COMPUTER APPLICATION

Compiled by: Osaigbovo Timothy

CHAPTER ONE
TYPES OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATORS WHAT IS A LANGUAGE? It is a system of communication between you and me. Some of the basic natural languages that we are familiar with are English, Hindi, Oriya etc. These are the languages used to communicate among various categories of persons. Your computer will not understand any of these natural languages for transfer of data and instruction. So there are programming languages specially developed so that you could pass your data and instructions to the computer to do specific job. You must have heard names like FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL etc. These are programming languages. So instructions or programs are written in a particular language based on the type of job. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES There are two major types of programming languages. These are Low Level Languages and High Level Languages. Low Level languages are further divided in to Machine language and Assembly language. Low Level Languages The term low level means closeness to the way in which the machine has been built. Low level languages are machine oriented. (a) Machine Language Machine Language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. It does not needs any translator program. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of 1's (one) and 0s (zero).For example, a program instruction may look like this: 1011000111101.It is not an easy language for you to learn because of its difficult to understand. It is efficient for the computer but very inefficient for programmers. It is considered to the first generation language. (b) Assembly Language It is the first step to improve the programming structure. You should know that computer can handle numbers and letter. Therefore some combination of letters can be used to substitute for number of machine codes. The set of symbols and letters forms the Assembly Language and a translator program is required to translate the Assembly Language to machine language. This translator program is called `Assembler'. It is considered to be a second-generation language. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES High level languages are simple languages that use English and mathematical symbols like +, -, %, / etc. for its program construction. High level languages are problem-oriented languages because the instructions are suitable for solving a particular problem. There are mathematical oriented languages like FORTRAN (Formula Translation) and BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) where very large processing is required. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR ASSEMBLER An assembler is a program which is used to translate an assembly language program into machinelevel equivalent. The program in assembly language is termed as source code & its machine language equivalent is called object code. COMPILER It is a program translator that translates the instruction of a high level language to machine language. It scans the entire program first and then translates it into machine code. The programs written by the programmer in high level language is called source program or code. After this program is converted to machine languages by the compiler it is called object program or code. Higher Level Language --> (Compile) ---> Program --> Machine Language Program

INTERPRETER An interpreter is another type of program translator used for translating high level language into machine language. It takes one statement of high level languages, translate it into machine language and immediately execute it. Translation and execution are carried out for each statement. The advantage of interpreter compared to compiler is its fast response to changes in source program. It eliminates the need for a separate compilation after changes to each program. The disadvantage of interpreter is that it is time consuming method because each time a statement in a program is executed then it is first translated. Thus compiled machine language program runs much faster than an interpreted program.

PROGRAMMING STRUCTURE Monolithic programming structure is the method where a program is coded and run as a whole. Modular programming structure is made up of independent units: closed coding and restricted entry and exit. Each module can be coded and tested, compiled and run separately. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING WITH QBASIC Steps in Program Development 1. Clearly State the Problem 2. Plan the Logic of the program 3. Code the program 4. Key the program 5. Test and Debug the program. 6. Complete the Documentation BASIC stands for Begginers All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. Qbasic Character Set Letters: a-z and A-Z Digits: 0-9 Blank: the space character ( ) Special characters: + - * / \ = < > . , ( ) : ; ^ _ $ # ? ! % & Qbasic Lines and Keywords A program consists of lines of text. The order of the lines in the program is the order in which the lines are read by the computer. The lines in the program contain statements which tell the computer what to do. Each statement begins with a keyword. A keyword has a predefined meaning within Qbasic. E.g LET,END,REM,PRINT,CLS,INPUT,READ,DATA,IF,GOTO,etc CONSTANTS & VARIABLES Numerical constants are written in the usual way, with or without a decimal point, and with or without a minus sign: 7, -54, 3.14159, -0.0065. Numerical constants may also be written with a scale factor, which is a power of 10. The scale factor is the letter E followed by a positive or negative integer, for example:
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2.75E4 means 27500, 2.75E-3 means 0.00275. Symbolic constants are constants with a name defined by the keyword CONST, as in the following example: CONST Pi = 3.142 String constants are enclosed in quote marks. They may be used for printing messages during the running of a program. The string constant in the above example is: "Enter X and Y". A variable is the name of a location in the computer memory where a number or a string is stored. In the example above X, Y, and Dist are numerical variables. A numerical variable consists of one or more letters, and may also contain digits. Two types of numerical variable are commonly used: integers (no decimal point), and single-precision numbers (with a decimal point and up to seven significant digits). If the last character in the variable name is %, then the number stored is an integer. If the last character in the variable name is !, then the number stored is a single-precision number. For example, n% is an integer variable x! is a single-precision variable. You may declare numerical variable types without % or ! by using the keywords DIM, AS, and INTEGER or SINGLE as follows: DIM VariableName AS INTEGER DIM VariableName AS SINGLE A string variable is the name of a location in the computer memory where a string is stored. You may declare a variable to be a string by ending its name with the character $. For example, A$ is a string variable. You may also declare a string variable as follows: DIM VariableName AS STRING Rules for NAMING Variables in QBasic: 1. The first character must always be a letter (i.e. A,G,D,F,z,e,t,y, ...) 2. After the very first letter in a variable name you can have letters, digits or underscores. 3. The final character MAY either be %,&,!,#,$ or nothing. 4. Remember that variable's name can not be reserved words. For example, in QBasic there is a statement called "PRINT", you must not use this or any other reserved words for a variable name. 5. In QBasic, it does not matter if your variable names are either UPPERCASE or lowercase. Assignment Statements Syntax: [LET] variable = expression Assignment statements contain the keyword LET, a numerical variable, the symbol =, and a mathematical expression. For example, the line LET X = A + 2.54 tells the computer to calculate A + 2.54 and store the result in the location named X. The keyword LET is optional: it may be omitted. The CLS statement CLear Screen:erases all characters from the terminal The PRINT statement Writes information to the terminal. Syntax: PRINT output-list PRINT X$ displays the string or word(s) stored in the location X PRINT Hello World displays Hello World The INPUT statement Syntax: INPUT [;] [literalstring$ {; | ,}] var [, var, ...] The INPUT command allows you to read characters from the keyboard and stores the information in a variable. For example, if you wanted to input a number into a variable named
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"choice", you would use the QBasic code ... INPUT choice For example, if you wanted to input a string into a variable named "name$", you would use the QBasic code ... INPUT name$ The DATA and READ statements To save space, and typing, QBASIC provides the DATA and READ statements. You can place a list of data values in a DATA statement and read them into an array using READ. The READ statement is the command used to access the DATA. When the computer sees a READ command, it looks for the first DATA statement in the program.
Examples REM Read and Data statements READ x, y, z PRINT " x="; x PRINT " y="; y PRINT " z="; z PRINT "sum= "; x + y + z DATA 10,20,30 END SAMPLE OUTPUT X=10 Y=20 Z=30 sum=60

REM stands for REMark. Q-Basic knows that when it sees REM it should just ignore what you wrote after it on that line. Always leave a space after you write REM.Here is an example: REM This program is by Tim QBASIC Data Types All data in QBASIC is identified by a data type Numbers % Integer -32,768 to 32,767 & Long integer -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 ! Single precision 7 digit (1038 ) (Default data type) # Double precision 15 digit (10308 ) Strings: $ - data type identifier Any set of characters enclosed in double quotation marks. Arithmetic Operators Multiplication ^ Exponentiation / Division \ Integer Division MOD Modula (remainder) + Addition Subtraction Calculations Order of operations (precedence) ^ (Power) *, /, \, MOD, +, (Arithmetic) <, <=, >, >=, <>, = (Relational) Boolean operators NOT, AND, OR, XOR, EQV, IMP Boolean Operators NOT negation AND logical addition
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 OR

logical subtraction AND Boolean TruthTables OR Boolean Truth Tables

NOT Boolean Truth Tables

Functions A function is a set of instructions that perform a specific task. FunctionName (argument1, ) Built-in & User defined X$ = INT(X) Built-in Functions The following functions may be used in mathematical expressions: ABS(X) : Absolute value of X. SQR(X) : Square root of X. EXP(X) : Exponential X. LOG(X) : Natural logarithm of X. Use SQR to find the "square root" of a number. Output: PRINT SQR(1) 1 PRINT SQR(4) 2 PRINT SQR(9) 3 PRINT SQR(16) 4 PRINT SQR(25) 5 BRANCHING Branching is a set of control statements that instruct the computer to execute a set of statements under certain conditions and or execute another set under different condition. Unconditional Branching Statements Syntax: GOTO Line No GOTO makes QBasic run lines of commands in an order different from how they are written. GOTO requires that a line label be implemented at some point in the code as a destination.In QBasic, the line label can be either a number, a word, or a combination of the two as long as it is unique within the program. Conditional Branching Statements Syntax: IF condition THEN statement [ELSE statement] IF...Then...Else The If... Then statement is a statement which is used when a decision is required. It should be used with the ELSE statement even if it is 'empty'. This promotes good coding procedures and avoids pitfalls later on. REM IF...THEN statements INPUT "What is your name"; NAM$ INPUT "what is your age "; AGE IF AGE < 18 THEN PRINT NAM$; " you cannot vote." ELSE PRINT NAM$; " you can vote if registered." END IF END Please note how the IF... THEN... ELSE statements are aligned and INDENTED! ITERATION -- LOOPING Looping are set of control statements that instruct the computer to repeat the execution of certain procedures in a program several times. FOR/NEXT Loop Construct Syntax: FOR counter = start TO end [STEP increment] NEXT [counter] For / Next Statements
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These are a way of creating a loop which is executed a fixed number of times. A loop (repitition)is a part of a program which is executed more than once. Example 1: Write a looping program that prints all integers from 1 to 1000000 Solution 10 REM PROGRAM TO PRINT ALL INTEGERS FROM 1 TO 1000000 20 FOR X=1 TO 1000000 STEP 2 30 PRINT X 40 NEXT X 50 END Example 2 Write a program that numbers from 1 to 5 and display the numbers and their squares. Solution 10 CLS Output 20 REM for/Next statements Number Square 30 PRINT "Number", "Square" 1 1 40 FOR number = 1 TO 5 2 4 50 PRINT number, number ^ 2 3 9 60 NEXT number 4 16 70 END 5 25 ARRAYS An array is a list of variables of the same type. To create an array, use the DIM (dimension) command. Arrays Hold Collections of Variables. An array is like having a variable with more than one compartment to store one piece of data in each. The elements in an array variable can only be of the same data type. The size of the array has to be set when the array variable is declare. you can re-dimension arrays, Each element in the array has a unique address - its name plus its element number. There are two types of arrays namely: One dimensional and two dimensional arrays. asName(1) = Fred asName(2) = Julie asName(3) = Kim asName(4) = John asName(5) = Chris

asName

(1) Fred Kim

(2) Julie John Chris

Defining an Array (3) We use the standard keywords used to declare variables: Dim (4) We need to say what the size of the array is when we declare it Dim aiCounters(14) As Integer Dim asNames(5) As String (5) We need to be able to address the individual elements in an array.We use the array name and the element number to access it asName Dim asName(5) As String asName(2) = Pete asName(3) = Lucy INPUT enter a name ; asName(4) How big is an Array Dim sNames(2) As String will create an array that has 3 elements sName(0) sName(1)
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sName(2) Note:Be careful! By default QBasic sets the lowest array element as 0, so in our case this means we have three elements Suppose we want to store a series of names in an array. 0 1 2 3 John Jill Gordon Louise The design: 1. for 0 to 3 names 2. input name 3. next name The code DIM asNames(3) AS STRING DIM iCount AS INTEGER FOR iCount = 0 TO 3 INPUT Enter a name > ; asNames(iCount) NEXT iCount Lets extend this to store the names of four families

We need a multi-dimensional array to store the family names. Each column belongs to one family. The design For families 0 to 3 1.1 for family member 0 to 3 1.1.1 get name 1.2 next family member 2. Next family The code DIM asName(3,3) AS STRING DIM iFamName AS INTEGER Dim iFamMember AS INTEGER FOR iFamName = 0 TO 3 PRINT enter the names of this family FOR iFamMember = 0 TO 3 INPUT asName(iFamName, iFamMember) NEXT iFamMember NEXT iFamName SELF CHECK 1 1.Determine the output of the following programming segment:
10 READ A,B,C,D 20 LET E=A+B**C/D 30 PRINT E 40 DATA 10,10,2,5 50 END

2.Write the output of the following BASIC program below: 10 PRINT NOT A DO OR DIE AFFAIR 20 PRINT 30 REM I WILL TRY MY BEST 40 W=13 50 Y=200 60 X=Y-(W*15)
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70 Q=25 80 IF X<=Q THEN PRINT I AM THROUGHELSE PRINT ONE MORE LEVEL TO CROSS 90 PRINT X,Y,W*10 100 END 3.Write a program to produce a set of squares, cubes and square roots of all integers from 1 to 100. 4.Write a BASIC program that inputs an employees Basic salary and performs the following computations: Housing allowance=50% of basic salary Utility allowance=15% of basic salary Transport allowance=20% of basic salary Take home pay=basic salary+housing+utility+transport. The program should output the take home pay. 5.Write a BASIC program to compute the gross pay and the net pay of ten employees. The number of hours worked, the hourly pay rate and the tax should be embedded in the program. The output should clearly state the result.(Note: Gross pay is the number of hours worked multiplied by the hourly rate: Net pay is gross pay minus tax: Tax is 500)

6a.Using the rules of operator precedence, evaluate the following expressions: K=(((2**2)+9*3-6)/2-3) 6b.Given the expression C=3X-4YZ2.Write a program to compute the value of C.