ME 2143-1

MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS (EA-02-18)

SEMESTER 4 2012/2013

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

INSTRUCTIONS
o

The lab report must be submitted within one week of the completion of the lab work. It must be typewritten. The completed report should be placed in the bin kept in the Motor Characteristics lab.

o Formal reports should be at most 11 pages long. They should contain: Title page, Objectives/Aims, Background/Summary of Experiment, Results and Observations, Discussions and Questions, and Conclusion. o Informal reports should be at most 8 pages long. They should contain: Heading, Objectives/Aims, Results and Observations, Brief discussion and short answers to questions (one to two sentence answers) and Conclusion. o You should attend the lab only on the day assigned to you. Free jumping to alternate days is not allowed.

!!! WARNING !!!

High voltages are present in this Experiment! DO NOT make any connections with the power on! The power should be turned off after completing each set of measurements.
Safety Precautions:
Ensure appropriate attires: no slippers, sandals or open-toe footwear allowed.
1.

2.

Long hair should be properly tied.

3. Make sure hands are dry when conducting experiment. KEEP WATER BOTTLES AWAY FROM EXPERIMENT AREA. Make sure all power supplies are switched off before commencing with connections.
4.

5. Make circuit connections with test leads. Use only ONE hand when making connections to avoid closing circuit with your body. 6. Signal tutor or technician to check and verify your wire connections are correct. 7. Switch on power supply and proceed with data collection for experiment. 8. After each set of readings, switch off power supply before making any changes to wire connections. When disconnecting test leads, remove the main power supply connections first, i.e. DC positive voltage output or AC voltage live output.
9.

1.0

Objectives

To be familiar with the wiring and basic characteristics of the following motors: i. D.C. Series Motor ii. D.C. Shunt Motor iii. A.C. 3-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor. To examine the relationship between Torque, Speed, Voltage, and Current for various types of motor connections in no-load and loaded configurations.

2.0

Apparatus
For the DC Motor Experiments: LAB VOLT 8211 - D.C. Compound Motor LAB VOLT 8911 - Electrodynamometer 1 A, 0-240VDC, DC Power Supply Machine Enclosure For the 3-Phase AC Motor Experiments: LAB VOLT 8221 - 3-phase AC Squirrel Cage Motor LAB VOLT 8911 - Electrodynamometer LAB VOLT 8821 - Integrated AC Power Supply Module Machine Enclosure Other Common Meters and Accessories: Test Leads Multimeters Tachometers

3.0

Introduction DC Motors

A DC motor consists of a stator, a rotor, and other mechanical parts, such as the bearings, shaft, and the housing. The stator contains the field windings (or permanent magnets) that establish the magnetic field. The rotor (also called as Armature) is the rotating part inside the stator. The rotor has its own windings. A voltage E A is induced in the armature due to the motion of its conductors relative to the magnetic field. This voltage is usually referred to as back emf and is given by E A = K m where: K is a machine constant that depends on the winding and structural details of the motor, is the magnetic flux produced in the stator (Webers), and m is the motor angular speed (rad/s) (1)

Another important relationship for the D.C. motors involves the terminal voltage, the back EMF generated by the rotation of the armature, the resistance of the armature circuit and the armature current. By Kirchoff's Voltage Law, we have
VT = R A I A + E A

(2)

where: VT is the terminal voltage applied to the motor terminals, RA is the resistance of the armature circuit in ohms which, in the case of a series motor, includes the resistance of the series field coils and IA is the current in the armature in amperes. Combining the two equations gives: K = VT R A I A m (3)

Re-arranging this equation gives:

(4) The torque developed by a D.C. motor can be calculated from the equation Tdev = KI A where: Tdev is the torque developed by the motor (Nm), IA is the current in the armature (A). In a series motor, the field winding and the armature are in series connection. Therefore the armature current IA is the same as field current IF. The flux is directly proportional to the field current when the motor is operating in the linear range. Thus for series motors, the flux can be assumed to the proportional to the armature current. As the flux is dependent on the armature current in a series motor, at low current on light loads, the speed of the series motor can become excessive. For that reason a series motor should never be operated on light loads on full voltage. In a shunt motor, as the field windings and the armature is in parallel connection. The armature current IA is different from the field current IF. While the armature current IA is dependent on the load, the field current is independent of the load conditions. As a result, the flux for a shunt motor can be considered to remain constant. You will learn in theory that the field produced by the armature current in the armature conductors can affect the field strength but the shunt field flux can be considered to remain unaffected by the load. As the flux for a shunt connected motor is independent of the armature current the only effect the load can have on the speed is to increase the effect of the voltage drop in the armature. One of the outcomes of this experiment will be experimental proof of the curves showing the relationship between speed, torque and current in D.C. motors and an understanding of these curves and what they tell you about the motor. Comparing these curves for the various D.C. motor configurations will help you select the correct motor for a given purpose.
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m =

VT I A R A K

(5)

4.0 Experiment on DC Series Motor WARNING!! High voltages are present in this Experiment! DO NOT make any connections with the power on! The power must be turned off after completing each set of measurements. Use only one hand when making connections with the test leads. 4.1
a)

Constant-Load Test
Connect the DC Compound motor as shown in Figure 1. Please note the terminal numbers when making the connections. Set the control knob of the electrodynamometer at 10%. Turn on all relevant power supplies. Start the motor by adjusting the 0-240 V, 3 Amp power supply to 180 V. Wait for one minute. Then reduce the supply in steps of 20 V until 60 V. When data collection is completed, switch off all relevant power supplies.

b)

c) At each step record the speed and current. Enter the data in the no-load table.
d)

e) Plot a graph of the current against speed, and voltage against speed.

Fig. 1

DC Motor Series Connection

Table 1: DC Series Motor Constant-Load Test Results

Volts (V) Speed (rpm) Current (A)

4.2
a)

Load Test
Adjust the 3 Amp DC power supply to 180 volts to start the motor. The supply should be maintained at 180 VDC for this test. Wait for one minute. With the control knob of the electrodynamometer turned fully counter-clockwise (ccw), read the no-load data from the meters and enter it into the table. Adjust the control knob of the electrodynamometer to increase the load applied to the motor in steps of 0.1 Nm until a maximum of 1.0 Nm. The load applied can be read directly off the scale marker on the stator housing of the electrodynamometer. At each step record the speed and current. Enter the data into the Load Test Table. Continue to increase the load until the load reaches 1 Nm or the motor current reaches 1.1A. When completed data collection, turn the control knob of the electrodynamometer slowly in ccw direction until it is fully ccw. (Turning the knob too fast would cause the load to start rocking, which is undesirable.) Reduce the motor supply voltage to minimum (0V) and switch off all relevant power supplies.

b)

c)

d)

e) Plot a graph of torque against speed, and current against speed.

Table 2: DC Series Motor Load Test Results

Voltage ( V ) Speed (R.P.M.) Torque (Nm) Current (Amp)

4.3

Questions
a) Why must the DC series motor be always started under load and give examples in your answer? b) What is the relationship between Torque and Current for a DC series motor? c) Try your best to briefly explain the shape of the Torque versus Speed graph obtained in this experiment.

5.0

Experiment on DC Shunt Motor

WARNING!! High voltages are present in this Experiment! DO NOT make any connections with the power on! The power must be turned off after completing each set of measurements. Use only one hand when making connections with the test leads.
5.1
a)

No-Load Test
Connect the DC Compound motor as shown in Figure 2. Please note the terminal numbers when making the connections. Set the control knob of the electrodynamometer at its full ccw position, i.e. minimum load. Turn on all relevant power supplies. Start the motor by adjusting the 0-240 V, 3 Amp power supply to 240 V. Wait for one minute. Adjust the variable resistor until the noload motor speed is about 1500 rpm. Re-adjust the supply to 240 V. Then reduce the supply in steps of 20 V until 60 V.

b)

c) At each step record the speed, line current and field current. Enter the data in the noload table. d) When completed data collection, switch off all relevant power supplies. e) Plot a graph of the field current against speed, and voltage against speed.

Fig. 2 DC Shunt connection

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Table 3: DC Shunt Motor No Load Test Results

Volts (V) Speed (rpm) Field Current, IF (A) Line Current, IL (A)

5.2
a)

Load Test
Adjust the 1 Amp DC power supply to 240 volts to start the motor. The supply should be maintained at 240 VDC for this test. Wait for one minute. With the control knob of the electrodynamometer turned fully ccw, read the minimum load data from the meters and enter it into the table. Adjust the control knob of the electrodynamometer to increase the load applied to the motor in steps of 0.1 Nm until a maximum of 1.0 Nm. The load applied can be read directly off the scale marker on the stator housing of the electrodynamometer. At each step record the speed, line current and field current. Enter the data into the Load Test Table. Continue to increase the load until the load reaches 1 Nm or the motor current reaches 1.1A. When completed data collection, turn the control knob of the electrodynamometer slowly in ccw direction until it is fully ccw. (Turning the knob too fast would cause the load to start rocking, which is undesirable.) Reduce the motor supply voltage to minimum (0V) and switch off all relevant power supplies.

b)

c)

d)

e) Plot a graph of torque against speed, and line current against speed.

5.3
a)

Questions
Explain how speed is regulated in a DC shunt motor and give examples. b) From no-load to full-load explain in your own words why there is little speed variation over this range. c) Try your best to briefly explain the shape of the Torque versus Speed graph obtained in this experiment.

Table 4: DC Shunt Motor Load Test Results

Volts (V) Speed (rpm) Torque (Nm) Field Current, If (A) Line Current, It (A)

**************************************************************** 6.0 6.1 Experiments on AC Three-Phase Induction Motor Illustration of Induction Motor Operating Principle

AC induction motors are ideal for most industrial and commercial applications because of their simple construction and low number of parts, which reduce maintenance cost. Three-phase AC power is supplied to the windings of the stator of the induction motor. A rotating sinusoidal magnetic field is produced. The speed of rotation of the stator magnetic field is described as the synchronous speed ns and is given by
ns = 120 f P

(6)

where: ns is the synchronous speed (rpm) f is the frequency of the AC supply (Hz) P is the number of poles in the motor. For example, in Singapore the AC supply has a frequency of 50 Hz. For most common AC motor, which has 4 poles, the synchronous speed can be calculated as:
ns = 120 50 = 1500 rpm 4

The rotor of the induction motors can be either wound rotor type or squirrel cage type. Wound-rotor induction motors have a three-phase winding, similar to the stator winding, on the rotor. Wound-rotor induction motors can be controlled to operate at different torques and

speeds. However, they are usually significantly more expensive than squirrel cage rotor motors. Squirrel cage motors are the most common type of induction motor. In a cage rotor design, there are solid conductors (usually cast using aluminum) in slots on the rotor. The ends of the conductors are short-circuited at each end of the rotor using an "end-ring". There is no power supplied to the rotor. This is a great advantage when compared with other motors. AC motors should ideally be operating in the synchronous speed. When operating under load, there would be a drop in operating speed n m . The speed of the stator field relative to the rotor is ns nm . The slip s is defined to be the relative speed as a fraction of synchronous speed:
s= ns nm ns

(7)

Slip s varies from 1 when the rotor is stationary to 0 when the rotor turns at synchronous speed. In this section of the experiments, we will study the characteristics of the Squirrel cage motors by observing the change of the speed with respect to the change of the load and plotting the torque and speed curve of the motor.

6.2

Experiment Procedures

WARNING!! High voltages are present in this Experiment! DO NOT make any connections with the power on! The power must be turned off after completing each set of measurements. Use only one hand when making connections with the test leads.

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VARIABLE AC OUTPUT 5

Figure 3: 3-Phase AC Induction Motor Connection

a)

Connect the 3-phase AC induction motor as shown in Figure 3. Please note the terminal numbers when making the connections. Set the control knob of the electrodynamometer at its full ccw position, i.e. minimum load. (VERIFY) Turn on all relevant power supplies. Start the motor by adjusting the variable AC output to 400 VAC. Wait for one minute. With the control knob of the electrodynamometer turned fully ccw, read the no-load data from the meters and enter it into the table. Adjust the control knob of the electrodynamometer to increase the load applied to the motor to 0.1 Nm. The load applied can be read directly off the scale marker on the stator housing of the electrodynamometer. At each step record the speed and line current. Enter the data into the Load Test Table. Continue to increase the load until the load reaches 1 Nm or the motor current reaches around 0.46A.

b)

c)

d) When completed data collection, turn the control knob of the electrodynamometer slowly in ccw direction until it is fully ccw. (Turning the knob too fast would cause the load to start rocking, which is undesirable.)
e) f)

Reduce the motor supply to 0V and switch off all relevant power supplies. Plot graphs of torque against speed and line current against speed for the motor.

Table 5: AC 3-P Motor 400VAC Results

Volts (V) Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm) Line Current (A)

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