (Including CSS).
H. Personnel.
I. Training.
J. Supporting Forces.
K. ROE, Fratricide Prevention, and Legal Issues.
SECTION VI - SUPPORTING DATA
A. Photography and Imagery Requested.
B. Intelligence Information Requested.
SECTION VII - INITIAL ASSESSMENT BOARD
A. Composition.
B. Recommendation.
SECTION VIII - SOA, SURFACE SHIP, AND SUBMARINE REQUIREMENTS FROM
AFSOF, ARSOF, AND NAVSOF TO CONDUCT INITIAL ASSESSMENT
A. Target Coordinates.
B. Maximum and Minimum Distances of LZs, DZs, SLPs, BLSs, RZs, SRPs From Target.
C. Time Frame in OPLAN and CONPLAN Scenario (Pre-D-Day or D+XX).
D. Desired Launch and Recovery Bases.
E. Type of Delivery and Recovery Required (Airdrop, AirLand, Fast Rope, SEAL Delivery Vehicle,
or Combat Rubber Raiding Craft) and Preferred Platform.
F. Number of Personnel to be Transferred and Approximate Weight per Person.
G. Approximate Size and Weight of Additional Equipment.
H. Assumptions Made During Supported Commander’s Feasibility Assessment.
NOTE: Although not always readily available, information on hand is normally sufficient to
conduct the initial assessment. An effort should be made, however, to obtain and include in the
initial assessment all the information in the format sample.
(Classification)
C-22
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
SECTION I - TARGET IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION
A. Target Identification Data.
B. Description and Significance.
C. Detailed Target Description.
D. Target Vulnerability Assessment.
SECTION II - NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
A. Geographic Data (Including Terrain and Hazards to Movement).
B. Meteorological Data (Climatological Overview and Tables and Illumination Data).
C. Hydrographic Data (Coasts, Waterways, Lakes, and Luminescence).
SECTION III - THREAT
A. Ground Forces (Including Border Guards).
B. Paramilitary and Indigenous Forces (Including Intelligence and Security and Police Services).
C. Naval Forces (Including Coast Guard and Maritime Border Guard).
D. Air Forces.
E. Air Defense Forces (Including Radars; Passive Detectors; and Command, Control, and
Communications [C3]).
F. Electronic OB.
G. Space-Based Assets.
H. Other.
SECTION IV - DEMOGRAPHICS AND CULTURAL FEATURES
A. Area Population Characteristics.
B. Languages, Dialects, and Ethnic Composition.
C. Social Conditions.
D. Religious Factors.
E. Political Characteristics.
F. Economic Conditions.
G. Miscellaneous (Currency, Holidays, Dress, and Customs).
SECTION V - LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
A. Airfields.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
B. Railways.
C. Roadways.
D. Waterways.
E. Ports.
F. POL.
G. Power Grid.
H. Telecommunications and Media (Print, Radio, and Television).
(Classification)
Figure C-5. Format of Target Intelligence Package for DA and SR Missions (Continued)
C-24
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
SECTION I - OBJECTIVE AREA IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION
A. Objective Area Identification Data.
B. Description and Significance.
Figure C-6. Format of Target Intelligence Package for FID and UW Missions
C-25
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
F. POL.
G. Power Grid.
H. Telecommunications and Media (Print, Radio, and Television).
I. Exploitable Civilian Transportation.
J. Primary Modes of Transportation.
K. U.S.-Provided Materials and Services.
L. Stockpiles.
M. War-Sustaining Industries.
N. War-Sustaining Resupply.
O. Movement Control Centers.
SECTION VI - INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION (Potential LZs, DZs, BLSs, and HLZs)
A. Potential Zones.
B. Choke Points Between Insertion Points and Objective Country (EEI Must Be Answered for the
Objective Country and for Opposition and Resistance Forces.)
SECTION VII - FID AND MILITARY ASSISTANCE (EEI Must Be Answered for the Objective
Country and for Opposition and Resistance Forces.)
A. Military Assistance Provided.
B. Foreign Personnel (Noncombatants).
C. Foreign Military Materiel.
D. Deployments of Foreign Personnel and Equipment.
E. Foreign Contractor Services and Construction.
F. U.S. Support.
SECTION VIII - SURVIVAL, EVASION, RESISTANCE, ESCAPE, AND RECOVERY DATA
A. SERER, SAFE Areas, and DAR Areas.
B. Survival Data.
SECTION IX - UNIQUE INTELLIGENCE (Mission-Specific Requirements Not Covered Above)
SECTION X - INTELLIGENCE SHORTFALLS
Annex A. Bibliography.
Annex B. Glossary.
Annex C. Imagery.
Annex D. Maps and Charts.
Annex E. SCI (If Applicable).
(Classification)
Figure C-6. Format of Target Intelligence Package for FID and UW Missions (Continued)
C-26
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
SECTION I - MISSION TASKING LETTER AND TRANSMITTAL DOCUMENTS
A. Joint Force Special Operations Component (JFSOC) Tasking.
B. Subordinate Tasking From the JFSOCC.
C. Coordinating Instructions.
D. Direct Liaison Authorized (Yes or No).
SECTION II - TARGET IDENTIFICATION DATA
A. Name.
B. BE Number.
C. Mission Number (If Applicable).
D. Mission Tasks.
E. Functional Classification Code.
F. Country.
G. JSOA Coordinates (Geographic Reference [GEOREF] or UTM).
H. Geographic Coordinates (GEOREF or UTM).
I. General Description and Target Significance.
SECTION III - CINC MISSION GUIDANCE (Combatant Commander’s Mission Statement and
Objectives)
A. Mission Statement.
B. Specific Targeting Objective.
C. Commander’s Guidance.
D. C2.
SECTION IV - RECORD OF CHANGES
SECTION V - RECORD OF DISTRIBUTION
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
Issuing HQ:
Place:
Day, Month, Year, Hour:
Commander’s or MPA’s Estimate of the Situation:
References (Maps, Charts, and Other Pertinent Documents):
SECTION I - MISSION DESCRIPTION (BE Number, Category Code, Geographic Coordinates,
UTM Coordinates, and Map Sheets)
SECTION II - THE SITUATION AND COURSES OF ACTION
A. Considerations Affecting the COAs.
1. Characteristics of the JSOA.
a. Military geography.
(1) Topography.
(2) Hydrography and luminescence data.
(3) Climate, weather, and illumination data.
b. Transportation.
c. Telecommunications.
d. Politics.
e. Economics.
f. Sociology.
g. Science and technology.
2. Relative combat power.
a. Enemy.
(1) Strength.
(2) Composition.
(3) Location and disposition.
(4) Reinforcements.
(5) Logistics.
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(6) Time and space factors.
(7) Combat efficiency.
b. Friendly forces.
(1) Strength.
(2) Composition.
(3) Location and disposition.
(4) Reinforcements.
(5) Friendly force assistance.
(6) Logistics (including CSS).
(7) Time and space factors.
(8) Combat efficiency.
3. Assumptions.
B. Analysis of Enemy Capabilities.
C. Comparison of Friendly COAs.
1. Statement of COAs.
2. Assessment of the probability of success.
3. Comparison of COAs.
D. Decision (Recommended COA) and Mission Profile.
1. Method and location of infiltration.
2. Movement to target area.
3. Actions at the objective.
4. Movement to the objective and the method of exfiltration.
SECTION III - SUPPORTING PLANS
A. Overall Schedule.
1. Preparation.
2. Rehearsal.
3. Rendezvous.
4. Transit.
5. Execution.
6. Recovery.
B. Logistics (Including CSS).
C. Communications and Electronics Procedures and Equipment Operating Instructions.
D. Deception.
E. Indigenous Force Support.
(Classification)
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FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
F. Time and Distance Charts.
G. Deployment.
H. Weaponeering.
I. Target recuperability.
J. Resupply.
K. Exfiltration.
L. SERER.
M. Command Relationships.
N. PSYOP and CA.
SECTION IV - LIMITING FACTORS
A. Intelligence.
B. Weather.
C. Equipment.
D. Tactics.
E. Logistics (Including CSS).
F. Personnel.
G. Training.
H. Supporting Forces.
I. C3.
J. Law of War, ROE, and U.S. Law and Legal Issues.
K. Other Factors.
(Signed)
Commander
(Classification)
C-30
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
SECTION I - MISSION
A. Target Identification Data.
B. Mission Statement.
SECTION II - MISSION SUMMARY
A. Mission Tasking.
B. Objective Area.
C. General Concept.
D. Summary of Limiting Factors.
E. Probability of Mission Success.
SECTION III - ASSUMPTIONS
SECTION IV - THREAT ASSESSMENT
SECTION V - NAVIGATION AND OVERALL MISSION PORTRAYAL (This section
represents the entire infiltration and exfiltration route from launch to recovery on a suitable scale chart.
It shows information the planning cell deemed necessary to portray the mission. Items listed, however,
are not all-inclusive.)
A. Launch Bases.
B. Intermediate Staging Bases.
C. LZs, DZs, BLSs, RZs, SLPs, and SRPs.
D. Recovery Bases.
E. Abort and Emergency Diversion.
F. Air Refueling Tracks and FARPs.
G. Routes.
1. Ingress.
2. Egress.
3. Orbiting and holding.
4. Safe passage procedures.
5. Strip charts, navigation logs, GPS receivers, and other aids (as required).
(Classification)
C-31
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
SECTION VI - SUPPORTING PLANS
A. Overall Schedule of Events.
B. Prelaunch Requirements.
1. Updates to OB.
2. EEIs.
3. Problem areas and key factors.
C. Infiltration and Exfiltration Platform Factors and Logistical Considerations.
D. C3.
1. Security Preparations.
2. Departure procedures (overt or deception procedures).
3. Communication equipment requirements.
a. Infiltration and exfiltration platforms.
b. SOC.
4. Specialized operational procedures and techniques.
5. Radio silence areas.
6. GO, NO-GO point.
7. Publication of joint SOI for air mission.
8. Deception.
E. Emergency.
1. Engine-out capabilities.
2. Weather.
3. Faulty intelligence.
4. Infiltration and exfiltration platform abort procedures.
a. Late departure procedures.
b. Maintenance problems.
c. Battle damage.
d. Aircraft destruction plan.
e. Bump plan.
5. Drop or other fuel-related malfunctions.
6. Lost communications procedures.
7. Mission abort procedures.
F. Evasion Plan of Action.
1. Aircrew responsibilities.
2. Immediate actions upon sinking, ditching, or bailing out.
3. Evasion movement.
4. Safe area intelligence descriptions.
(Classification)
Figure C-9. Format of Infiltration and Exfiltration POE (Continued)
C-32
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
5. SAFE.
6. Evasion team communications.
7. SAR contact procedures.
SECTION VII - LIMITING FACTORS
A. Intelligence.
B. Weather.
C. Equipment.
D. Munitions.
E. Tactics.
F. Logistics (Including CSS).
G. Personnel.
H. Training.
I. Supporting Forces.
J. ROE and Legal Issues.
SECTION VIII - SOA, SURFACE SHIP, AND SUBMARINE REQUIREMENTS FROM
AFSOC, ARSOF, AND NAVSOF TO CONDUCT INITIAL ASSESSMENTS
A. Target Coordinates.
B. Maximum and Minimum Distances of LZs, DZs, SLPs, BLSs, RZs, and SRPs From the Target.
C. Time Frame in OPLAN and CONPLAN Scenario (Pre-D-Day or D+XX).
D. Desired Launch and Recovery Bases.
E. Type of Delivery and Recovery Required (Airdrop, AirLand, Fast Rope, SEAL Delivery Vehicle,
Combat Rigid Rubber Raiding Craft, and Platform Preferred).
F. Number of Personnel to be Transferred and Approximate Weight per Person.
G. Approximate Size and Weight of Additional Equipment.
H. Assumptions Made During Supported Unit’s Feasibility Assessment or POE.
I. Desired Time Over Target.
J. Resupply and Exfiltration Requirements.
NOTE: Although not always readily available, information on hand is normally sufficient to
conduct the initial assessment. An effort should be made, however, to obtain and include in the POE
all the information in this sample format.
(Classification)
C-33
FM 3-05.60
C-34
FM 3-05.60
AIRSPACE DECONFLICTION
C-14. Route deconfliction is vital to ARSOA survival. Review of routes must,
therefore, occur at several levels. Planners should deconflict their routes by
plotting them on a map that is current with the latest ACM and enemy
locations. They should also send the route information through the chain of
command to the A2C2 cells for input into the airspace deconfliction software
(ADS).
C-15. When deconflicting the route of flight, planners should consider time
and space and plot all routes of flight on the map to make sure the routes do
not conflict with any ACM published in the ACO. They should then note all
C-35
FM 3-05.60
locations where routes cross and make sure aircraft will not cross within 10
minutes of each other. To allow for changes in mission times, all mission
aircrews should be notified of the aircraft crossing routes within 30 minutes
of each other.
C-16. Mission planners must send the route information up the chain of
command as soon as the information is available. The information for the
ATO must be submitted not later than (NLT) 24 hours before the ATO takes
effect. The lead time is necessary so that aerial refueling requests can be
submitted and put into the ATO.
C-17. In undeveloped AORs or during the initial stabilization of an AOR,
ACPs should be established throughout the AOR. These points expedite the
planning process and enable A2C2 personnel to plot and deconflict the routes
more quickly and accurately. Mission planners and the airspace control
authority should develop the list of ACPs. If an ACO has been published,
those ACPs should be used.
C-36
Appendix D
Logistics
The SOR document (Figure D-1) is a key to SOF mission success. Theater
army closely reviews the SOR for detailed accuracy to support the unit’s
mission fully.
(Classification)
1. ( ) REFERENCES.
2. ( ) GENERAL.
a. ( ) Supported unit.
b. ( ) Time of support.
c. ( ) Location of supported unit at time of support.
d. ( ) Unit points of contact (POCs).
e. ( ) Database.
f. ( ) Number of supported personnel.
g. ( ) Force activity designator.
3. ( ) CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS.
a. ( ) Mission. State the general mission of the unit, command, or operation.
b. ( ) Desired Results. Provide a concise statement of the desired results of the requested
support.
4. ( ) ASSUMPTIONS. Give the conditions that are likely to exist or that must exist for the support to
be required. Relate the assumptions to specific requirements, as appropriate.
5. ( ) CONSTRAINTS. Define the situation that, if experienced, will degrade operations.
Give conditions to specific requirements, as appropriate.
6. ( ) COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COORDINATION. Describe functional C2 of the unit.
Attach organizational diagram, if necessary, and describe location of liaison with the HN.
7. ( ) SUPPLIES.
a. ( ) Class I.
(1) ( ) Requirements of Dining Facility. Identify personnel requirements.
(2) ( ) Type of Dining Facility. Determine if the dining facilities should be one of
the following:
(a) ( ) U.S. Government.
(Classification)
D-1
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(b) ( ) U.S. civilian contracted.
(c) ( ) HN civilian contracted.
(d) ( ) HN military.
(3) ( ) Augmentation. If dining facilities are U.S. Government facilities, identify the
requirements for augmenting personnel.
(4) ( ) Food Storage Facilities. Determine which of the following food storage facilities
are required to contain a 30-day supply of rations.
(a) ( ) Dry space in cubic feet.
(b) ( ) Chill space in cubic feet.
(c) ( ) Freezer space in cubic feet.
(5) ( ) Insulated Food Containers. Determine the requirement for insulated food
containers. List the number of containers and required meals.
(6) ( ) Sack Lunches. Determine the requirements for sack lunches.
(7) ( ) Meal Payment. Determine how individuals will pay for their meals.
(a) ( ) Cash collection.
(b) ( ) Payroll deduction.
(c) ( ) Meal cards.
(8) ( ) Dining Facility Hours. Determine the requirement for a 24-hour facility.
(9) ( ) Equipment Augmentation. Determine the requirement for equipment
augmentation. List the equipment by nomenclature, national stock number (NSN),
and quantity.
(10) ( ) Combat Rations. Estimate the number of combat rations for 30-day sustainment
packages for aviation personnel.
(a) ( ) MRE.
(b) ( ) Long-range reconnaissance patrol (LRRP) rations.
(c) ( ) Other (specify).
(11) ( ) Pre-positioned Rations. List the number of days required for pre-positioned
rations.
(12) ( ) Percentage of Pre-positioned Rations. Identify the required percentage of the
following pre-positioned rations:
(a) ( ) MRE.
(b) ( ) LRRP rations.
(c) ( ) Other (Specify).
(13) ( ) Local Purchase, Cash. Determine the need for small units to have cash to
purchase rations on the economy.
(Classification)
D-2
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
b. ( ) Class II.
(1) ( ) Self-Service. List the essential self-service supply center (SSSC) items required
for a 30-day sustainment.
(2) ( ) NBC Equipment. List the requirement for NBC consumables and nonconsumables
for two complete issues of NBC equipment following an NBC attack.
(3) ( ) Sustainment. List other Class II items required for sustainment, such as
common table of allowance (CTA) 50-900 items.
(4) ( ) Reproduction Equipment. Determine the required reproduction equipment.
List the equipment and the number of copies needed for 30-day sustainment.
(5) ( ) Special Equipment. List any special Class II equipment required beyond the
equipment already authorized and on hand. List the equipment by nomenclature, NSN,
and quantity.
(6) ( ) Clothing Sales. Determine the requirement for clothing sales facility.
c. ( ) Class III.
(1) ( ) POL. Determine POL, including base support functions, for a 30-day sustainment.
List item by type and quantity.
(a) ( ) Motor gasoline (regular or super).
(b) ( ) Diesel fuel (DF1 or DF2) or JP8.
(c) ( ) Aviation gasoline (JP4, JP5, JP8, or equivalent).
(d) ( ) Oil (bulk).
(e) ( ) Grease.
(f) ( ) Coolants.
(g) ( ) Packaged POL or other lubricants.
(h) ( ) Commercial grades of aviation fuel.
(i) ( ) Availability of POL laboratory for fuel testing.
(2) ( ) Tankers and Dispensers. Identify the requirement for tankers or dispensers in
addition to organic capabilities. List item by type, capacity, and quantity.
(3) ( ) Planning Factors. Determine if the planning factors used to identify POL
requirements were factors other than those in the Combined Arms Support Command
(CASCOM) database or operational log (OPLOG) planner. If so, specify.
d. ( ) Class IV. Determine the requirements for building or barrier materials for the following
items, listing them by type and quantity—for example, plywood, lumber, long and short pickets,
sandbags, and B-wire.
(1) ( ) Administrative and command post.
(2) ( ) Tactical and defensive use.
(3) ( ) Rigging and shoring.
(4) ( ) Concertina and barbed wire.
(Classification)
D-3
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(5) ( ) Stakes and pickets.
e. ( ) Class V.
(1) ( ) Additional Class V Requirements. Determine Class V requirements beyond those
in the unit basic load (UBL). List by Department of Defense identification code
(DODIC), nomenclature, and quantity. Identify nonstandard Class V requirements
separately.
(2) ( ) Planning Factors. Determine the planning factor used to forecast Class V
consumption rates.
f. ( ) Class VI. Determine the number of personal demand items based on the number of unit
personnel and the individual consumption rate. List items by type and quantity.
g. ( ) Class VII.
(1) ( ) Additional Equipment. Determine the requirement for additional items of
equipment, such as trucks and generators. List the items by nomenclature, NSN, and
quantity.
(2) ( ) Maintenance Augmentation. Determine the requirement for augmenting
maintenance personnel to support the equipment listed in paragraph 7g(1). List the
personnel by grade, MOS, and quantity.
h. ( ) Class VIII.
(1) ( ) Determine the requirement for Class VIII supplies by nomenclature, NSN,
quantities, and special requirements associated with a particular item, such as
refrigeration.
(2) ( ) Determine the schedule of resupplies required.
(3) ( ) Determine whether resupply will be prepackaged standard line items. Project
when line item ordering will be established and, if feasible, how often, how long, and
through what channels.
(4) ( ) Determine the need for Class VIII supplies peculiar to the area of operations and
whether the supplies are readily available or must be specifically acquired, such as
refrigeration, security, and shelf life—for example, antivenins.
(5) ( ) Determine the availability and reliability of HN Class VIII for emergency
purposes.
(6) ( ) Determine the need for blood and blood products and associated equipment.
(7) ( ) Determine coordinating agencies for chemical support.
i. ( ) Class IX.
(1) ( ) Mandatory Parts List. Determine if a mandatory parts list exists to support the
equipment.
(2) ( ) Prescribed Load List (PLL). Determine if PLL includes repair parts to support—
(a) ( ) Weapons.
(b) ( ) Communications equipment.
(Classification)
D-4
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(c) ( ) Vehicles.
(d) ( ) Support equipment, such as generators.
(e) ( ) NBC equipment.
(3) ( ) Other Equipment. Determine if the unit has nonstandard or commercial
equipment. List by type, model number, manufacturer, and density.
(4) ( ) Repair Parts Support. Identify how repair parts support is obtained for
commercial and nonstandard equipment.
(5) ( ) Maintenance Support. Determine maintenance support requirements.
j. ( ) Class X. Determine Class X Requirements. List by type and quantity.
k. ( ) Other.
(1) ( ) Emergency Resupply. Identify the requirement for emergency prepackaged
resupply. Specify by nomenclature, NSN, and quantity. Attach as separate enclosure for
each type of package.
(2) ( ) Maps and Photographs. Identify the requirement for maps and aerial photographs.
8. ( ) SERVICES.
a. ( ) Field Services. Determine field services support requirements, such as riggers and graves
registration (GRREG).
b. ( ) Engineering Services.
(1) ( ) Equipment Power Rating. Determine power rating needed for the equipment.
(2) ( ) Power Requirements. Determine power requirements beyond the organic
generating capability.
(3) ( ) Equipment Power Capability. Determine the following, if supplied with
commercial power at the wartime site:
(a) ( ) Equipment compatibility.
(b) ( ) Requirement for plug adapters, including voltage and the number of
adapters needed.
(c) ( ) Requirement for transformers, including voltage and the number of
transformers needed.
(4) ( ) Water Requirements. Identify daily requirements for potable water and for
washing engines and fuselages.
(5) ( ) Pest Control Requirements. Determine the requirement for rodent and insect
control assistance.
(6) ( ) Heavy Equipment Requirements. Identify requirements for heavy engineer
equipment, such as bulldozers. List the needed quantity.
c. ( ) Other Services.
(1) ( ) Linen Requirements. List by type and quantity.
(2) ( ) Linen Exchange. Determine the frequency of linen exchange.
(Classification)
D-5
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(3) ( ) Laundry Services Requirements. List by pounds per week. If none, so state.
(4) ( ) Commercial Cleaning Requirements. Determine the requirement for commercial
laundry and dry cleaning.
(5) ( ) Other Services Identification. Determine the need for other services.
9. ( ) MAINTENANCE.
a. ( ) Personnel Requirements. Determine if enough personnel exist to conduct the necessary
maintenance. If not, list the necessary augmentation by grade, MOS, and quantity.
(1) ( ) Vehicle.
(2) ( ) Support equipment.
(3) ( ) Communication.
(4) ( ) Weapons.
(5) ( ) Aviation.
b. ( ) DS and GS Maintenance. Identify requirements for DS and GS maintenance.
c. ( ) Other Maintenance Equipment. List commercial and nonstandard equipment requiring
maintenance.
10. ( ) TRANSPORTATION.
a. ( ) Air Transportation.
(1) ( ) Unit Load Plans. Enclose unit load plans.
(2) ( ) Administrative Aircraft. Determine the requirement for administrative aircraft.
Specify the type and number of hours per week.
(3) ( ) 463L Pallets. Determine the requirement for 463L pallets at the wartime location.
Specify the amount.
(4) ( ) Equipment and Personnel requirements. Determine the requirement for additional
materials handling equipment (MHE) and personnel at the SFOB and FOB airfield.
Specify requirement for crane or for rough terrain container handler (RTCH).
(5) ( ) Passenger Facilities. Determine the requirement for passenger facilities. Specify
the required type and size of the facilities, based on the duration of passenger use.
(6) ( ) Cargo Storage Facilities. Determine the requirement for cargo storage facilities.
Specify by the number of square feet required for the following:
(a) ( ) Covered secure storage.
(b) ( ) Outdoor secure storage.
(7) ( ) Airfield Requirements. Determine the requirement for an airfield to handle the
following:
(a) ( ) C-130s.
(b) ( ) C-141s.
(c) ( ) C-17s.
(Classification)
D-6
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(d) ( ) C-5As.
(e) ( ) Other (specify).
(8) ( ) All-Weather Surface Airfield. Determine the requirement for an all-weather
surface airfield.
(9) ( ) Airfield Services. Determine the requirement for airfield services, including MHE
support. List by type and quantity.
(10) ( ) Airfield Operations. Determine the requirement for airfield operations provided
by other sources.
(11) ( ) Flight Line Facilities. Determine the requirement for other aircraft flight line
facilities. Specify the types of aircraft.
b. ( ) Water Transportation. Determine the requirement for water transportation. Specify the
type and size of the maritime vehicle.
c. ( ) Ground Transportation. Determine the requirement for supplemental military vehicles.
Specify by type of vehicle and quantity.
(1) ( ) Commercial-Type Military Vehicles.
(a) ( ) Sedan.
(b) ( ) Carryall.
(c) ( ) Bus.
(d) ( ) Ambulance.
(e) ( ) Other (specify).
(2) ( ) Tactical Vehicles.
(a) ( ) Radio-equipped vehicles (state type of radio and quantity).
(b) ( ) Nonradio-equipped vehicles.
(c) ( ) Trucks and trailers.
(d) ( ) Wreckers and cranes.
(e) ( ) Aircraft-towing vehicles.
(f) ( ) Ambulances.
(g) ( ) Fire trucks.
(h) ( ) Other special purpose vehicles, such as warehouse trucks.
11. ( ) FACILITIES.
a. ( ) Maintenance Facilities (list in square feet).
(1) ( ) Maintenance Area Requirements. Identify vehicle maintenance area requirements.
(a) ( ) Number of bays.
(b) ( ) Number of pits.
(c) ( ) Aircraft parking (concrete or asphalt).
(Classification)
D-7
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(d) ( ) Wash racks.
(e) ( ) Secure storage (tools, test measurement and diagnostic equipment [TMDE]).
(f) ( ) Secure storage (repair parts).
(2) ( ) Signal Maintenance Area Requirements. Identify signal maintenance area
requirements.
(a) ( ) Power.
(b) ( ) Safety.
(c) ( ) Secure storage (repair parts).
(d) ( ) Secure storage (tools, TMDE).
(3) ( ) Weapons Maintenance Area Requirements. Identify weapons maintenance area
requirements.
(4) ( ) Aviation Maintenance Area Requirements. Identify aviation maintenance area
(covered) requirements.
(a) ( ) Aircraft parking (concrete or asphalt).
(b) ( ) Secure storage (repair parts).
(c) ( ) Secure storage (tools, TMDE).
b. ( ) Billeting Facilities.
(1) ( ) Billet number and size requirements. List the number of billets and required
square feet.
(a) ( ) Officers.
(b) ( ) Senior Enlisted.
(c) ( ) Enlisted.
(d) ( ) Females.
(2) ( ) Tentage. Determine if sufficient tentage is available within the unit to house
personnel. If not, specify number and types of tents required and when operationally
required, environmentally controlled tentage for an acceptable temperature range.
(3) ( ) Showers. Determine the required number of showers.
(4) ( ) Latrines. Determine the number and location of latrines.
c. ( ) Medical Facilities. Determine the requirement for physical facilities and optometry.
(1) ( ) Hospital beds.
(2) ( ) Treatment rooms.
(3) ( ) Dental treatment rooms.
(4) ( ) Laboratories.
(5) ( ) X-ray rooms.
(6) ( ) Pharmacies.
(7) ( ) Other (specify).
(Classification)
D-8
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
d. ( ) Other Facilities (list by function and square feet).
(1) ( ) Operations center.
(2) ( ) Logistics center.
(3) ( ) Signal center.
(4) ( ) Reception and palletizing facilities.
(5) ( ) Dining facility.
(6) ( ) Dispensary.
(7) ( ) Isolation facility.
(8) ( ) Parachute rigging and drying facility.
(9) ( ) Ammunition storage.
(10) ( ) Clubs.
(11) ( ) Gym.
(12) ( ) Antenna fields.
(13) ( ) Ranges (list types of weapons requiring ranges).
(14) ( ) Drop zones.
(15) ( ) Secure facilities (for storing, receiving, and transmitting classified messages
and documents).
(16) ( ) Other (specify).
12. ( ) PERSONNEL SERVICES.
a. ( ) Personnel.
(1) ( ) Military Occupational Specialty. Identify critical MOSs (include additional skill
identifiers and special qualifications identifiers).
(2) ( ) Personnel Action Dissemination. Determine the routing of the following personnel
actions and the classification of those actions.
(a) ( ) Assignments.
(b) ( ) Reassignments.
(c) ( ) Efficiency reports.
(d) ( ) Awards.
(e) ( ) Promotions.
(f) ( ) Reclassifications.
(g) ( ) Other.
(3) ( ) Casualty Reporting. Determine the procedures for casualty reporting.
(4) ( ) Civilian Personnel Requirements. Identify civilian personnel requirements.
(Classification)
D-9
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
b. ( ) Administrative Services.
(1) ( ) Reproduction and Word Processing. Determine reproduction and word processing
requirements.
(2) ( ) Equipment Requirements. Determine the requirement for administrative
equipment beyond the present equipment. Specify the type and quantity of systems.
(3) ( ) Blank Forms and Publications. Determine the requirement for pre-positioning of
blank forms and publications.
(4) ( ) Accident Reporting Procedures. Determine the requirement for accident reporting
procedures (DA Form 265) and other related safety reports.
(5) ( ) Postal. Identify postal requirements.
c. ( ) Finance. Determine finance support requirements. Identify the type of requirement (pay
and allotments).
d. ( ) Religious Support.
(1) ( ) Religious Support Requirements. Determine the following religious support
requirements:
(a) ( ) Catholic.
(b) ( ) Protestant.
(c) ( ) Jewish.
(d) ( ) Orthodox.
(e) ( ) Muslim.
(f) ( ) Other.
(2) ( ) Vehicular Support. Determine additional equipment support, including
transportation and C4I to accomplish the religious support mission.
e. ( ) Legal. Determine the requirement for staff judge advocate (SJA) support in the
following areas:
(1) ( ) Administrative law.
(2) ( ) Claims.
(3) ( ) Defense.
(4) ( ) Prosecution.
(5) ( ) International law.
(6) ( ) Operational law, including ROE.
f. ( ) Public Affairs. Determine the requirement for PAO support.
13. ( ) COMBAT HEALTH SUPPORT (CHS).
a. ( ) Hospitalization (Theater or ASCC).
(1) ( ) Determine the casualty estimate for the number of required hospital beds.
(a) ( ) Surgical.
(b) ( ) Medical.
(Classification)
Figure D-1. Statement of Requirements Format (Continued)
D-10
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(2) Determine the location and accessibility of supporting Echelons III or IV hospitals.
b. ( ) Medical Treatment and Patient Evacuation.
(1) ( ) Medical Treatment. Echelons III and IV hospitals provide medical treatment.
ARSOF must state their specific patient-tracking requirements.
(2) ( ) Organic Support.
(a) ( ) Availability of assets.
(b) ( ) Casualty evacuation. This requirement includes using conventional and
ARSOA evacuation assets to extract casualties from hostile and denied territory.
It should also include augmentation of ARSOA aircraft with medical personnel
(physicians, physician assistants, or ARSOF medics), as required.
(3) ( ) Theater or ASCC Support. Use traditional assets to support MEDEVAC only if
those assets do not compromise the security of the operation.
(a) ( ) Ground evacuation assets in a GS, a DS, or an area support role.
(b) ( ) Air evacuation assets in GS, DS, or area support roles.
(4) ( ) Theater Evacuation Policy. A requirement may exist that an exception to the
theater evacuation policy is necessary to retain qualified ARSOF personnel within the
theater.
c. ( ) Area Medical Support. The ARSOF must identify the location of the medical support
organizations and project medical treatment beyond organic capabilities.
d. ( ) Dental Services. Determine dental support requirements and location of support
organizations.
e. ( ) Preventive Medicine Services. Determine preventive medicine support requirements
beyond organic assets and the location of support organizations.
f. ( ) Veterinary Services. Requirements for veterinary support must be identified and
coordinated through the appropriate command and control element.
g. ( ) Combat Stress Control. Control of stress is a command’s responsibility. The ARSOF must
plan for combat stress control support and identify combat stress control organizations.
h. ( ) Combat Health Logistics.
(1) ( ) Determine requirements for Class VIII supplies by nomenclature, NSN, quantities,
and special requirements associated with a particular item such as refrigeration.
(2) ( ) Determine schedule of resupplies required.
(3) ( ) Determine whether resupply will be prepackaged standard line items. Project
when line-item ordering will be established and, if feasible, how often, how long, and
through what channels.
(4) ( ) Determine the need for Class VIII supplies peculiar to the area of operations;
whether they are readily available or must be specifically acquired, such as refrigeration,
security, and shelf life (for example, antivenins).
(5) ( ) Determine availability and reliability of HN Class VIII for emergency purposes.
(Classification)
D-11
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(6) ( ) Determine need for blood and blood products and associated equipment, if
required.
(7) ( ) Determine coordinating agencies for chemical support.
i. ( ) Medical Laboratory Support. Determine medical laboratory support requirements and
support organizations.
14. ( ) SIGNAL.
a. ( ) Terminal Equipment and Access. Determine requirements for the following:
(1) ( ) Supplemental terminal equipment. Specify by type and quantity.
(2) ( ) Access to HN commercial telephone system. Specify need, such as number of
lines.
(3) ( ) Access to NATO telegraph network.
(4) ( ) Access to HN military teletype system.
(5) ( ) Access to automatic secure voice communications (AUTOSEVOCOM).
(6) ( ) Access to NATO secure voice network.
(7) ( ) Access to automatic digital network (AUTODIN).
(8) ( ) Identify Data Communications (DATACOM) requirements for Standard Army
Multi-Command Management Information System (STAMMIS) and other data systems.
Specify intertheater and intratheater requirements.
b. ( ) Transmit and Receive Sites. Determine the number of transmit and receive sites to be set
up and amount of area necessary.
(1) ( ) Access to NATO telegraph network.
(2) ( ) Access to HN military teletype system.
(3) ( ) Access to AUTOSEVOCOM.
(4) ( ) Access to NATO secure voice network.
(5) ( ) Access to AUTODIN.
(6) ( ) Identify DATACOM requirements for STAMMIS and other data systems. Specify
intertheater and intratheater requirements.
c. ( ) Transmit and Receive Sites. Determine the number of transmit and receive sites to be set
up and amount of area necessary.
d. ( ) Signal Maintenance Support. Determine the requirements for supplemental signal
maintenance support.
e. ( ) Frequency Requirements. Determine the number of separate frequencies needed on a daily
basis.
15. ( ) SECURITY.
a. ( ) MP Functions. Determine the requirement for the following MP functions:
(1) ( ) Access control.
(2) ( ) Detention (prisoner of war and friendly).
(Classification)
D-12
FM 3-05.60
(Classification)
(3) ( ) Investigations.
(4) ( ) Traffic control.
(5) ( ) Physical security.
(6) ( ) General law enforcement.
(7) ( ) Convoy security.
(8) ( ) Special weapons.
(9) ( ) Other (specify).
b. ( ) Counterintelligence. Determine the requirement for CI.
c. ( ) Base Defense. Determine the requirement for base defense capabilities.
16. ( ) FUNDING AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT.
a. ( ) Type of required currency.
b. ( ) Source of resupply.
c. ( ) Means of contractual payment.
d. ( ) Means of local purchase payment.
e. ( ) Cost-capturing requirements.
(Classification)
D-13
Glossary
A2C2 Army airspace command and control
AADC area air defense commander
ABC3 airborne command, control, and communications
ABCCC airborne battlefield command and control center
ABFDS aerial bulk fuel-delivery system
A/C REH aircraft rehearsal
ACC air component commander
ACL aircraft combat load
ACM airspace control measures
ACO airspace control order
ACP air control point
ADA air defense artillery
adaptive targeting and Targeting and mission planning methods required when
mission planning circumstances prevent any command echelon from executing the
deliberate targeting and mission planning cycle.
ADC air data computer
ADCON administrative control − Direction or exercise of authority over
subordinate or other organizations in respect to administration
and support, including the organization of Service forces, control
of resources and equipment, personnel management, unit
logistics, individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization,
demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in the
operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations.
(JP 1-02)
ADF automatic direction finder
ADP automated data processing
ADS airspace deconfliction software
AESOP airborne electronic special operations payload
AFCS automatic flight control system
AFSOC Air Force special operations component − The Air Force
component of a joint force special operations component. (JP 1-02)
AFSOD Air Force special operations detachment
AFSOE Air Force special operations element
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Glossary-3
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RZ recovery zone
S2 intelligence and training officer (U.S. Army)
S3 operations and training officer (U.S. Army)
S4 logistics officer (U.S. Army)
SA security assistance
SAAFR standard use Army aircraft flight route
SAFE selected area for evasion
SAM surface-to-air missile
SAR search and rescue
SATCOM satellite communications
SCI sensitive compartmented information
sea-air-land team A naval force specially organized, trained, and equipped to
conduct special operations in maritime, littoral, and riverine
environments. (JP 1-02)
SEAD suppression of enemy air defenses
SEAL sea-air-land
SELSCAN Selective Adaptive Communications Processor
SEMA special electronic mission aircraft
SERE survival, evasion, resistance, and escape
SERER survival, evasion, resistance, escape, and recovery
SF Special Forces − U.S. Army forces organized, trained, and
equipped specifically to conduct special operations. Special Forces
have five primary missions: unconventional warfare, foreign
internal defense, direct action, special reconnaissance, and
counterterrorism. Counterterrorism is a special mission for
specially organized, trained, and equipped Special Forces units
designated in theater contingency plans. (JP 1-02)
SFG Special Forces group − A combat arms organization capable of
planning, conducting, and supporting special operations activities in
all operational environments in peace, conflict, and war. It consists
of a group headquarters and headquarters company, a support
company, and Special Forces battalions. The group can operate as a
single unit, but normally the battalions plan and conduct operations
from widely separated locations. The group provides general
operational direction and synchronizes the activities of subordinate
battalions. Although principally structured for unconventional
warfare, Special Forces group units are capable of task-organizing to
meet specific requirements. (JP 1-02)
SFODA Special Forces operational detachment A
SFODB Special Forces operational detachment B
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Glossary-19
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Glossary-20
Bibliography
FM 1-100. Army Aviation Operations. 21 February 1997.
JP 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. June 1999.
JP 3-13.1. Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare (C2W). 7 February 1996.
JP 3-50.2. Doctrine for Joint Combat Search and Rescue. 26 January 1996.
Bibliography-1
FM 3-05.60
JP 3-56. Tactical Command and Control Planning Guidance and Procedures for Joint Operations.
1 April 1974. Change 1, 16 May 1979.
Bibliography-2
Index
A combat, 4-1 − 4-3, 5-6, C-34, evasion and recovery (E&R),
C-35 1-2, 2-3, 2-17, 2-19, 3-6
aircraft capabilities, 2-16,
B-1 − B-56 combat search and rescue external communications
(CSAR), 1-2. 2-3, 2-16, support, 4-7
AH-6J, B-6 − B-12
2-17, 2-20, 2-21, A-8, B-13,
MH-6J, B-1 − B-5 B-23, B-32, B-39, C-11
MH-47D, B-32 − B-38 combat service support (CSS),
MH-47E, B-39 − B-54 Preface-1, 4-8, 5-1, 5-2, 5-5, F
MH-60K, B-23 − B-31 5-6, 5-12, C-22, C-29, C-30, fire support, 2-1, 3-3, 3-6,
C-33, C-35 4-1 – 4-3, B-6, B-13, B-14,
MH-60L, B-13 − B-22
combat support (CS), C-3, C-4
aircraft capabilities matrix,
Preface-1, 2-16, 4-1, air interdiction, 4-3
B-55, B-56
4-6, 4-8, 5-1, 5-2, C-35 Army attack helicopters,
air defense, 4-4 – 4-5
command and control (C2), 4-3, 4-5
airspace, C-1, C-34 Preface-1, 1-2, 2-10, 2-13, Army tactical missile
command and control 2-14, 2-16, 3-1 – 3-4, 3-10, system (ATACMS), 4-1,
(C2), C-34 – C-36 4-7, 5-8, B-13, B-17, C-1, 4-2
control authority, C-36 C-34
close air support (CAS),
coordination, C-35 command, control, 4-3
communications, and
deconfliction, 3-3, C-35, field artillery, 4-1, 4-2
computers (C4), 3-11
C-36 fratricide control, 4-5,
command, control,
restricted, C-34 C-3, C-10, C-18, C-22
communications, computers,
airspace control measures and intelligence (C4I), 1-2 naval surface fire
(ACM), C-34, C-35 support, 4-1, 4-2
communications, 1-4, 2-10,
airspace control order (ACO), 2-13, 2-16 – 2-20, 3-6, 3-10, reconnaissance, 4-3
3-3, C-35, C-36 3-11, 4-7, 5-6, A-5, B-2, B-6, tactical air support,
Army tactical missile system B-7, B-13, B-14, B-23, B-24, 4-1 – 4-3
(ATACMS), 4-1, 4-2 B-32, B-33, B-40, B-55, forward arming and refueling
C-5 – C-8, C-12, C-13, C-16, point (FARP), 3-6, 4-7, 4-8,
ARSOA mission, 1-1
C-17, C-32, C-34, D-4, D-6, 5-6, 5-8 – 5-10, B-32, B-38,
ARSOA principles, 2-6 D-12 B-39, B-54
attack helicopters, 1-1, 4-5, counterintelligence (CI), 4-7,
B-6 − B-12, B-13, fratricide prevention, 4-5, C-3,
A-1, A-2 C-10, C-18, C-22
B-17 − B-22, B-55, B-56
AH-6J, B-6 − B-12 fuel, 5-6, 5-9, 5-10, B-3,
B-4, B-7, B-11, B-13,
MH-60L (DAP), B-13, B-16 – B-18, B-22 – B-24,
B-17 − B-22 E
B-26 – B-28, B-32, B-33,
engineer support, 4-7, 4-8 B-36 – B-41, B-43, B-45.
countermobility, 4-7 B-54 – B-56, C-5 – C-7, C-9,
C general engineering, 4-8 C-14, D-3
casualty evacuation mobility, 4-7
(CASEVAC), C-8 survivability, 4-7
collateral activities, 2-1, topographic
2-8 − 2-10, 2-16 – 2-19 engineering, 4-8
Index-1
FM 3-05.60
H M operations
host nation (HN), 2-5, 2-10, maritime operations, 2-8, 2-21 airspace control
2-11, 2-15, 2-17, 2-18 measures (ACM), C-34,
mission-essential and battle
C-35
tasks, 1-1, 1-2
airspace deconfliction,
mission planning, 3-4 – 3-9
C-35, C-36
I missions, 2-10 − 2-16
Army airspace
intelligence, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-5, Civil Affairs (CA), 2-12 command and control
2-6, 2-10, 2-13, 2-15, 2-19, combatting terrorism (A2C2), C-34 – C-36
3-2, 3-3, 4-5 – 4-7, (CBT), 2-15, 2-16 mission planning folder,
A-1 – A-9, C-3, C-20, counterproliferation of C-18
C-22 – C-26, C-30, C-32, weapons of mass operation order
C-33 destruction (CPWMD), (OPORD), C-1 − C-17
intelligence and electronic 2-16
organization, 1-5, 1-6
warfare (IEW), 4-6, A-1 direct action (DA), 2-14,
intelligence preparation of the 2-15
battlespace (IPB), 2-13, foreign internal defense
A-6 – A-8 (FID), 2-11 P
information operations principles of war, 2-1 − 2-3
(IO), 2-10, 2-12 − 2-14 priority intelligence
J Psychological requirements (PIR), A-1,
Operations (PSYOP), A-4 – A-6
joint suppression of enemy air
2-11, 2-12
defenses (J-SEAD), 4-4,
C-3, C-12 special reconnaissance
(SR), 2-15
R
unconventional warfare
(UW), 2-10, 2-11 request for intelligence
L information (RII), A-3 – A-6
landing zones, 2-8, 2-10, 4-5, resupply procedures for
4-7, 4-8, A-7, A-9, B-55 developed and undeveloped
N theaters, 5-10 – 5-12
liaison, 1-1, 1-2, 2-16, 3-3, 3-5,
3-6, 3-8, 3-9, 5-11 night vision device (NVD), rules of engagement (ROE), 2-4
B-33, B-35, B-38, B-42,
limitations, 5-6 B-44, B-54, B-56
logistics environment, 5-1 forward-looking infrared
buildup and integration, radar (FLIR), A-2, B-3, S
5-1 B-7, B-17, B-20, B-32, search and rescue (SAR), 2-9,
initial entry, 5-1 B-35, B-42, B-56 2-16, 2-21
redeployment, 5-1 night vision goggles, 2-8 special operations (SO)
logistics planning, 5-2 nuclear, biological, and imperatives, 2-1, 2-3 − 2-6
chemical (NBC) special operations support
aviation life support
decontamination, 4-8 command (SOSCOM), 5-2,
equipment (ALSE), 5-8
5-3, 5-11
classes of supply, 5-6,
5-7 statement of requirements
(SOR), 5-2 − 5-5, 5-7, 5-8,
considerations, 5-6 O D-1 − D-13
fuel, 5-6 operational considerations, 2-1, supporting tasks, 1-2
2-7, 2-8
terrain, 2-7, 2-8
weather, 2-7
Index-2
FM 3-05.60
T
tactical application, 2-19
W
weapons, B-56
weather support, 4-7
wind limitations, 2-7, B-3, B-10,
B-21, B-36, B-44
Index-3
PIN: 078613-000