Excretion

Denition Elimination of waste products of metabolism

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Metabolism All of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells Waste Products Chemicals produced during metabolism which are poisonous

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Single-celled Organsims Waste diffuses through cell membrane Higher Plants Through stomata, mainly on leaves

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Main Organs (Human) Lungs Kidneys Skin Liver

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Lungs

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Lungs

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Lungs

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Lungs
right bronchus bronchiole heart trachea intercostal muscles ribs

alveoli
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diaphragm

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Lungs

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Lungs - main function take in O2 from atmosphere and get it into the bloodstream take CO2 from the bloodstream and release it into the atmosphere (excretion)

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Kidneys
inferior vena cava right renal vein aorta left renal artery cortex

medulla ureter bladder

urethra direction of flow of arterial blood direction of flow of venous blood

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Kidneys - main functions essential part of urinary system for homeostasis for ltration of blood produce hormones produce enzymes

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Kidneys - macro (big) structure bean-shaped renal artery enters concave side renal vein & ureter leave concave side outer renal cortex inner renal medulla nephrons span the cortex and medulla

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Kidneys -nephron

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Kidneys - the nephron nephrons span the cortex and medulla glomerulus Bowmans capsule proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henl - descending & ascending distal convoluted tubule collecting duct afferent & efferent arteriole

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Nephrons nephrons are the urine producing structure main job is to regulate concentration of water

and soluble substances nephrons lter the blood reabsorb useful substances excrete remainder as urine

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Nephrons - overview eliminate waste regulate blood volume and blood pressure regulate levels of electrolytes and metabolites regulate blood pH

Nephrons - control controlled by hormones from endocrine system

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Kidney Failure 2 main types acute renal injury - often reversible with

treatment chronic kidney disease - often irreversible

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) identied by blood or urine analysis no treatment for condition severe CKD requires dialysis or kidney
transplant (preferable)

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Dialysis - haemodialysis performed outside body uses diffusion and ultraltration to remove

water & solutes average treatment 4 hours, 4 times a week

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Dialysis

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Dialysis

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Kidney Transplant need compatible donors (blood type) compatibility less important now than in the

past due to improved drug therapy (immunosuppressives) live donors give better results than dead organ trade a problem in poor countries

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Excretion Questions 1 1. Dene excretion [1] 2. What is metabolism? [1] 3. What are the 4 excretory organs of the body? [4] 4. What is the main gas excreted from the body? [1] 5. What are the 2 main areas of a kidney? [2] 6. What 2 organs leave the kidney? [1] 7. What structure produces urine in the kidney? [1] 8. What system has control of kidney function? [1] Total marks [12]

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Excretion Questions 2 1. What are the 4 main jobs of the kidneys? [4] 2. What are the 2 types of kidney failure? [2] 3. How is CKD identied? [2] 4. What 2 techniques are used to clean blood during haemodialysis? [2] 5. Why is a kidney transplant preferable to dialysis? [1] Total marks [11]

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