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UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS
May/June 2002 b
a
Examination for the degree of e
BEng/ MEng h
Civil Engineering
c d datum
FLUID MECHANICS
Manometric fluid density ρ H g
Figure of manometer setup
Time allowed: 2 hours
density of mercury ρ = 13000 kg/m
3
Attempt 4 questions
pressure at C and D is equal:
pC = p D
p A + ρ w g a = p B + ρ w g ( b - h ) + ρ Hg g h
Useful formulae: p A - pB = ρ w g b - ρ w g h - ρ w g a + ρ Hg g h
Parallel axis theorem I oo = I GG + Ax 2 , = ρ w g ( b - a ) + hg ( ρ Hg - ρ w )
bd 3 bd 3
2 moment of area for a rectangle, I GG = , and for a triangle I GG = As horizontal a = b
nd
12 36 p A - pB = hg ( ρ Hg - ρ w )
= 0.6 × 9.81 × ( 13600 - 800 )
2
= 75 340 N/m2
3 = 75.34 kN/m
1. (a) A “U”-tube manometer containing mercury of density 13600 kg/m is used to measure the
pressure drop along a horizontal pipe. If the fluid in the pipe has a relative density of 0.8 and 1.b
ρ o = 800 kg/m3
the manometer reading is 0.6m, what is the pressure difference measured by the manometer? ρ w = 1000 kg/m3
[8 marks] h 1 = 0.5m,
h 2 = 4.0m
(b) A tank with vertical sides is filled with water to a depth of 4.0m. The water is covered with a
layer of oil 0.5m thick. If the relative density of the oil is 0.8, find the resultant force (per unit Disatnce of centroids of pressure diagram from surface
L1 = 0.5 *2/3 = 0.333m
width) and its line of action on the wall of the tank. L2 = 2.5m
[9 marks] L3 = 0.5 + 4*2/3 = 3.1667m
(c) Water is being fired at 20 m/s from a hose of 80mm diameter into the atmosphere. The Areas of pressure diagram
A 1 = 800 × 0.5 × 9.81 × 0.5 ×0.5 = 981
water leaves the hose through a nozzle with a diameter of 25mm at its exit. Find the pressure
A 2 = 1000 × 4.0 × 9.81 ×4.0 × 0.5 = 78480
just upstream of the nozzle and the force on the nozzle. A 3 = 800 × 0.5 × 9.81 × 4.0 = 15696
[8 marks]
Total area = resultant focre per unitwidth = R = 95157 N
1.a
1 Turn Over 2 Turn Over
Take moment about surface to find point of action LR u12 u2
p1 + ρ = p2 + ρ 2
R LR = A 1 L1 + A 2 L2 + A3 L3
2 2
LR = 2.587 m
(
ρ 2
p1 = u 2 − u12
2
)
=
1000 2
2
(
20 − 1. 9532 )
1.c
= 198092N / m2
= 198. 1 kN / m 2
1 2 π 0. 082
FP = P1 A1 − P2 A2 = 198092 = 995. 72
4
FT = FR + FP + FB
FR = 176.86 − 995. 72 = 819N
u 1 = unknown
d 1 = 0.08m
u 2 = 20 m/s
d 2 = 0.025m
Pressure force
Use Bernoulli to calculate the unknown pressure
p1 u12 p u2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
As horizontal z1 = z2
p 2 = atmospheric = 0.0
For the “V” notch weir the relationship between width and depth is dependent on the angle of the “V”.
Figure 1
“V” notch, or triangular, weir geometry.
If the level in the tank rises 0.8m in 20 seconds, determine the coefficient of discharge of the If the angle of the “V” is θ then the width, b , a depth h from the free surface is
notch.
θ
(Derive all formulae assuming the Bernoulli equation) b = 2( H − h ) tan
2
[20 marks]
So the discharge is
(b) What would be the head for a 90 ° v-notch with a coefficient of discharge of 0.9 when water θ
H
is flowing at the same rate as measured in the first part of the question? Qtheoretical = 2 2 g tan ∫ ( H − h) h1/ 2 dh
2 0
[5 marks]
θ 2
H
2
= 2 2 g tan Hh 3/2 − h 5 /2
A General Weir Equation 2 5 5 0
Consider a horizontal strip of width b and depth h below the free surface, as shown in the figure below.
8 θ
= 2 g tan H 5/2
15 2
The actual discharge is obtained by introducing a coefficient of discharge
8 θ
Q actual = Cd 2 g tan H 5/2
15 2
From the question:
Q = A tank h /time = 0.5× 0.8/20 = 0.02 m /s
3
θ = 70°
Elemental strip of flow through a notch
Head = H = 0.2m
Assuming the velocity is only due to the head.
Re arranging the weir equation, and substituting in these values gives
velocity through the strip, u = 2 gh Q
Cd =
discharge through the strip, δQ = Au = bδ h 2 gh 8 θ
2 g tan H 5 / 2
15 2
Integrating from the free surface, h = 0 , to the weir crest, h = H gives the expression for the total theoretical
0. 02
discharge =
H 0. 533× 4. 429× tan 35 × 0 .3 5 /2
Qtheoretical = 2 g ∫ bh 2 dh = 0. 676
1
This will be different for every differently shaped weir or notch. To make further u se of this equation we need an b)
expression relating the width of flow across the weir to the depth below the free surface.
Answer: As the question says - EACH PART REQUIRES AT LEAST HALF A PAGE DESCRIPTION PLUS
DIAGRAMS - take from lecture notes AND other books.
(c) In the wind tunnel the 1.0m diameter sphere experiences a force of 14 200 N. What force For π 2
would you expect on the 0.1m diameter shere when in water flowing at 5m/s?
[7 Marks]
( )(
a2
)
0 = ML− 3 LT −1 ( L) 2 MLT − 2
b2 c
4.a.
0 = φ (π 1 , π 2 )
u F
F = f (ρ , µ , d , u) 0 = φ ,
2 2
0 = φ ( F , ρ , µ, d , u ) ρud ρu d
ρud
Inverting π1 gives Re =
Assume the governing variables ρ, u, d µ
F
According to Buckingham's π theorem there are n-m groups 0 = φ Re, 2 2
where ρu d
n = number of variables (5) and
Rearranging this gives F = ρu 2 d 2φ (Re )
m = number of dimensions (i.e. MLT, giving 3)
n-m = 5-3 = 2 groups
0 = φ (π 1 ,π 2 ) 4.b
For dynamic similarity the Reynolds numbers are equal for both the water and air situation
π1 = ρ u d µ
a1 b1 c1
π 2 = ρ a2 u b2 d c2 F
[25 marks]
12. 5 × u air ×1. 0 1000× 5. 0 × 0. 1
=
1. 7 × 10− 5 1. 0 × 10− 6
Take the inlet as point 1 and the outlet as point 2. 3
Q = 0.4 m /s
u air = 680m / s
2
p 1 = 300000 N/m
u air = 6. 8m / s πd 12 πd 22
a1 = = 0. 0707m 2 a2 = = 0. 01767m 2
4 4
4.c.
Q = a1u1 = a2 u2
With dynamic similarity φ ( Re water ) = φ ( Re air ) 0 .4
u1 = = 5.658 m / s
0 .0707
So 0. 4
u2 = = 22.637 m / s
2
Fwater d water u 2water ρwaterφ (Re water ) 0 .01767
=
Fair 2
d air 2
u air ρairφ ( Reair ) Calculate the total force on the bend.
In the x- direction
FTx = ρQ(u 2x − u1x )
Fwater 0 .12 5 2 1000
= = ρQ(u 2 cosθ − u1 )
14200 1.02 6802 12.5
= 1000× 0. 4(16. 0 − 5. 658)
= 4140N
Fwater = 0.614N
FTy = ρQ(u2 y − u1y ) = 0
In the y -direction there is no component i.e.
F py = 0 − P2 A2 sin 45
u12 A1
2
FTy = FRy + FPy + FBy p1 − p 2
+ z1 − z 2 = −1
6403 = FRy − 502 + 736 ρg 2 g A2
FRy = 6169N p − p2
2g 1 + z1 − z2
ρg
u1 = 2
FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = 17679N A1
−1
A2
Acting at the angle θ p1 − p 2
FRy 2g + z1 − z2
tanθ = ρg
FRx = A2
A12 + A22
θ = 20.42o
To get the theoretical discharge this is multiplied by the area. To get the actual discharge taking in to account the
The force acting on the bend is -17678 N i.e. equal in magnitude to the force on the fluid, but in the opposite losses due to friction, we include a coefficient of discharge
direction.
Q ideal = u 1 A1
Q actual = Cd Q ideal = C d u1 A1
p1 − p2
2g + z1 − z2
ρg
Q actual = Cd A1 A2
A12 − A22
1
z2
in
z1
h datum
z1 = z2
Cd = 0.98
ρ = 1030 kg/m3
2
d1 = 75 mm = 0.075 m, a1 = 0.0044 m
2
a2 = 0.001 m
3
Q = 0.11 m /s