Appendix B: Calculation of Line and Cable Constants

Appendix B
Calculation of Line and Cable

Constants
This appendix presents an overview of calculations of line and cable constants with
an emphasis on three-phase models and transformation matrices. Practically, the
transmission or cable system parameters will be calculated using computer-based
subroutine programs. For simple systems the data are available in tabulated form for
various conductor types, sizes, and construction [1-4]. Nevertheless, the basis of these
calculations and required transformations are of interest to a power system engineer.
B.1 AC RESISTANCE
As we have seen, the conductor ac resistance is dependent upon frequency and
proximity effects, temperature, spiraling and bundle conductor effects, which
increase the length of wound conductor in spiral shape with a certain pitch. The
resistance increases linearly with temperature and is given by the following equation:
R
2
R
1
T t
2
T t
!

B.1
where R
2
is the resistance at temperature t
2
, R
1
is the resistance at temperature t
1
, T
is the temperature coefcient, which depends on the conductor material. It is 234.5
for annealed copper, 241.5 for hard drawn copper, and 228.1 for aluminum. The
resistance is read from manufacturers data, databases in computer programs, or
generalized tables.
B.2 INDUCTANCE
The internal inductance of a solid, smooth, round metallic cylinder of innite length is
due to its internal magnetic eld when carrying an alternating current and is given by
L
int

j
0
8
H,m Henry per meter B.2
Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
where j
0
is the permeability 4 10
7
(H/m). Its external inductance is due to the
ux outside the conductor and is given by
L
ext

j
0
2
ln
D
r

H,m B.3
where D is any point at a distance D from the surface of the conductor, and r is the
conductor radius. In most inductance tables, D is equal to 1 ft and adjustment
factors are tabulated for higher conductor spacings. The total reactance is
L
j
0
2
1
4
ln
D
r
!
j
0
2
ln
D
e
1,4
r
!
j
0
2
ln
D
GMR
!
H,m B.4
where GMR is called the geometric mean radius and is 0.7788r. It can be dened as
the radius of a tubular conductor with an innitesimally thin wall that has the same
external ux out to a radius of 1 ft as the external and internal ux of a solid
conductor to the same distance.
B.2.1 Inductance of a Three-Phase Line
We can write the inductance matrix of a three-phase line in terms of ux linkages z
a
,
z
b
, and z
c
:
z
a
z
b
z
c
L
aa
L
ab
L
ac
L
ba
L
bb
L
bc
L
ca
L
cb
L
cc
I
a
I
b
I
c
B.5
The ux linkage z
a
.z
b
, and z
c
are given by
z
a

j
0
2
I
a
ln
1
GMR
a

I
b
ln
1
D
ab

I
c
ln
1
D
ac
!
z
b

j
0
2
I
a
ln
1
D
ba

I
b
ln
1
GMR
b

I
c
ln
1
D
bc
!
z
c

j
0
2
I
a
ln
1
D
ca

I
b
ln
1
D
cb

I
c
ln
1
GMR
c
!
B.6
where D
ab
, D
ac
, . . ., are the distances between conductor of a phase with respect to
conductors of b and c phases; L
aa
, L
bb
, and L
cc
are the self-inductances of the
conductors, and L
ab
, L
ac
, . . ., are the mutual inductances. If we assume a symme-
trical line, i.e., the GMR of all three conductors is equal and also the spacing
between the conductors is equal. The equivalent inductance per phase is
L
j
0
2
ln
D
GMR

H,m B.7
The phase-to-neutral inductance of a three-phase symmetrical line is the same as the
inductance per conductor of a two-phase line.
B.2.2 Transposed Line
A transposed line is shown in Fig. B-1. Each phase conductor occupies the position
of two other phase conductors for one-third of the length. The purpose is to equalize
the phase inductances and reduce unbalance. The inductance derived for a symme-
Line and Cable Constants 737
trical line is still valid and the distance D in Eq. (B.7) is substituted by GMD
(geometric mean distance). It is given by
GMD D
ab
D
bc
D
ca
1,3
B.8
A detailed treatment of transposed lines with rotation matrices is given in Ref. 5.
B.2.3 Composite Conductors
A transmission line with composite conductors is shown in Fig. B-2. Consider that
group X is composed of n conductors in parallel and each conductor carries 1/n of
the line current. The group Y is composed of m parallel conductors, each of which
carries 1,m of the return current. Then L
x
, the inductance of conductor group X is
L
x
2 10
7
ln
nm

D
aa
0 . D
ab
0 . D
ac
0 . . . . . D
am
. . . . . D
na
0 . D
nb
0 . D
nc
0 . . . . . D
nm
p
n
2

D
aa
D
ab
D
ac
. . . . . D
an
. . . . . D
na
D
nb
D
nc
. . . . . D
nn
p
B.9
Henry per meter.
738 Appendix B
Figure B-1 A transposed transmission line.
Figure B-2 Inductance of composite conductors.
We write Eq. (B.9) as
L
x
2 10
7
ln
D
m
D
sx

H,m B.10
Similarly,
L
y
2 10
7
ln
D
m
D
sy

H,m B.11
The total inductance is
L L
x
L
y
H,m B.12
B.3 IMPEDANCE MATRIX
In Chap. 1 we decoupled a symmetrical three-phase line 3 3 matrix having equal
self-impedances and mutual impedances [see Eq. (1.37)].We showed that the off-
diagonal elements of the sequence impedance matrix are zero. In high-voltage trans-
mission lines which are transposed, this is generally true and the mutual couplings
between phases are almost equal. However, the same cannot be said of distribution
lines and these may have unequal off-diagonal terms. In many cases the off-diagonal
terms are smaller than the diagonal terms and the errors introduced in ignoring these
will be small. Sometimes an equivalence can be drawn by the equations:
Z
s

Z
aa
Z
bb
Z
cc
3
Z
m

Z
ab
Z
bc
Z
ca
3
B.13
i.e., an average of the self- and mutual impedances can be taken. The sequence
impedance matrix then has only diagonal terms. (See Example B.1.)
B.4 THREE-PHASE LINE WITH GROUND CONDUCTORS
A three-phase transmission line has couplings between phase-to-phase conductors
and also between phase-to-ground conductors. Consider a three-phase line with two
ground conductors, as shown in Fig. B-3. The voltage V
a
can be written as
V
a
R
a
I
a
joL
a
I
a
joL
ab
I
b
joL
ac
I
c
joL
aw
I
w
joL
av
I
v
joL
an
I
n
V
0
a
R
n
I
n
joL
n
I
n
joL
an
I
a
joL
bn
I
b
joL
cn
I
c
joL
wn
i
w
jol
vn
I
v
B.14
where:
R
a
. R
b
. . . . . R
n
are resistances of phases a. b. . . . . n
L
a
. L
b
. . . . . L
n
are the self inductances
L
ab
. L
ac
. . . . . L
an
are the mutual inductances
This can be written as
V
a
R
a
R
n
I
a
R
n
I
b
R
n
I
c
joL
a
L
n
2L
an
I
a
joL
ab
L
n
L
an
L
bn
I
b
joL
ac
L
n
L
an
L
cn
I
c
R
n
I
w
joL
aw
L
n
L
an
L
wn
I
w
R
n
I
v
joL
av
L
n
L
an
L
vn
I
v
V
0
a
Z
aag
I
a
Z
abg
I
b
Z
acg
I
c
Z
awg
I
w
Z
avg
I
v
V
0
a
B.15
where Z
aa-g
and Z
bb-g
are the self-impedances of a conductor with ground return,
and Z
ab-g
and Z
ac-g
are the mutual impedances between two conductors with com-
mon earth return. Similar equations apply to the voltages of other phases and
ground wires. The following matrix then holds for the voltage differentials between
terminals marked w. v. a. b. and c, and w
0
. v
0
. a
0
. b
0
. and c
0
:
V
a
V
b
V
c
V
w
V
w
Z
aag
Z
abg
Z
acg
Z
awg
Z
avg
Z
bag
Z
bbg
Z
bcg
Z
bwg
Z
bvg
Z
cag
Z
cbg
Z
ccg
Z
cwg
Z
cvg
Z
wag
Z
wbg
Z
wcg
Z
wwg
Z
wvg
Z
vag
Z
vbg
Z
vcg
Z
vwg
Z
vvg
I
a
I
b
I
c
I
w
I
v
B.16
In the partitioned form this matrix can be written as
"
VV
abc
"
VV
wv
"
ZZ
A
"
ZZ
B
"
ZZ
C
"
ZZ
D
"
II
abc
"
II
wv
B.17
Considering that the ground wire voltages are zero:
"
VV
abc

"
ZZ
A
"
II
abc
"
ZZ
B
"
II
wv
0
"
ZZ
c
"
II
abc
"
ZZ
D
"
II
wv
B.18
740 Appendix B
Figure B-3 Transmission line section with two ground conductors.
Thus:
"
II
wv

"
ZZ
1
D
"
ZZ
C
"
II
abc
B.19
"
VV
abc

"
ZZ
A
"
ZZ
B
"
ZZ
1
D
"
ZZ
C
"
II
abc
B.20
This can be written as:
"
VV
abc

"
ZZ
abc
"
II
abc
B.21
"
ZZ
abc

"
ZZ
A
"
ZZ
B
"
ZZ
1
D
"
ZZ
C

Z
aa
0
g
Z
ab
0
g
Z
ac
0
g
Z
ba
0
g
Z
bb
0
g
Z
bc
0
g
Z
ca
0
g
Z
cb
0
g
Z
cc
0
g
B.22
The ve-conductor circuit is reduced to an equivalent three-conductor circuit. The
technique is applicable to circuits with any number of ground wires provided that the
voltages are zero in the lower portion of the voltage vector.
B.5 BUNDLE CONDUCTORS
Consider bundle conductors, consisting of two conductors per phase (Fig. B-4). The
original circuit of conductors a, b, c and a
0
, b
0
, c
0
can be transformed into an
equivalent conductor system of a
00
, b
00
, and c
00
.
Each conductor in the bundle carries a different current and has a different
self- and mutual impedance because of its specic location. Let the currents in the
conductors be I
a
, I
b
, and I
c
, and I
0
a
, I
0
b
, and I
0
c
, respectively. The following primitive
matrix equation can be written:
V
a
V
b
V
c
V
0
a
V
0
b
V
0
c
Z
aa
Z
ab
Z
ac
Z
aa
0 Z
ab
0 Z
ac
0
Z
ba
Z
bb
Z
bc
Z
ba
0 Z
bb
0 Z
bc
0
Z
ca
Z
cb
Z
cc
Z
ca
0 Z
cb
0 Z
cc
0
Z
a
0
a
Z
a
0
b
Z
a
0
c
Z
a
0
a
0 Z
a
0
b
0 Z
a
0
c
0
Z
b
0
a
Z
b
0
b
Z
b
0
c
Z
b
0
a
0 Z
b
0
b
0 Z
b
0
c
0
Z
c
0
a
Z
c
0
b
Z
c
0
c
Z
c
0
a
0 Z
c
0
b
0 Z
c
0
c
0
I
a
I
b
I
c
I
a
0
I
b
0
I
c
0
B.23
This can be partitioned so that
"
VV
abc
"
VV
a
0
b
0
c
0
"
ZZ
1
"
ZZ
2
"
ZZ
2
"
ZZ
4
I
abc
"
II
a
0
b
0
c
0
B.24
for symmetrical arrangement of bundle conductors
"
ZZ
1

"
ZZ
4
.
Figure B-4 Transformation of bundle conductors to equivalent single conductors.
Modify so that the lower portion of the vector goes to zero. Assume that
V
a
V
0
a
V
00
a
V
b
V
0
b
V
00
b
V
c
V
0
c
V
00
c
B.25
The upper part of the matrix can then be subtracted from the lower part:
V
a
V
b
V
c
0
0
0
Z
aa
Z
ab
Z
ac
Z
aa
0 Z
ab
0 Z
ac
0
Z
ba
Z
bb
Z
bc
Z
ba
0 Z
bb
0 Z
bc
0
Z
ca
Z
cb
Z
cc
Z
ca
0 Z
cb
0 Z
cc
0
Z
a
0
a
Z
aa
Z
a
0
b
Z
ab
Z
a
0
c
Z
ac
Z
a
0
a
0 Z
aa
0 Z
a
0
b
0 Z
ab
0 Z
a
0
c
0 Z
ac
0
Z
b
0
a
Z
ba
Z
b
0
b
Z
bb
Z
b
0
c
Z
bc
Z
b
0
a
0 Z
ba
0
Z
b
0
b
0 Z
bb
0 Z
b
0
c
0 Z
bc
0
Z
c
0
a
Z
ca
Z
c
0
b
Z
cb
Z
c
0
c
Z
cc
Z
c
0
a
0 Z
ca
0 Z
c
0
b
0 Z
cb
0 Z
c
0
c
0 Z
cc
0
I
a
I
b
I
c
I
a
0
I
b
0
I
c
0
B.26
We can write it in the partitioned form as
"
VV
abc
0
"
ZZ
1
"
ZZ
2
"
ZZ
t
2
"
ZZ
1
Z
4
Z
2
"
II
abc
"
II
a
0
b
0
c
0
B.27
I
00
a
I
a
I
0
a
I
00
b
I
b
I
0
b
I
00
c
I
c
I
0
c
B.28
The matrix is modied as shown below:
V
a
V
b
V
c
0
0
0
Z
aa
Z
ab
Z
ac
Z
aa
0 Z
aa
Z
ab
0 Z
ab
Z
ac
0 Z
ac
Z
ba
Z
bb
Z
bc
Z
ba
0 Z
ba
Z
bb
0 Z
bb
Z
bc
0 Z
bc
Z
ca
Z
cb
Z
cc
Z
ca
0 Z
ca
Z
cb
0 Z
cb
Z
cc
0 Z
cc
Z
a
0
a
Z
aa
Z
a
0
b
Z
ab
Z
a
0
c
Z
ac
Z
a
0
a
0 Z
aa
0 Z
a
0
a
Z
aa
Z
a
0
b
0 Z
ab
0 Z
a
0
b
Z
ab
Z
a
0
c
0 Z
ac
0 Z
a
0
c
Z
ac
Z
b
0
a
Z
ba
Z
b
0
b
Z
bb
Z
b
0
c
Z
bc
Z
b
0
a
0 Z
ba
0 Z
b
0
a
Z
ba
Z
b
0
b
0 Z
bb
0 Z
b
0
b
Z
bb
Z
b
0
c
0 Z
bc
0 Z
b
0
c
Z
bc
Z
c
0
a
Z
ca
Z
c
0
b
Z
cb
Z
c
0
c
Z
cc
Z
c
0
a
0 Z
ca
0 Z
c
0
a
Z
ca
Z
c
0
b
0 Z
cb
0 Z
c
0
b
Z
cb
Z
c
0
c
0 Z
cc
0 Z
c
0
c
Z
cc
I
a
I
!
a
I
b
I
!
b
I
c
I
!
c
I
a
0
I
b
0
I
c
0
B.29
or in partitioned form:
"
VV
abc
0
Z
1
Z
2
Z
1
Z
t
2
Z
1
Z
4
Z
2
Z
t
2
Z
1
I
00
abc
I
0
abc
B.30
This can now be reduced to following 3 3 matrix as before:
V
00
a
V
00
b
V
00
c
Z
00
aa
Z
00
ab
Z
00
ac
Z
00
ba
Z
00
bb
Z
00
bc
Z
00
ca
Z
00
cb
Z
00
cc
I
00
a
I
00
b
I
c
B.31
B.6 CARSONS FORMULA
The theoretical value of Z
abc-g
can be calculated by Carsons formula (c. 1926). This
is of importance even today in calculations of line constants. For an n-conductor
conguration, the earth is assumed as an innite uniform solid with a constant
resistivity. Figure B-5 shows image conductors in the ground at a distance equal
742 Appendix B
to the height of the conductors above ground and exactly in the same formation,
with the same spacings between the conductors. A at conductor formation is shown
in Fig. B-5.
Z
ii
R
i
4oP
ii
G j X
i
2oGln
S
ii
r
i
4oQ
ii
G
!
,mile B.32
Z
ij
4oP
ii
G j 2oGln
S
ij
D
ij
4oQ
ij
G
!
,mile B.33
where:
Z
ii
= the self-impedance of conductor i with earth return (ohms/mile)
Z
ij
= mutual impedance between conductors i and j (ohms/mile)
R
i
= resistance of conductor in ohms/mile
S
ii
= conductor to image distance of the ith conductor to its own image
D
ij
= distance between conductors i and j
r
i
= radius of conductor (in ft)
o = angular frequency
G = 0.1609347 10
7
ohm-cm
GMR
i
= geometric mean radius of conductor i
, = soil resistivity
ij
= angle as shown in Fig. B-5
Figure B-5 Conductors and their images; Carsons formula.
Expressions for P and Q are
P
1
3
2
p k cos
k
2
16
cos 2 0.6728 ln
2
k

k
2
16
sin
k
3
cos 3
45
2
p
k
4
cos 4
1536
B.34
Q 0.0386
1
2
ln
2
k
1
3
2
p cos
k
2
cos 2
64

K
3
cos 3
45
2
p
k
4
sin 4
384

k
4
cos 4
384
ln
2
k
1.0895

B.35
where
k 8.565x10
4
S
ij
f ,,
p
B.36
S
ij
is in feet and , is soil resistivity in ohms-meter, and f is the system frequency. This
shows dependence on frequency as well as on soil resistivity.
B.6.1 Approximations to Carsons Equations
These approximations involve P and Q and the expressions are given by:
P
ij

8
B.37
Q
ij
0.03860
1
2
ln
2
k
ij
B.38
Using these assumptions, f 60 Hz and soil resistivity 100-m, the equations
reduce to:
Z
ii
R
i
0.0953 j0.12134 ln
1
GMR
i
7.93402

,mile B.39
Z
ij
0.0953 j0.12134 ln
1
D
ij
7.93402

,mile B.40
Equations (B.39) and (B.40) are of practical signicane for calculations of line impe-
dances.
Example B.1
Consider an unsymmetrical overhead line conguration, as shown in Fig. B-6. The
phase conductors consist of 556.5 KCMIL (556,500 circular mils) of ACSR con-
ductor consisting of 26 strands of aluminum, two layers and seven strands of steel.
From the properties of ACSR conductor tables, the conductor has a resistance of
0.1807 ohms at 60 Hz and its GMR is 0.0313 ft at 60 Hz; conductor diameter
= 0.927 in. The neutral consists of 336.4 KCMIL, ACSR conductor, resistance
744 Appendix B
0.259 ohms per mile at 60 Hz and 508C and GMR 0.0278 ft, and conductor diameter
0.806 in. It is required to form a primitive Z matrix, convert it into a 3 3 Z
abc
matrix, and then to sequence impedance matrix Z
012
.
Using Eq. (B.39) and (B.40):
Z
aa
Z
bb
Z
cc
0.1859 j1.3831
Z
nn
0.3543 j1.3974
Z
ab
Z
ba
0.0953 j0.8515
Z
bc
Z
cb
0.0953 j0.7674
Z
ca
Z
ac
0.0953 j0.7182
Z
an
Z
na
0.0953 j0.7539
Z
bn
Z
nb
0.0953 j0.7674
Z
cn
Z
nc
0.0953 j0.7237
Therefore, the primitive impedance matrix is
"
ZZ
prim

0.1859 j1.3831 0.0953 j0.08515 0.0953 j0.7182 0.0953 j0.7539
0.0953 j0.8515 0.1859 j1.3831 0.0953 j0.7624 0.0953 j0.7674
0.0953 j0.7182 0.0953 j0.7624 0.1859 j1.3831 0.0953 j0.7237
0.0953 j0.7539 0.0953 j0.7674 0.0953 j0.7237 0.3543 j1.3974

Figure B-6 Distribution line conguration for calculation of line parameters (Examples B.1
and B.3).
Eliminate the last row and column using Eq. (B.22):
"
ZZ
abc

0.1846 j0.9825 0.0949 j0.4439 0.0921 j0.3334
0.0949 j0.4439 0.1864 j0.9683 0.0929 j0.3709
0.0921 j0.3334 0.0929 j0.3709 0.1809 j1.0135
,mile
Convert to Z
012
by using the transformation equation (1.29):
"
ZZ
012

0.3705 j1.7536 0.0194 j0.0007 0.0183 j0.0055
0.0183 j0.0055 0.0907 j0.6054 0.0769 j0.0146
0.0194 j0.0007 0.0767 j0.0147 0.0907 j0.6054
This shows the mutual coupling between sequence impedances. We could average
out the self- and mutual impedances according to Eq. (B.13):
Z
s

Z
aa
Z
bb
Z
cc
3
0.184 j0.9973
Z
m

Z
ab
Z
bc
Z
ca
3
0.0933 0.38271
The matrix Z
abc
then becomes:
"
ZZ
abc

0.184 j0.9973 0.933 j0.3827 0.933 j0.3827
0.933 j0.3827 0.184 j0.9973 0.933 j0.3827
0.933 j0.3827 0.933 j0.3827 0.184 j0.9973
,mile
and this gives
"
Z Z
012

0.3706 j1.7627 0 0
0 0.0907 j0.6146 0
0 0 0.0907 j0.6146
,mile
Example B.2
Figure B-7 shows a high-voltage line with two 636,000 mils ACSR bundle conduc-
tors per phase. Conductor GMR = 0.0329 ft, resistance = 0.1688 ohms per mile,
diameter = 0.977 in., and spacings are as shown in Fig. B-7. Calculate the primitive
impedance matrix and reduce it to a 3 3 matrix, then convert it into a sequence
component matrix.
746 Appendix B
Figure B-7 Conguration of bundle conductors (Example B.2).
From Eqs. (B.39) and (B.40) and the specied spacings in Fig. B7, matrix Z
1
is
"
ZZ
1

0.164 j1.3770 0.0953 j0.5500 0.0953 j0.4659
0.953 j0.5500 0.164 j1.3770 0.0953 j0.5500
0.0953 j0.4659 0.0953 j0.5500 0.164 j1.3770
This is also equal to Z

4
, as the bundle conductors are identical and symmetrically
spaced. Matrix Z
2
of Eq. (B.27) is
"
ZZ
2

0.0953 j0.8786 0.0953 j0.5348 0.0953 j0.4581
0.0953 j0.5674 0.0953 j0.8786 0.0953 j0.5348
0.0953 j0.4743 0.0953 j0.08786 0.0953 j0.8786
The primitive matrix is 6 6 given by Eq. (B.23) formed by partitioned matrices

according to Eq. (B.24).Thus, from
"
ZZ
1
and
"
ZZ
2
the primitive matrix can be written.
From these two matrices, we will calculate matrix equation (B.30):
"
ZZ
1
"
ZZ
2

0.069 j0.498 j0.0150 j0.0079
j0.0171 0.069 j0.498 j0.0150
j0.00841 j0.0170 0.069 j0.498
and
"
ZZ
k

"
ZZ
1
"
ZZ
2

"
ZZ
t
2
"
ZZ
1

0.138 j0.997 j0.0022 j0.0005
j0.0022 0.138 j0.997 j0.0022
j0.0005 j0.0022 0.138 j0.997
The inverse is
"
ZZ
1
k

0.136 j0.984 0.000589 j0.002092 0.0001357 j0.0004797
0.0005891 j0.002092 0.136 j0.981 0.0005891 j0.002092
0.0001357 j0.0004797 0.0005891 j0.002092 0.136 j0.981
then, the matrix

"
ZZ
2
"
ZZ
1
"
ZZ
1
k

"
ZZ
t
2
"
ZZ
1
is
0.034 j0.2500 0.000018 j0.000419 0.0000363 j0.0003871
0.000018 j0.000419 0.034 j0.2500 0.000018 j0.000419
0.0000363 j0.000387 0.000018 j0.000419 0.034 j0.2500
Note that the off-diagonal elements are relatively small as compared to the
diagonal elements. The required 3 3 transformed matrix is then Z
1
minus the
above matrix:
"
ZZ
transformed

0.13 j1.127 0.095 j0.55 0.095 j0.466
0.095 j0.55 0.13 j1.127 0.095 j0.55
0.095 j0.466 0.095 j0.55 0.13 j1.127
,mile
Using Eq. (1.29), the sequence impedance matrix is
"
ZZ
0.12

0.32 j2.171 0.024 j0.014 0.024 j0.014
0.024 j0.014 0.035 j0.605 0.048 j0.028
0.024 j0.014 0.048 j0.028 0.035 j0.605
,mile
B.7 CAPACITANCE OF LINES
The shunt capacitance per unit length of a two-wire, single-phase transmission
line is
C
c
0
lnD,r
F,m Farads per meter B.41
where c
0
is the permittivity of free space 8.854 10
12
F/m, and other symbols are
as dened before. For a three-phase line with equilaterally spaced conductors, the
line-to-neutral capacitance is
C
2c
0
lnD,r
F,m B.42
For unequal spacings, D is replaced with GMD from Eq. (B.7). The capaci-
tance is affected by the ground and the effect is simulated by a mirror image of the
conductors exactly at the same depth as the height above the ground. These mirror-
image conductors carry charges which are of opposite polarity to conductors above
the ground (Fig. B-8). From this gure, the capacitance to ground is
C
n

2c
0
lnGMD,r ln
3

S
ab
0 . S
bc
0 . S
ca
0 .
p
,
3

S
aa
0 . S
bb
0 . S
cc
0 .
p B.43
Using the notations in Eq. (B.10), this can be written as
C
n

2c
0
lnD
n
,D
s
10
9
18 lnD
m
,D
s
F,m B.44
B.7.1 Capacitance Matrix
The capacitance matrix of a three-phase line is
"
CC
abc

C
aa
C
ab
C
ac
C
ba
C
bb
C
bc
C
ca
C
cb
C
cc
B.45
This is diagrammatically shown in Fig. B-9(a). The capacitance between the phase
conductor a and b is C
ab
and the capacitance between conductor a and ground is:
C
aa
C
ab
C
ac
. If the line is perfectly symmetrical, all the diagonal elements are the
same and all off-diagonal elements of the capacitance matrix are identical:
"
CC
abc

C C
0
C
0
C
0
C C
0
C
0
C
0
C
B.46
Symmetrical component transformation is used to diagionalize the matrix:
"
CC
012

"
TT
1
s
"
CC
abc
"
TT
s

C 2C
0
0 0
0 C C
0
0
0 0 C C
0
B.47
The zero, positive, and negative sequence networks of capacitance of a symmetrical
transmission line are shown in Fig. B-9(b). The eigenvalues are C 2C
0
, C C
0
, and
C C
0
. The capacitance C C
0
can be written as 3C
0
C 2C
0
, i.e., it is equiva-
lent to the line capacitance of a three-conductor system plus the line-to-ground
capacitance of a three-conductor system.
748 Appendix B
In a capacitor, V Q,C. The capacitance matrix can be written as
"
VV
abc

"
PP
abc
"
QQ
abc

"
CC
1
abc
"
QQ
abc
B.48
where
"
PP is called the potential coefcient matrix, i.e,
V
a
V
b
V
c
P
aa
P
ab
P
ac
P
ba
P
bb
P
bc
P
ca
P
cb
P
cc
Q
a
Q
b
Q
c
B.49
where
P
ii

1
2c
0
ln
S
ii
r
i
11.17689 ln
S
ii
r
i
B.50
P
ij

1
2c
0
ln
S
ij
D
ij
11.17689 ln
S
ij
D
ij
B.51
where:
S
ij
= conductor-to-image distance below ground (in ft)
Figure B-8 Calculation of capacitances, conductors, mirror images, spacings, and charges.
D
ij
= conductor-to-conductor distance (in ft)
r
i
= radius of the conductor (in feet)
c
0
= permitivity of the medium surrounding the conductor 1.424 10
8
F/mile for air.
For sine-wave voltage and charge, the equation can be expressed as
I
a
I
b
I
c
jo
C
aa
C
ab
C
ac
C
ba
C
bb
C
bc
C
ca
C
cb
C
cc
V
a
V
b
V
c
B.52
750 Appendix B
Figure B-9 (a) Capacitances of a three-phase line; (b) equivalent positive, negative, and zero
sequence networks of capacitances.
The capacitance of three-phase lines with ground wires and with bundle conductors
can be addressed as in the calculations of inductances. The primitive P matrix can be
partitioned and reduces to a 3 3 matrix.
Example B.3
Calculate the matrices P and C for Example B.1. The neutral is 30 ft above ground
and the conguration of Fig. B-6 is applicable.
The mirror images of the conductors are drawn in Fig. B-6. This facilitates
calculation of the spacings required in Eqs. (B.50) and (B.51) for the P matrix. Based
on the geometric distances and conductor diameter the primitive P matrix is
"
PP
P
aa
P
ab
P
ac
P
an
P
ba
P
bb
P
bc
P
bn
P
ca
P
cb
P
cc
P
cn
P
na
P
nb
P
nc
P
nn
80.0922 33.5387 21.4230 23.3288

33.5387 80.0922 25.7913 24.5581
21.4230 25.7913 80.0922 20.7547
23.3288 24.5581 20.7547 79.1615
This is reduced to a 3 3 matrix

P
73.2172 26.3015 15.3066
26.3015 72.4736 19.3526
15.3066 19.3526 74.6507
Therefore, the required

"
CC matrix is inverse of
"
PP, and
"
YY
abc
is
"
YY
abc
jo
"
PP
1
j6.0141 j1.9911 j0.7170

j1.9911 j6.2479 j1.2114
j0.7170 j1.2114 j5.5111
j siemens,mile
B.8 CABLE CONSTANTS
The construction of cables varies widely; it is mainly a function of insulation type,
method of laying, and voltage of application. For high-voltage applications above
230 kV, oil-lled paper insulated cables are used, though recent trends see the devel-
opment of solid dielectic cables up to 345 kV. A three-phase solid dielectic cable has
three conductors enclosed within a sheath and because the conductors are much
closer to each other than those in an overhead line and the permittivity of insulating
medium is much higher than that of air, the shunt capacitive reactance is much lower
as compared to an overhead line. Thus, use of a T or model is required even for
shorter cable lengths.
The inductance per unit length of a single conductor cable is given by
L
j
0
2
ln
r
1
r
2
H,m B.53
where r
1
is the radius of the conductor and r
2
is the radius of the sheath, i.e., the
cable outside diameter divided by 2.
When single conductor cables are installed in magnetic conduits the reactance
may increase by a factor of 1.5. Reactance is also dependent on conductor shape, i.e.,
circular or sector, and on the magnetic binders in three-conductor cables.
B.8.1 Concentric Neutral Underground Cable
We will consider a concentric neutral construction as shown in Fig. B-10(a). The
neutral is concentric to the conductor and consists of a number of copper strands
that are wound helically over the insulation. Such cables are used for underground
distribution, directly buried or installed in ducts. Referring to Fig. B-10(a), d is the
diameter of the conductor, d
0
is the outside diameter of the cable over the concentric
neutral strands, and d
s
is the diameter of an individual neutral strand. Three cables in
at formation are shown in Fig. B-10(b). The GMR of a phase conductor and a
neutral strand are given by the expression:
GMR
cn

GMR
s
nR
n1
n
q
B.54
where GMR
cn
is the equivalent GMR of the concentric neutral, GMR
s
is the GMR
of a single neutral strand, n is the number of concentric neutral strands, and R is the
752 Appendix B
Figure B-10 (a): Construction of a concentric neutral cable; (b) conguration for calcula-
tion of cable series reactance (Example B.4).
radius of a circle passing through the concentric neutral strands (see Fig. B-10(a))
d
0
d
s
,2 (in ft).
The resistance of the concentric neutral is equal to the resistance of a single
strand divided by the number of strands.
The geometric mean distance between concentric neutral and adjacent phase
conductors is
D
ij

D
n
mn
R
n n
p
B.55
where D
ij
is the equivalent center-to-center distance of the cable spacing. Note that it
is less than D
mn
, the center-to-center spacing of the adjacent conductors, Fig. B-
10(b). Carsons formula can be applied and the calculations are similar to those in
Example B.1.
Example B.4
A concentric neutral cable system for 13.8 kV has a center-to-center spacing of 8 in.
The cables are 500 KCMIL, with 16 strands of #12 copper wires. The following data
are supplied by the manufacturer:
GMR phase conductor = 0.00195 ft
GMR of neutral strand = 0.0030 ft
Resistance of phase conductor = 0.20 ohm/mile
Resistance of neutral strand = 10.76 ohms/mile. Therefore, the resistance of
the concentric neutral = 10.76/16= 0.6725 ohm/mile.
Diameter of neutral strand = 0.092 in.
Overall diameter of cable = 1.490 in.
Therefore, R 1.490 0.092,24 0.0708 ft.
The effective conductor phase-to-phase spacing is approximately 8 in., from Eq.
(B.55).
The primitive matrix is a 6 6 matrix, similar to Eq. (B.16). In the partitioned
form, Eq. (B.17), the matrices are
"
ZZ
a

0.2953 j1.7199 0.0953 j1.0119 0.0953 j0.9278
0.0953 j1.0119 0.2953 j1.7199 0.0953 j1.0119
0.0953 j0.9278 0.0953 j1.0119 0.2953 j1.7199
The spacing between the concentric neutral and the phase conductors is approxi-
mately equal to the phase-to-phase spacing of the conductors. Therefore,
"
ZZ
B

0.0953 j1.284 0.0953 j1.0119 0.0953 j0.9278
0.0953 j1.0119 0.0953 j1.284 0.0953 j1.0119
0.0953 j0.9278 0.0953 j1.0119 0.0953 j1.284
Matrix
"
ZZ
c

"
ZZ
B
and matrix
"
ZZ
D
is given by
"
ZZ
D

0.7678 j1.2870 0.0953 j1.0119 0.0953 j0.9278
0.0953 j1.0119 0.7678 j1.2870 0.0953 j1.0119
0.0953 j0.9278 0.0953 j1.0119 0.7678 j1.2870
This primitive matrix can be reduced to a 3 3 matrix, as in other examples.

B.8.2 Capacitance of Cables
In a single conductor cable, the capacitance per unit length is given by
C
2c
0
c
lnr
1
,r
2
F,m B.56
Note that c is the permittivity of the dilectric medium relative to air. The capaci-
tances in a three-conductor cable are shown in Fig. B-11. This assumes a symmetrical
construction, and the capacitances between conductors and from conductors to the
sheath are equal. The circuit of Fig. B-11(a) is successively transformed and Fig.
B-11(d) shows that the net capacitance per phase C
1
3C
2
.
754 Appendix B
Figure B-11 (a) Capacitances in a three-conductor cable; (b) and ( c) equivalent circuits; (d)
nal capacitance circuit.
By change of units, Eq. (B.56) can be expressed as
C
7.35c
logr
1
,r
2
pF,ft B.57
This gives the capacitance of a single-conductor shielded cable. Table B-1 gives
values of c for various cable insulation types.
REFERENCES
1. DG Fink (Ed.). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. 10th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1969.
2. Croft, Carr, Watt. American Electricians Handbook. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1970.
3. Central Station Engineers. Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book. 4th
ed. East Pittsburgh, PA: Westinghouse Corp., 1964.
4. The Aluminum Association. Aluminum Conductor Handbook. 2nd ed. Washington, DC,
1982.
5. PM Anderson. Analysis of Faulted Systems. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1973.
Table B-1 Typical Values for Dielectric Constants of Cable Insulation
Type of insulation Permittivity (c)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 3.58.0
Ethyelene-propylene insulation (EP) 2.83.5
Polyethylene insulation 2.3
Cross-linked polyethylene 2.36.0
Impregnated paper 3.33.7

Appendix B: Calculation of Line and Cable Constants

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Appendix B: Calculation of Line and Cable Constants

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Appendix B

Calculation of Line and Cable

Line and Cable Constants 745

This is also equal to Z

The primitive matrix is 6 6 given by Eq. (B.23) formed by partitioned matrices

then, the matrix

80.0922 33.5387 21.4230 23.3288

This is reduced to a 3 3 matrix

Therefore, the required

j6.0141 j1.9911 j0.7170

This primitive matrix can be reduced to a 3 3 matrix, as in other examples.

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