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CALIFORNIA 93943-8008
THES5IS
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION MODULATION TECHNIQUES FOR A SOLID FUEL RAMJET
by
Stephen R. Lowe
June 1986
David W. Netzer Th ssis Advisor Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
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ACCESSION NO
PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)
Lowe, Stephen R.
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(Year,
Month, Day)
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PAGE COUNT
Master's Thesis
6
FROM
June 1986
39
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION
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ElD
GROUP
SUB-GROUP
ABSTRACT (Continue on
reverse
if
necessary
number)
<
conducted to examine the effects of inlet air swirl and secondary gas injection on the combustion properties in a solid fuel ramjet. Tests were conducted with both HTPB and PMM fuels in order to obtain general results. The swirl tests were conducted at high and low air mass fluxes with equivalence ratios less than unity. Swirl was found effective for increasing the fuel regression rate but the magnitude was highly dependent upon motor geometry, fuel type and operating environment. The gas injection tests included hydrogen at low equivalence ratios, and nitric oxide and nitrous oxide at high equivalence ratios. Secondary injection generally resulted in increases in combustion pressure in agreement with equilibrium, adiabatic combustion expectations.
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UNCLASSIFIED
Stephen R. Lowe Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., Auburn University, 1978
ABSTRACT
An experimental investigation was conducted
the effects of inlet air swirl and secondary
on the combustion properties in
a
Co
examine injection
Tests
to
at
gas
solid fuel
PMM
ramjet.
in
fuels
order
were
conducted
ratios
equivalence
for
less
the
effective
increasing
dependent
and
operating
environment.
ratios,
and
nitric
oxide
and
nitrous
oxide
at
high
generally
in
resulted
increases
in
combustion
pressure
agreement
with
><7?
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
INTRODUCTION
10
15
15
II.
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
A.
B.
RAMJET MOTOR
AIR AND GAS SUPPLY AND CONTROL SYSTEM
16
21
III.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
A.
B. C.
CALIBRATION
DATA EXTRACTION
21
21
22 25
IV.
25
28
36
37
GASEOUS INJECTION
V.
LIST OF REFERENCES
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST
38
LIST OF TABLES
1. 2.
3.
SWIRL TEST FUEL GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS SWIRL TEST RESULTS SWIRL TEST
30 30
31 32
4.
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
11
2.
3.
17 18
4.
5.
18
19 19
6.
7.
20
33
8.
9.
34
10.
35
TABLE OF SYMBOLS
*
A
a
C,
d D.
Df
F
G
g
gravitational constant
H2
i
hydrogen
inlet,
initial
K
P
calibration constant
length of solid fuel grain
mass flow rate
L
m
NO
nitric oxide
N~0
o
nitrous oxide
zero
0~
P
oxygen
pressure
c
t
chamber pressure r
stagnation pressure
gas constant fuel regression rate
R
r
temperature
t
stagnation temperature
theoretical
burn time
Ch
C
b
P
AW
equivalence ratio
density
ratio of specific heats
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
wish to
acknowledge
Netzer
who
the
guidance
and
patience
me
Mr.
in
of
Professor David
greatly
assisted
to
the
Glenn
expert
exceptional
work
and
Harvey
and
Mr.
I.
INTRODUCTION
there
is
tactical missile
propulsion
system
capable
of
system
rocket.
used
A
in
solid
and
it
fuel
efficiency
rocket
since
solid
propellant
carry
fuel
valuable
ramjet
mechanical
compressor,
but
supersonic
including
the
addition
for
in
a
eliminate
need
the
and
1
separate
fuel
tank
delivery
and
control
systems.
Figure
its
of
limited
ability
and
to
envelopes
altitude
Mach
high
subsonic
or
low
10
H
CO LU Z2
J < X Xo UJ z
tsl
tSJ
a!
o
CO
CQ
-) OS
CO
0)
o o
s
CO
o
r-4
4-
CD
E
aj cu
-C
CO
3
i
CO
Cl4
Ln
T-t
Q
l-H
UOJ Z
Z O M
co
as UJ
E0 CU
0)
l-l
3
oo
l-l
Cx.
a,
CO
11
supersonic
speeds,
increased
diffuser
and
combustion
the
fuel are fuel-rich and the gases near the center of the port
are air-rich. Combustion
efficiency
can
be
increased
by
enters
flow
of
chamber
at
high
angles
to
the
Although
combustion
could
coupling
fuel
regression
through
the
the
air
mass
flux
engine.
Although
the
SFRJ
fuel
generally
allows
provides
only
good
small
ratio.
performance,
limited
control
fuel-air
is
generally given by
p Kc
rpin
I
.
rn G
where
=
= =
G
T.
12
0.1
0.3 0.3
--
Changes in
SFRJ.
As
the
air
of
flow
the
changes, so does
r,
but to
accomplished
with
such
could
be
Campbell [Ref.
l]
investigated
a
r
the
use
of
inlet
air
means
of
controlling
significantly
regression
for
increased
small
effect.
an
With
has
angular
increasing
the
effective
length
of
the
combustion
combustion
possible
concluded
that
secondary
13
have
significant
effect have
on
a
r,
but
could
strong
unburned
section.
the
carbon
A
gas
rich
in
oxygen
could
be
injected
into
combustion
could
burn
could
Both
of
these
processes
Such
increase combustion
pressure
and
thrust.
processes
series
of
tests
was
PMM
swirl
using
A
and
high
G.
second
the
presence
of
soot
and
14
II.
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
A.
RAMJET MOTOR
The ramjet motor used in
this
investigation
School
2
has
been
used
at
the
Naval
1
Postgraduate
and 2]. Figure
in
earlier
of
investigations [Refs.
the SRFJ assembly.
90 degrees by
a
is a
schematic
There
are for
radially
injection
insert
is
step
configurations.
injector
[Ref.
A
l]
tube-in-hole
3
swirl
tests.
Another
on
the
step
step
insert
face
recirculation
zone
The
fuel
grain
section
consisted
of
either
the
head-end
in
and
injection
the
was
as
accomplished using
[Ref.
2]
illustrated in Figure
The
aft
mixing
chamber,
which
15
provided
chamber
inlets
for
tap.
pressure
shown
B.
is
gas
set
supply
using
a
pressure
was
air
with
the
flow
being
controlled by
injected
and the
the
initiated
9836S
to
from
Computer
and
Acquisition/Control
solenoid-operated
system
automatically
primary
air,
sequence
valves
for
fuel
16
mi
1
j3
J3
sr
c
CN
-*
i
X
<
O e
c5
1/5
O
CO
o u
C3
E o
CO
CM
o u a
CO
17
Figure
3.
Figure 4.
18
Figure
5.
Figure 6.
19
E V
u
(/)
CO
D. Q.
P
00
in
O
X)
03
C
CO
<
U-l
o
iJ
CO
e
0)
jc
CO
00
20
III.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
A.
CALIBRATION
Prior to each days runs the
pressure
transducers
were
using
cell
was
calibrated
with
a
using
the
thrust
for
stand
cable/pulley. A calibration
(Kp),
constant
each
the
transducer
runs,
used
in
data
acquisition
the
during
was
the
determined
by
reading
voltage
outputs
from
pressure.
V
j,
pmax -V po
P
max
= = =
where V pmax
V
P
max
B.
DATA EXTRACTION
A Honeywell 1508 Visicorder was used
to
record
thrust
(
(F),
chamber
pressure
(
P
)
primary
air
pressure
g
)
P, ^
ar>d
ignition
gas
pressure
(P.
from
and
the
transducers.
Hewlett-Packard 9836S
Computer
3054A
Automatic
Data
21
also
used
Co
record
and
remotely
controlled
a
dome
sonic
one
dimensional
continuity
equation for
perfect gas.
"
C P A d t
RT
S^l
w
assumed
to
being
injected
into
the
the
recirculation
primary
seconds
air
three
with
nitrogen
Prior to each run
the
weight,
internal
diameter
and
of
completion
The
weighed.
burn were
time, average
chamber
pressure
and
average
thrust
burned
was determined. The average fuel mass flow rate was found by
the
fuel
grain
ravg
"
"b
primary
air,
the
temperature
were
calculated
from
the
digital
along
used
with
as
chamber
pressure
(
were
NWC
China Lake,
to
Ca
Propellant
Evaluation
Program
(PEPCODE)
obtain
the
combustion
(^and
on
R).
The
temperature-rise
pressure
2]
combustion
thrust
a
efficiencies based
chamber
and
were
gives
complete
the
explanation
efficiencies
of
the
procedures
used
in
calculating
remotely
off
the
and
in
changes
on
average
the
Visicorder,
injection
gas.
The
was
combustion
chamber
obtained by calculating
values
for
the
pressure
using the choked flow equation based on the total mass flow,
throat area and the equilibrium
from PEPCODE (T
h
combustion
gas
properties
,/and
R)
injection gas.
24
IV.
A.
(0.5)
cases,
0.92
inch
diameter
inlet
with
tube-in-hole
or
(Fig.
3).
For no swirl,
straight
tube
airflow
passed
56
with 30
inch
degrees
vane
inlet
swirl was
1.125
diameter
or
with
inlet
the
blockage
with
smaller
inlet
(C
and
at
were
lists
in
the
used
this
investigation
25
Tables
together
with
the
earlier
rate
The
influenced
the
similar
to
The
regression
rate
vane
tests
in
conducted
by
Campbell
showed
more
of
an
increase
the
longer
grain
r
lengths.
This
occur
the
primarily
significant
The
distances
had
downstream
little effect
of
reattachment
point.
swirl
on
the
combustion
high
of
on
with
%
15
degrees
air
of
the
flow
diameter
For the PMM fuels the effects of swirl on
r
varied
port,
with
the
port
diameter.
With
1.5
inch
diameter
26
15
degrees
1.75
swirl.
r
increased
15
to
inches,
and
increased
slightly
2
with
degrees
a
swirl,
when
were
PMM,
As
increased to
no successful
firings
with
30
degrees
swirl
with
ratio.
on
HTPB
fuel,
there
was
little
effect
the
(T.
and
regression
rate
was "corrected" to
the relation for
53
r
is given by
71
2
k G*
P*
23
T*
L*
could result in
flow
exhaust
nozzle.
this
and,
15 degree swirl
15
drop
in
thrust
probably
due
to
the
These
results
indicate
that
swirl
can
be
used
to
specific
fuels
with
the
However,
effects
of
swirl
of
indicate
simply applied
method
regression
rate control.
B.
GASEOUS INJECTION
Tests were conducted with both PMM
and
HTPB
a
fuels
at
presents
plot
of
summary
the
of
each
hot
firing.
measured
gas for
obtained
with
secondary pressure
Ko
[Ref.
large increase in
and
effect
order
occuring
to
with
the
>
head-end
expected
1,
injection and
< <
1.
In
verify
at
which
was
a
change
in
However,
there
indicating
the
carbon
in
the
combustion
process
N~0
and/or
NO
have
received
attention
in
liquid
for
enhancers/catalysts
was
slightly
higher
combustion,
indicating
28
enhancement
was
HTPB
fuel.
HTPB
that
produces
enhanced
was
combustion,
it
indicating
have
In fact,
may
been
detremental to combustion.
In summary,
secondary injection
of
into
the
SFRJ
in
equilibrium-adiabatic
could
be
at
a
increase
pressure/thrust.
This
viable
method
for
the
critical
points
in
allowing
higher
N~0
motor
design
to
be
tailored
to
provide
29
TABLE
Vane Angle
(deg)
D
P
D.
th
(in)
in
(in)
(in)
gm)
15 15 15 30 30
15
0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 1.125 1.125 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920
0.943 0.943 0.943 0.943 0.943 0.943 0.943 1.329 1.329 0.735 0.735 0.943 0.735 0.735 0.943
634 633
15 15 15
TABLE
air
fuel
htr
htr CH
if 4
tot
0.582 0.611 0.605 0.562 0.590 0.595 0.633 1.189 1.231 0.357 0.467 0.627 0.351 0.470 0.642
30
TABLE
/
1.2526 1.2524 1.2496 1.2471 1.2537 1.2482 1.2567 1.2567 1.2572
T.
Tair
.
T
)
air
'psia) 117 123 128 123 122 121 125 107 110 102 138 125 97 143 133
psia
59 62 62 60 62 61 64 57 59
51
(lbf
88 91 95 89
91
(lbf)
39 38 39 36 39 35 39 78
76
89 93 166 169
69 63 48 69 60
49 68
95
20 29
44
19 28
45
71
101
46
Run
#
(
r
<P
\t p
(7c)
AT
in/sec
(R)
c
(7.)
31
TABLE 4
air
inj
Injection Location
APc
Pc
(7.)
APc
Pc
equl
(lbm/sec)
7.5
7
(lbm/sec)
(7.)
N~0 Injection
inlet step 6" past step head end aft mix head end
HTPB-10 HTPB-11
5
7o
0.0275 0.0275
NO Injection
HTPB-12 HTPB-13
2
7o
0.341 0.353
H~
0.0177 0.0177
1.590 1.540
8.0 6.0
10, .3 10, .3
Injection
0.005 0.007 0.007 0.007
0.481 0.769 0.783 1.290
inlet step head end aft mix head end
31.6 16.0 10.5 3.6
32
LEGEND HIGH-G DATA POINTS LOW-G DATA POINTS LOW-G CORRECTED AVG DATA REF. 1
35"
VANE ANGLE
Figure 8.
o o
JS
r-t
o o
r-t
T-H
__
HO <
as
o o o o o
LEGEND
O 1.5 IN PORT D 1.75 IN PORT A 2.0 IN PORT
O'
^
VANE ANGLE
34
3u~
Figure 9.
LEGEND
Q PMM/N 2
HTPB/N 2 HTPB/NO PMM/ ETHYLENE REF 1 V PMM/AIR REF 1 Q HEAD END CD INLET STEP B AFT MIXING CHAMBER SHADED - 6 > 1
O
O
A PMM/H 2
o
C/3
2C
V.
This
investigation
regression
although
on
to
rate
the
the
increase
appears
to
be
dependent
port
air
concluded
that
inlet
led
to
small
of
increases in
combustion
pressure
with
the
exception
with
substantial
increase
were
realized.
Hydrogen
injection
36
LIST OF REFRENCES
1.
Campbell, William H. Jr., An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Swirling Air Flows on the Combustion Properties of a Solid Fuel Ramjet Motor W. S~T Thesis Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, December, 1985.
,
2.
An Experimental Investigation of Fuel Regression Rate Control in Solid Fuel Ramjets W. S~. Thesis Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey Ca lifornia, December 1984.
Ko, Bog Nam,
,
37
2.
Superintendent
Attn: Library, Code 0142 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93943-5000
3.
Department Chairman, Code 67 Department Of Aeronautics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93943-5000
Professor D. W. Netzer, Code 67Nt Department Of Aeronautics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93943-5000 Stephen R. Lowe Naval Ordnance Missile Test Station White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico 88002-5510
Lt
.
4.
5.
38
7
9
9 S
2_
MONTEREY,
-J943-8002
218301
Thesis L8577
c.l
Lowe
218801
Thesis L8577
c.l
Lowe An experimental investigation of combustion modulation techniques for a solid fuel ramjet