Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
1. INTRODUCTION
There are circumstances when the integrity of a structure is governed not by the strength of the metal but by another property, namely toughness. Such situations generally imply the presence of defects in the structure such as cracks or sharp notches and are favoured by the occurrence of low temperature. The incidence of dynamic loads is another parameter enhancing the risk of so-called brittle fracture. Thus the engineer has to consider that the concept of ultimate boundary states and the fulfilment of the related criteria may apply and lead to a safe design only if the pre-requisite conditions that prevent brittle failure are met. In normal circumstances, it is impracticable to undertake a detailed 'fitness-for-purpose' analysis involving sophisticated fracture mechanics tests either at the design stage or during fabrication and erection of conventional structures. For such constructions, simple rules have to be developed and specified in building codes to define which qualities of steel should be selected to ensure a safe design. This lecture is divided into sections devoted respectively to: A brief survey of brittle failure. A review of different fracture mechanics concepts. A presentation of the different approaches on which a methodology for steel selection may be based. An illustration of the present solution adopted for Eurocode 3 [1] and of the work planned on this subject in the near future under the auspices of the International Institute of Welding.
1 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Strain-hardenability is appraised in a tensile test and is quantified by the slope of the stress-strain curve in the plastic regime. Strain hardening governs the amount of uniform elongation a material may undergo before necking or fracturing (Figure 2).
2 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
A material showing no ductility is intrinsically brittle and produces, even in a defect-free situation, negligible plastic elongation during a tensile test and no strain hardening. Such a material is glass. Steel usually exhibits ductile behaviour in the tensile test and the presence of some defect is necessary to induce brittleness. The defect may be a geometrical discontinuity with sharp edges constituting a stress raiser, or an area in which the mechanical properties are locally impaired such as the heat affected zone of a weld, or a region of local plastic deformation which may undergo subsequent strain ageing. Often, both geometrical and metallurgical defects are present together; weldments may undergo lack of penetration or contain cold cracks, while punches or shears may create burrs or notches. A large embrittling effect may thus be induced. Should the ductility of the metal at the tip of the notch be very poor, then no possibility would exist to blunt the notch by plastic deformation. The result would be a brittle failure occurring at a load which can be calculated from linear elastic theory as a function of the component dimensions, the notch size and the toughness characteristics of the metal.
3 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
In the case where a degree of ductility is available, crack blunting occurs and is reflected in a degree of crack opening. The fracture behaviour is then significantly influenced by the strain hardenability of the metal. If little strain hardening is available, then the crack may propagate through the component at a rather constant stress level, either by ductile tearing or brittle cracking. Different fracture behaviour can be observed with a ductile metal which is capable of sustained strain hardening since propagation of the defect after crack blunting requires an increasing load to be applied to the component. Such conditions give rise to stable crack propagation.
The theory of the J integral is based on the same assumptions as above but computes a specific fracture energy whose value is independent of the contour of integration and which is an alternative measurement of the material toughness [4]. It is important to mention that both the CTOD and the J concepts are designed to assess situations in which fracture occurs in the elasto-plastic region, but imply nevertheless a relatively small extent of plastic strain at the crack tip. To assess the risk of failure by brittle fracture, means have been provided to estimate the CTOD or J values in a large structure containing a defect, as a function of the overall applied loads. These estimated values are then compared with the critical failure values for the relevant material. A well known design curve for such fitness-for-purpose analysis is based on the CTOD approach (Figure 4).
4 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
All the above procedures normally require that the product be tested with its full thickness so as to derive a suitable toughness index. Although this condition may involve test specimens having rather large dimensions, it can never be considered as appraising the overall fracture behaviour of a structural component. Therefore, the relevance of the transferability of the test data for the appraisal of large structures has to be verified by comparing the computed fracture behaviour to that experimentally observed during tests on a very large piece whose size is similar to the parts of a real structure. The Wide Plate test has been designed with this aim. It involves tensile testing, possibly at lowered temperature, of a wide specimen (1m wide for instance) containing deliberate through-thickness or surface cracks. A convenient evaluation of performance in the Wide Plate test is provided by the Yield criterion [5]. When full yield occurs, then all sections of the specimen, even those not affected by the defect, develop plastic strains so that the overall elongation is sufficient to prevent a sudden failure. Full yield also ensures that the structure can reach its maximum elastic design load, i.e. the product of the material yield stress and the gross section, as if it were not affected by the defect, which is an obvious asset for safety. A critical defect length can be defined above which the criterion can no
5 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
longer be fulfilled; then only net section yielding or contained yielding are achieved. Table 2 summarises the main concepts relating to the Wide Plate test. There are situations in which resistance to failure is not governed by toughness but by the load bearing capability of the net section in the part affected by a defect. This situation may occur with quite ductile materials affected by cracks. Plastic collapse corresponds to the achievement of unlimited displacements in the net section when the applied load induces a net section stress equal to the material flow stress. A ratio Sr may be defined to express the safety against plastic collapse for a given loading condition. It is sometimes more convenient to use the material yield stress as a reference and think in terms of plastic yield load. A ratio Lr is then considered. Table 3 defines the parameters. Although the assumptions associated with Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and Plastic Collapse lead to quite opposite fracture mechanisms, both concepts may actually apply to the same material and even the same structure depending on the defect size. Figure 5 illustrates this situation for the simple example of a wide plate containing a through-thickness defect. For small defect sizes the lowest fracture resistance is dictated by plastic collapse concepts, whereas for larger defects the lowest fracture resistance is obtained from linear elastic theory.
This interactive behaviour supports the so-called two-criteria approach developed by CEGB in 1976, and known as the R6 procedure, whose latest 3rd revision is now well developed [6]. A Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) expresses the risk of failure in a two-dimensional space using the Sr or Lr parameter as the abscissa and a Kr variable as the ordinate. Kr is the ratio between the applied and critical KI stress intensity factors. Safe and unsafe conditions are discriminated by a curve quantifying the interaction. The main aspects of this method are summarised in Table 4.
6 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
The analysis of the risk of brittle failure is based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, and toughness requirements are derived in agreement with this theory. Some modifications which were introduced for simplification purposes are highlighted in the document and result in more conservative assumptions. A particular feature of the method lies in the fact that defect sizes are defined in relation to plate thickness so as to match with the conditions of plane strain and thus ensure the applicability of a LEFM approach. The main steps involved in the definition and application of the SANZ method are summarised in Table 5. The final formula leading to the definition of steel quality in terms of a TK28 index takes account of the service temperature and the strain rate to which the structure may be exposed, as well as the scatter in the experimental relations. Some predictions of the necessary transition temperature at the Charpy V level of 28J are illustrated in Table 6 for the condition of a structure operating at a minimum service temperature of 0C and possibly loaded up to the material yield stress at a slow strain rate ( = 0,1s-1).
7 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
8 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Table 9 lists the principal rules of the model which was originally developed to document the fracture behaviour of parent metal and later extended to appraise butt welded wide plates. In the latter case, local values of tensile strength and toughness of the metal at the crack tip are considered by using Charpy specimens with the notch root positioned in either the weld metal or the heat affected zone. Hardness measurements are carried out and converted into a proper Rm when this parameter cannot be directly derived from a tensile test. For plain or welded plates, the yield stress used in the formulae is always that of the base metal away from the crack.
It is then supposed that the structure may contain semi-elliptical surface flaws whose size is proportional to the natural logarithm of the thickness (depth=ln t, length = 5ln t). Critical Kr values are derived from the failure assessment diagram after computation of the relevant Lr for the different stress conditions. The necessary toughness, KIC that the material should display at the relevant service temperature can thus be readily defined. The conversion of this requirement into a Charpy V TK28 transition temperature is finally carried out according to the French
9 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
procedure. Table 10 summarises the major aspects of the successive derivations. It highlights the fact that the strict application of this procedure for a given situation would first require a detailed fracture analysis according to the two-criteria approach so as to derive the necessary level of toughness required from the material in terms of a critical stress intensity factor here denoted Kmat. Such an analysis, which must include the respective contributions of the mechanical and residual stresses, as well as the correction factor for crack tip plasticity generated by the residual stress, should be carried out carefully according to a well-documented procedure such as that prescribed in British Standard PD6493 [14]. The critical stress intensity factor at the minimum design service temperature then has to be converted to a 28J transition temperature of a Charpy specimen. Here the rules defined by the French method are followed [9] so as to account for thickness and strain rate effects and the scatter in the relationship linking TKIC and TK28. The procedure presented above should only be applied by specialists in fracture mechanics. On the other hand, the rules included in Eurocode 3 need to be applied by design engineers who require a more convenient formulation. With this aim in mind, the authors of the present Eurocode 3 rules have analysed a limited number of cases simulating the various loading conditions for different plate thicknesses, so as to derive, after a statistical analysis, a simplified formulation of the rules. The parameters of thee rules for practical application are listed in Table 11. As an illustration of the rules, Tables 12 and 13 list a set of requirements for different values of yield stress and thickness corresponding to the S1, S2 and S3 load conditions as well as the C1 and C2 failure consequences.
10 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
valuable comparisons between the French and British approaches in 1986 [16]. An illustration of that work is reproduced in Figure 9.
A similar approach can be used to expand this evaluation to other methodologies. It will be recalled that some procedures express the necessary toughness in terms of a transition temperature while others require a level of energy at the service temperature. Means of conversion are, therefore, necessary in such cases. Table 14 reproduces the equations which were adopted in [16] on the basis of extensive comparisons reported in the 1970's [17]. Further information is necessary in order to make comparisons with the Belgian method since this procedure requires, as an entry parameter, the tensile-to-yield stress ratio of the relevant steel. This parameter depends, among other things, upon the processing route undergone by the material. A characteristic value cannot therefore be defined for a given steel grade. Typical values may, however, be considered on a statistical basis as a function of the guaranteed yield stress, such as those illustrated in Figure 10 which were proposed by Dahl and his co-workers [18]. Such a relationship is used in the present analysis to establish the necessary comparisons. Taking into account that thicker plates generally display a higher Rm/Re ratio than thinner products, data corresponding to the lower boundary or those closer to the upper side of the relationship of Figure 10 are selected depending on the thickness.
11 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Table 15 lists the toughness requirements obtained from the Belgian method applied with same defect sizes as those considered in the French procedure (cf Table 6). TK28 transition temperatures required by both models are compared in Figure 11, which highlights the coherence of the respective specifications, especially in the significant field of negative transition temperatures, which represent the most severe conditions to be fulfilled by the material.
A comparison between the French and British methods is provided in Figure 12 using data which were generated in Tables 6 and 8. Here again specifications from both models are consistent. It will, however, be noticed that the French procedure considers smaller defect sizes (as a function of thickness) than the British method, for instance 8mm against 12mm for a 30mm thick member. This means that, for the same flaw size, the elasto-plastic fracture analysis developed by George on the basis of the design curve and Charpy COD relationships would lead to steel toughness requirements that were somewhat less stringent than those defined by the linear elastic approach of Sanz and the TKIC-TK28 relationships.
12 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
A similar conclusion is reached when roughly comparing, on a same defect size basis, the British rules to the Belgian procedure. Considering, however, that the George model assumes a design stress of only 2/3 of the yield stress and implementing this stress level in the CRM model, quite consistent requirements between both methods would be obtained. This is highlighted in Figure 13 which is drawn with data extracted from Tables 8 and 16.
13 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Requirements derived from the present Eurocode rules are compared to those from the French rules using the data listed in Tables 6 with Table 17 (S1 loading and failure condition C1) and Table 18 (S3 loading and failure condition C2). It is important to note that for the sake of consistency regarding the effect of strain rate, the same value of 0,1s-1 has been adopted for all procedures. Figures 14 and 15 illustrate that, depending on the loading conditions and failure consequences, Eurocode 3 rules are either less stringent or, on the contrary, significantly more constraining than the specifications of the French standard from which they are partly derived.
14 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
15 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
8. DISCUSSION
The comparison exercises reported above have demonstrated that, although the models were derived from quite different basic assumptions and fracture concepts, and were validated at different periods on different steel qualities and steel generations, the French, British and Belgian models lead to consistent Charpy requirements. This agreement is reached when the procedures are compared to each other on a carefully balanced basis, i.e. adopting the same defect size as a function of plate thickness and the same stress level. The strain rate is an important factor, which is an explicit parameter in the French method but not in either of the others. The Belgian model does, however, take some account of this effect through the tensile-to-yield ratio which is influenced by the strain rate sensitivity of the material. All comparisons with the French model were carried out for the slow strain rate of 0,1s-1 with a view to improving consistency. It is nevertheless clear that the strain rate sensitivity may vary, not only as a function of the steel grade, but also according to the applied processing route or chemical composition. This parameter would certainly be worth being better documented so as to optimise the rules for steel selection in certain applications involving dynamic effects. The major sources for possible divergence between the existing rules have been identified. Many specifications are based on their conventions regarding the evolution of the admissible defect as a function of member thickness and the prevailing state and level of stress. This results in the definition of less or more stringent requirements. Such a situation becomes disturbing and confusing when the procedure that the fabricator has to follow is not properly documented in those terms, or when the computational steps are complicated and do not easily provide the possibility of carrying out even a limited parametric analysis. Simple rules involving clearly defined models and based on rigorous mathematical treatments, ideally developed into analytical formulae, should constitute a preferred choice in the establishment of steel selection criteria. On the other hand, complex methodologies involving advanced concepts of fracture analysis may be misleading since their practical application would either be too difficult or simplification of the procedure would result in the infringement of basic fracture mechanics rules.
16 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
These values indicate that the French, British and Belgian rules seem more favourable for the adoption of higher strength steels and thinner gauges than the Eurocode specifications.
11. REFERENCES
[1] Eurocode 3: "Design of Steel Structures": ENV 1993-1-1: Part 1.1, General rules and rules for buildings, CEN, 1992. [2] Brock, D., Elementary engineering fracture mechanics, Martinus Nijhorff Publishers, 1987. [3] Garwood, S. J., A crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) method for the analysis of ductile materials, ASTM STP 945, June 1985. [4] Rice, J. R., A path independent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentrations by notches and cracks, Trans. ASME, J. Appl. Mech. 1968, 35 379-386. [5] Soete, W. and Denys, R., Evaluation of butt welds based on a strain criterion, Revue de la Sodure, Lastijd schrift, No. 4, 1975. [6] Milne, I., Ainsworth, R. A., Dowling, A. R., Stewart, A. T., Assessment of the integrity of structures containing defects, CEGB document R/H/R6 - Revision 3, May 1986. [7] EN 10025: Hot Rolled Products of Non-alloy Structural Steels and their Technical Delivery Conditions, British Standards Institution, 1990. [8] EN 10113-1: Hot Rolled Products of Weldable Fine Grain Structural Steels Part 1: General Delivery Conditions, British Standards Institution, 1993.
17 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
ENV 10113-2: Hot Rolled Products of Weldable Fine Grain Structural Steels Part 2: Delivery Conditions for Normalized/Normalized Rolled Steels, British Standards Institution, 1993. ENV 10113-3: Hot Rolled Products of Weldable Fine Grain Structural Steels Part 2: Delivery Conditions for Normalized/Normalized Rolled Steels, British Standards Institution, 1993. [9] Sanz, G., Essai de mise au point d'une mthode quantitative de choix des aciers vis--vis du risque de rupture fragile, Revue de Mtallurgie - CIT, Juillet 1980. [10] George, M., A method for steel selection, Document IIW-IXF. [11] Defourny, J., D'Haeyer, R., Leroy, V., A metallurgical approach of the parameters affecting the fracture behaviour of base metal and welded components, IIW document IX-1607-90/X-1206-90. [12] Sedlacek, G., Bild, J., Hensen, W., Background document for Chapter 3 of Eurocode 3 "Design Against Brittle Fracture", Aachen 1990. [13] Brozzetti, J., Sedlacek, G., Hensen, W., Fondements des regles de l'Eurocode 3 en vue de se garantir du risque de rupture fragile, Construction Mtallique, no. 1, 1991. [14] Guidance on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in fusion welded structures, PD6493: 1991, BSI. [15] Burdekin, F. M., Materials selection for welded structural steelwork in Engineering Design in welded constructions, Pergamon Press, 1992. [16] de Meester, B., The brittle fracture safe design of welded constructions, Welding in the world. [17] Sanz, G., La rupture des aciers, fascicule 2, Collection IRSID OTUA. [18] Dahl, W., Hesse, W., Krabiell, A., Zur WVerfestigung von Stahl und dessen Einflu auf die Kennwerte des Zugversuchs; Stahl und Eisen 103 (1983), Heft 2, Seite 87-90.
The three modes of loading at a crack tip: The stress field around the crack is defined by a parameter K: u = [KI /(2)].fu() in mode I Infinite plate: KI = (a) Finite plate of width W: KI = ( a).[sec a/W]
18 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
19 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
20 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Gross section stress: b = F/(W t) Net section stress: n = F/[(W - 2a) t] b = n[1 - 2a/W] Full yield : b = Re General yield : n = Re
Determination of the critical defect length at full yield. Different wide plate tests are carried out at the same temperature but with different crack sizes.
Table 3 Plastic Collapse Concept According to the plastic collapse concept, the load bearing resistance of the structure affected by a defect equals the product of the material flow stress by the net section. The diagram below plots the gross stress at plastic collapse in a plate containing a through-thickness defect as a function of the 2a/W ratio (defect length to plate width).
21 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Re : material yield stress Rf : material flow stress Rm : material tensile strength Re < Rf Rm Rf ~ (Rm + Re) / 2 b : gross stress applied to the wide plate Sr = applied load/plastic collapse load = (b / Rf) (1-2a/W) Lr = applied load/plastic yield load = (b / Re) (1-2a/W) At plastic collapse Sr = Srmax = 1 Lr = Lrmax = Rf/Re
Table 4 Main Rules of the R6 Procedure Box 1: The R6 Rev. 3 Failure Assessment Diagram The simplifying concepts behind the R6 procedure are the two criteria for failure, characterised by: 1. Crack tip failure, where failure occurs when the applied load equals the LEFM failure load, This ignores any interaction between the two failure mechanisms. This interaction may be allowed for by writing the first inequality as Kr < f(Lr) and choosing an appropriate function for f. One such function is
f(Lf) =
(5)
22 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
load equals the plastic collapse load and the displacements in the structure become unlimited. The plastic collapse load may be formally defined as the load when the reference stress reaches the material's flow stress, . The criterion for plastic collapse failure is given by the ratio Sr. where Sr =
K2/E. Thus when ref is low, J = Je and f(Lr) = 1, consistent with LEFM failure. When ref is high, on the other hand, failure is governed by J. Equation 5 may be used to generate an FAD directly from the load displacement curves of specimen tests. The most general method for calculating equation 5 is to use the reference stress procedures so that f(Lr) may be calculated directly from the material's stress strain curve. The general equation for this is
(2) and this criterion was used for the initial R6 FAD. It is often more convenient to think in terms of plastic yield loads rather than collapse loads as it is easier to define and calculate these theoretically. In R6 Rev. 3 the ratio Lr is used as
f(Lf) =
(6)
where ref is taken from the material's true stress - true strain curve at respective values of ref. The figure 6 is a plot of equation 6 as a function of Lr, using an experimental stress strain curve for a stainless steel. Although equation 6 is the preferred option for R6 Rev. 3, it requires a detailed knowledge of the stress strain curve of the material, especially around the material's yield point. In some cases, especially when dealing with hold plant, such knowledge is not available. Other options of the FAD have been developed for use in such circumstances.
Lr =
(3)
With Lrmaz.
(4)
1. BASIC RELATIONSHIP
23 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Between KIC and Charpy V based on Transition Temperature at respectively 100MPa m and 28 J: (S1) 2. APPLICABILITY Plane strain condition,
(S2) where e is in metres 3. APPLIED STRESS Material yield stress Re, then (S3) where a is in metres and from Equation (S2) (S4) 4. REFERENCE DEFECT SIZE For thick plates, a semi-elliptic surface defect 50mm long, 25mm deep, which is equivalent to a 28mm long through thickness defect (a = 14mm). 5. REFERENCE YIELD STRESS 477 MPa is the yield stress level derived from S3 with a = 14mm and KIC = 100 MPa m. 6. REFERENCE THICKNESS 110mm is the thickness satisfying Equation (S4) with a = 14mm.
Table 5-2 Main Rules of the French Model 7. REQUIRED KIC VALUES vs YIELD STRESS For thick products (e 110mm), a 28mm long defect corresponds to 100 MPa m at a yield stress of 477 MPa. For other values of Re, the following KIC values apply, as derived from Equation (S3): Re (MPa) KIC (MPa m) 280 59 350 73 410 86 470 99 510 107 640 134 740 155
8. DEFECT LENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF THICKNESS To satisfy Equation (S4) the defect length is related to plate thickness as indicated by the following table. This table also lists the corresponding KIC values at a reference yield stress of 477 MPa. e (mm) 2a (mm) 10 2,5 20 5 43 30 7,5 52 60 15 74 80 20 85 110 28 100 >110 28 100
24 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
9. MAJOR RELATIONSHIPS Taking account of the above tables, it is necessary to consider transition temperatures for KIC values other than 100, but ranging between 30 and 160MPam. This can be quantified through the following equation:
(S5)
Table 5-3 Main Rules of the French Model 10. RELATION BETWEEN SERVICE TEMPERATURE AND 28J TRANSITION TEMPERATURE Equation (S1) is used to relate a minimum service temperature above which the structure is safe to a required toughness level expressed as a transition temperature of 28J in the Charpy test. The minimum service temperature is equal to TKIC = 100 for a structure made of a steel with reference yield stress 477 MPa, reference thickness 110mm and affected by the reference defect length a = 14mm. For other values of yield stress or thickness, other values of KIC apply and corrections are introduced through Equation (S5). Corrections are also made to take account of strain rate effects and the scatter in Equation (S1). The final relationship is expressed as follows: (S6) in which TS : minimum service temperature for fracture safe design TK28 : transition temperature of Charpy V at 28J
(Re) : 60 ln
rounded to 60 ln
Te : in theory, 60 1n
TV : (83 - 0,08 Re) 0,17 where is the strain rate in s-1 25 : scatter of Equation (S1)
11. DEFINITION OF TOUGHNESS REQUIREMENTS The necessary steel quality expressed in terms of the 28J transition temperature is derived as a function of service temperature, strain rate, stress applied to the structure, material yield stress and thickness from the following formula:
25 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Re (MPa) 280 280 280 280 280 280 350 350 350 350 350 350 410 410 410 410 410 410 480 480 480 480 480 480 510 510 510 510
2a (mm) 3 5 8 15 20 28 3 5 8 15 20 28 3 5 8 15 20 28 3 5 8 15 20 28 3 5 8 15
(C) -49 -49 -49 -49 -49 -49 -27 -27 -27 -27 -27 -27 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5
Te (C) -92 -73 -58 -29 -16 0 -92 -73 -58 -29 -16 0 -92 -73 -58 -29 -16 0 -92 -73 -58 -29 -16 0 -92 -73 -58 -29
Tv (C)@0,1/s 41 41 41 41 41 41 37 37 37 37 37 37 34 34 34 34 34 34 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 29 29
TK28 @Ts=0C (C) 53 39 29 8 -1 -12 40 27 16 -4 -14 -25 33 19 9 -12 -22 -33 26 12 2 -19 -28 -39 24 10 0 -21
26 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
510 510
80 110
20 28
5 5
-16 0
29 29
-30 -42
1. BASIC RELATIONSHIP Between the critical crack opening displacement ( in mm) of a material at a given temperature and the Charpy V energy (CV in Joules) at the same temperature: (G1) 2. APPLICABILITY Fracture behaviour analysis according to the assumptions that prevail for the definition of the "Design Curve" in British Standard PD 6493, which for stainless and ferritic steel is expressed as follows:
(G2)
3. APPLIED STRESS In the original model, a value of equal to 1,9 Re was adopted as the result of the superimposition of a design stress equal to 0,67 Re affected by a stress concentration factor of 1,2 and a residual stress of amplitude equal to Re. (G3) 4. REFERENCE DEFECT LENGTH A surface crack size 0,2 times the plate thickness deep and 1 times the thickness long, which corresponds to an equivalent crack size of 0,2e (G4) 5. DEFINITION OF TOUGHNESS REQUIREMENTS Combining Equations (G1) to (G4) leads to: (G5) equivalent to:
(G6)
27 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Table 8 Some Results of the British Method Re (MPa) 280 280 280 280 280 280 350 350 350 350 350 350 410 410 410 410 410 410 480 480 480 480 480 480 510 510 510 510 e (mm) 10 20 30 60 80 110 10 20 30 60 80 110 10 20 30 60 80 110 10 20 30 60 80 110 10 20 30 60 2a (mm) 4 8 12 24 32 44 4 8 12 24 32 44 4 8 12 24 32 44 4 8 12 24 32 44 4 8 12 24 CV (J) 4 8 12 24 32 43 5 10 15 30 39 54 6 12 17 35 46 64 7 14 20 41 54 74 7 14 22 43 TK28@Ts=0C (C) # 106 58 37 6 -5 -17 88 46 27 -3 -14 -26 77 38 20 -9 -20 -31 67 31 13 -15 -26 -37 64 28 10 -17
28 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
510 510
80 110
32 44
57 79
-28 -39
1. BASIC RELATIONSHIP Between net fracture stress in wide plate test containing a through-thickness defect and Charpy V energy at the same temperature:
(C1) where CV is expressed in J and not in J/cm as in the original model. 2. APPLICABILITY Fracture appearance transition temperature in the Charpy test is lower than the temperature of the wide plate test. 3. APPLIED STRESS Material yield stress on gross-section (the model may nevertheless be applied to other stresses). (C2)
4. REFERENCE DEFECT Length of the through-thickness defect (critical size) satisfying the full yield behaviour, expressed by the following equation:
(C3)
(C4)
Step 1.1 Definition of Stress Levels S1, S2, S3: S1 - Structural elements containing no weld, or - stress-relieved welded elements with tensile stresses under 2/3 of yield stress, or
29 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
- as-welded element with tensile stresses under 2/10 of yield stress. S2 - As-welded elements with tensile stresses between 2/10 and 2/3 yield stress, or - stress-relieved welded elements with stresses below 2 times yield stress. S3 - As-welded elements with stresses between 2/3 and 2 times yield stress, or - stress-relieved welded elements with stresses between 2 and 3 times yield stress. Note: Stresses here include local stresses concentrated by stress raisers. (E1)
Step 1.2 Definition of Strain Rates R1, R2 R1 : 0,001 s-1 (permanent loads, traffic loads, winds, waves, material handling) R2 : 1 s-1 (impacts, explosions, collisions) (E2)
Table 10-2 Main Aspects of the Eurocode Rules Step 1.3 Definition of Consequences of Failure C1, C2: C1 : Localised failure without appreciable consequence on safety of persons and stability of structure. C2 : Failure whose local occurrence may cause the global collapse of the structure with disastrous consequences for persons and economy. (E3)
Step 2 Definition of Defect Size: - Semi elliptical surface defect - Depth (a) equal to natural logarithm of thickness (t) - Length (2c) equal to 5 times depth: (E4) a = ln (t) (mm) 2c = 5 ln (t) (mm)
Table 10-3 Main Aspects of the Eurocode Rules Step 3 Computation of Lr and Kr:
30 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Lr is computed as a function of defect size and stress level. Kr is computed as a function of Lr from the Fracture Assessment Diagram. (E5)
Step 4 Computation of Kmat Kmat is the necessary toughness that must be shown by the material. Kmat is derived from the KI corresponding to the loading conditions imposed on the structure and the Kr value derived according to (E5). A safety factor () is introduced to account for the failure condition: = 1 for C1 = 1,5 for C2 (E6)
Step 5 Derivation of TK28 The rules of the French method are followed but are translated for KIC values in N/mm3/2 instead of MPa m (E7)
1. EXPRESSION OF KIC KIC is the toughness required from the material taking account of its thickness and the service conditions prevailing for the structure.
(E'1) Re is the material yield stress guaranteed by the standard for the required thickness (t). Units: KIC in N/mm3/2 Re in MPa t in mm (E'2) = 1 for condition C1 = 1,5 for condition C2 (E'3)
31 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
ln is natural logarithm Stress level S1 ka kb kc 0,18 0,40 0,03 S2 0,18 0,15 0,03 S3 0,10 0,07 0,04
(N/mm3/2) (N/mm3/2) (N/mm3/2) (C) 655 813 933 1192 1324 1489 818 1017 1166 1490 1654 1861 958 1191 1366 1745 1938 2180 1122 1395 1599 2043 2269 2552 1192 1482 1699 2171 2411 939 1185 1364 1744 1933 2167 1174 1481 1705 2180 2416 2709 1375 1735 1997 2553 2830 3173 1610 2031 2338 2989 314 3715 1711 2158 2484 3176 3521 1216 1514 1726 2159 2368 2622 1520 1893 2157 2698 2960 3277 1781 2218 2527 3161 3467 3839 2085 2596 2958 3700 4059 4494 2215 2759 3143 3932 4313 -158 -136 -122 -98 -87 -75 -135 -114 -100 -75 -65 -53 -119 -98 -84 -60 -49 -37 -104 -82 -68 -44 -33 -22 -98 -76 -62 -38 -27
32 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
510
110
2711
3947
4775
-15
22
41
13
-16
-43
-57
Conditions: S1, S2, S3 loading modes at a R1 strain rate (0,001/s) and C1 failure consequences.
280
10
818
1174
1520
-135
-99
-73
61
36
10
-9
280
20
1017
1481
1893
-114
-76
-51
61
20
-7
-24
280
30
1166
1705
2157
-100
-62
-38
61
10
-17
-34
280
60
1490
2179
2698
-75
-37
-16
61
-7
-34
-50
280
80
1654
2416
2959
-65
-27
-7
61
-15
-42
-56
280
110
1860
2708
3277
-53
-16
61
-23
-50
-64
350
10
1023
1467
1900
-113
-77
-51
55
24
-2
-21
350
20
1271
1851
2366
-91
-54
-29
55
-19
-36
350
30
1457
2131
2696
-78
-40
-16
55
-2
-29
-46
350
60
1862
2724
3372
-53
-15
55
-19
-46
-62
350
80
2068
3020
3699
-43
-5
16
55
-27
-54
-68
350
110
2326
3386
4096
-31
26
55
-35
-62
-76
410
10
1198
1719
2226
-97
-61
-35
50
16
-10
-29
410
20
1489
2168
2772
-75
-38
-13
50
-27
-44
410
30
1707
2496
3158
-62
-24
50
-10
-37
-54
410
60
2181
3191
3950
-37
22
50
-27
-54
-70
410
80
2422
3538
4333
-27
11
31
50
-35
-62
-76
410
110
2724
3966
4798
-15
23
42
50
-43
-70
-83
480
10
1402
2012
2606
-81
-45
-19
45
-17
-36
480
20
1743
2538
3245
-60
-22
45
-7
-34
-51
480
30
1999
2922
3697
-46
-8
16
45
-17
-44
-61
480
60
2554
3736
4625
-21
17
38
45
-34
-62
-77
480
80
2836
4142
5073
-11
27
47
45
-42
-69
-83
480
110
3189
4643
5617
38
57
45
-50
-77
-91
510
10
1490
2138
2769
-75
-39
-13
42
-20
-38
510
20
1852
2697
3448
-54
-16
42
-10
-37
-54
510
30
2124
3105
3928
-40
-2
22
42
-19
-47
-63
33 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
510
60
2713
3970
4914
-15
23
44
42
-37
-64
-79
510
80
3013
4400
5390
-5
33
53
42
-44
-72
-86
510
110
3389
4933
5968
44
63
42
-53
-80
-93
Conditions: S1, S2, S3 loading modes at a R1 strain rate (0,001/s) and C2 failure consequences.
Table 14-1 Conversion Between Energy and Transition Temperature in the Charpy V Test In the French method, the dependency between KIC and the transition temperature is defined through a set of experimental results which are the basis of the various correlations between TK28 and TKIC. This relationship can be expressed by an analytical formula as follows:
(ET1) where KIC is expressed in MPa m . T is the difference between the temperatures at which KIC corresponds respectively to a given value and 100 MPa m In the same method, it is also considered that the Charpy V energy and the KIC value are linked by the following relationship:
CV =
(ET2)
Table 14.2 Conversion Between Energy and Transition Temperature in the Charpy V Test Combining Equations (ET1) and (ET2) leads to:
(ET3) where T is the difference between the temperature at which CV must be calculated, e.g. the service temperature, and TK28. Thus, it becomes:
(ET4) where TS is the service temperature TK28 is the transition temperature at 28 J For a service temperature of 0C:
(ET5)
Table 15 Some Results of the Belgian Method for Comparison with the French Procedure
34 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
Re (MPa) 280 280 280 280 280 280 350 350 350 350 350 350 410 410 410 410 410 410 480 480 480 480 480 480 510 510 510 510
2a (mm) 3 5 8 15 20 28 3 5 8 15 20 28 3 5 8 15 20 28 3 5 8 15 20 28 3 5 8 15
Rm/Re
CV (J)
TK28 (C) 77 47 24 0 -12 -25 67 39 17 -6 -17 -30 55 29 8 -13 -24 -37 44 19 -1 -20 -31 -44 38 14 -6 -23
1,5 1,5 1,5 1,55 1,55 1,55 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,35 1,35 1,35 1,23 1,23 1,23 1,28 1,28 1,28 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,25
6 10 16 28 37 53 7 11 18 32 43 62 8 14 23 39 52 75 10 17 28 46 63 91 12 20 32 51
35 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
510 510
80 110
228
1,25 1,25
70 101
-35 -48
Table 16 Some Results of the Belgian Method for Comparison with the British Procedure Re (MPa) 280 280 280 280 280 280 350 350 350 350 350 350 410 410 410 410 410 410 480 480 480 480 480 480 e (mm) 10 20 30 60 80 110 10 20 30 60 80 110 10 20 30 60 80 110 10 20 30 60 80 110 2a (mm) 4 8 12 24 32 44 4 8 12 24 32 44 4 8 12 24 32 44 4 8 12 24 32 44 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,55 1,55 1,55 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,45 1,45 1,45 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,35 1,35 1,35 1,23 1,23 1,23 1,28 1,28 1,28 Rm/Re CV (J)# 5 9 14 27 37 51 5 10 15 29 39 54 5 11 16 31 42 58 6 11 17 33 44 62
36 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
10 20 30 60 80 110
4 8 12 24 32 44
6 12 18 34 46 64
# Required Charpy Energy is here computed assuming that the design stress is equal to 2/3 Re so as to fit with the British model.
Table 17 Requirements from Eurocode 3 at 0,1/s Strain Rate and C1 Failure Consequences
Re t (MPa) (mm) (N/mm3/2) (N/mm3/2) (N/mm3/2) (C) (C) (C) (C)@0,1/s (C)@S1 (C)@S2 (C)@S3 K1S1 K1S2 K1S3 1 2 3 Tv TK28@Ts=0C TK28@Ts=0C TK28@Ts=0C
280
10
655
1174
1520
-135
-99
-73
41
50
24
280
20
1017
1481
1893
-114
-76
-51
41
34
-10
280
30
1166
1705
2157
-100
-62
-38
41
24
-3
-20
280
60
1490
2179
2698
-75
-37
-16
41
-20
280
80
1654
2416
2959
-65
-27
-7
41
-1
-28
-10
280
110
1860
2708
3277
-53
-16
41
-9
-36
-20
350
10
818
1174
1520
-135
-99
-73
37
52
26
350
20
1017
1481
1893
-114
-76
-51
37
37
10
-8
350
30
1166
1705
2157
-100
-62
-38
37
27
-17
350
60
1490
2180
2698
-75
-37
-16
37
-18
-33
350
80
1654
2416
2960
-65
-27
-7
37
-25
-40
350
110
1861
2709
3277
-53
-16
37
-6
-33
-47
410
10
958
1375
1781
-119
-83
-58
34
43
17
-1
410
20
1191
1735
2218
-98
-60
-36
34
28
-17
410
30
1366
1997
2527
-84
-46
-23
34
18
-9
-26
37 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
410
60
1745
2553
3161
-60
-21
34
-27
-42
410
80
1938
2830
3467
-49
-11
34
-7
-34
-49
410
110
2180
3173
3839
-37
19
34
-15
-42
-56
480
10
1122
1610
2085
-104
-68
-42
30
35
-10
480
20
1395
2031
2596
-82
-44
-20
30
19
-8
-25
480
30
1599
2338
2958
-68
-30
-7
30
-18
-35
480
60
2043
2989
3700
-44
-6
16
30
-8
-35
-51
480
80
2269
3314
4059
-33
25
30
-16
-43
-57
480
110
2552
3715
4494
-22
16
35
30
-24
-51
-64
510
10
1192
1711
2215
-98
-62
-36
29
32
-13
510
20
1482
2158
2759
-76
-38
-14
29
16
-11
-28
510
30
1699
2484
3143
-62
-24
-1
29
-21
-38
510
60
2171
3176
3932
-38
22
29
-11
-38
-54
510
80
2411
3521
4313
-27
11
31
29
-19
-46
-60
510
110
2711
3947
4775
-15
22
41
29
-27
-54
-68
Conditions: S1, S2, S3 loading modes at a slow strain rate (0,1/s) and C1 failure consequences.
Table 18 Requirements from Eurocode 3 at 0,1/s Strain Rate and C2 Failure Consequences
Re t (MPa) (mm) (N/mm3/2) (N/mm3/2) (N/mm3/2) (C) (C) (C) (C)@0,1/s (C)@S1 (C)@S2 (C)@S3 K1S1 K1S2 K1S3 1 2 3 Tv TK28@Ts=0C TK28@Ts=0C TK28@Ts=0C
280
10
818
1174
1520
-135
-99
-73
41
50
24
280
20
1017
1481
1893
-114
-76
-51
41
34
-10
280
30
1166
1705
2157
-100
-62
-38
41
24
-3
-20
280
60
1490
2179
2698
-75
-37
-16
41
-20
280
80
1654
2416
2959
-65
-27
-7
41
-1
-28
-10
38 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
280
110
1860
2708
3277
-53
-16
41
-9
-36
-20
350
10
1023
1467
1900
-113
-77
-51
37
36
10
-8
350
20
1271
1851
2366
-91
-54
-29
37
21
-6
-24
350
30
1457
2131
2696
-78
-40
-16
37
11
-16
-33
350
60
1862
2724
3372
-53
-15
37
-7
-34
-49
350
80
2068
3020
3699
-43
-5
16
37
-14
-41
-56
350
110
2326
3386
4096
-31
26
37
-22
-49
-63
410
10
1198
1719
2226
-97
-61
-35
34
27
-17
410
20
1489
2168
2772
-75
-38
-13
34
12
-15
-33
410
30
1707
2496
3158
-62
-24
34
-25
-42
410
60
2181
3191
3950
-37
22
34
-16
-43
-58
410
80
2422
3538
4333
-27
11
31
34
-23
-50
-65
410
110
2724
3966
4798
-15
23
42
34
-31
-58
-72
480
10
1402
2012
2606
-81
-45
-19
30
19
-7
-26
480
20
1743
2538
3245
-60
-22
30
-24
-41
480
30
1999
2922
3697
-46
-8
16
30
-7
-34
-50
480
60
2554
3736
4625
-21
17
38
30
-24
-51
-66
480
80
2836
4142
5073
-11
27
47
30
-32
-59
-73
480
110
3189
4643
5617
38
57
30
-40
-67
-80
510
10
1490
2138
2769
-75
-39
-13
29
16
-10
-29
510
20
1852
2697
3448
-54
-16
29
-27
-44
510
30
2124
3105
3928
-40
-2
22
29
-10
-37
-54
510
60
2713
3970
4914
-15
23
44
29
-27
-54
-70
510
80
3013
4400
5390
-5
33
53
29
-35
-62
-76
39 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM
http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg02/l0500.htm
510
110
3389
4933
5968
44
63
29
-43
-70
-84
Conditions: S1, S2, S3 loading modes at a slow strain rate (0,1/s) and C2 failure consequences.
40 of 40
2/1/2013 11:05 PM