-8&

FLIGHT

JANUARY

23RD, 1947

Soviet Aircraft Engines

Details of Representative Operational Types .

to note this, it is not substantiated by published figure: HE Soviet aircraft and aero-engine industry was for the American Wrights, which deliver up to 1,350 h.p. born during the bleak post-revolutionary years. for take-off. Heavy industry had priority, for without it there The machining of parts, as well as the overall finish of could be no question of aircraft, and still less of engine the Soviet engines, is stated as showing the high production. In order not to lag unduly behind other standard of'Soviet engineering and, as an example, the countries, production rights for foreign engines were ac" extraordinarily clean casting and the close and high coolquired. The shortcomings of these were studied, thus ing fins of the cylinder heads " is mentioned. The Russian saving " m a n y efforts and disillusionments" and, what Cyclone developments are extensively used in the PS-84 was more important, much time, which was used for and Li-2 transport machines, both of training specialists. So far as is which are variants of the Douglas known large-scale production of aeroDC-3. engines in Russia started about 15 ITTLE information of any value conyears ago, says Lt. Windholc. In the third group of engines cerning Russian aircraft and power (volume 38.65 litres) are the 14At this point in his story the Polish plants has become available since the cylinder M 8 8 B and M89, which were writer asserts that the Polish aircraft war and it has been considered worthpreceded by the M85, M86 and M87 industry is likewise being built from while to translate an article on Soviet series. The M89 has recently been aero-engines, by Lt. Alfred Windholc, the foundations and that '' the hisadapted for fuel injection. Large appearing in the Polish journal tory of the Soviet engiae industry quantities of M88BS were produced for " Sk.rzydlata Polska.'' The gist of this gives an example from which much article, which is based on a previous installation in the twin-engined IL-4 can be learned." account entitled " The U.S.S R. Engines (DB-3F) bomber, in the Su-2 reconIn more factual vein, he goes on to in Combat" by the Soviet engineer naissance machine and in certain record that during" the war the Soviet Karmarin, is paraphrased herewith. fighters. The M89 has likewise been Air Force used eighteen different enapplied to fighters. gines which were variants of seven Another type of 14-cylinder airbasic types5-cylinder, 9-cylinder and cooled enginethe M82 of 41-2 litres capacityis a variant 14-cylinder radials and 12-cylinder Vees. All except one of the'American Wright Double-Row Cyclone, but is the M40F Dieselare four-stroke petrol engines. characterized by a shorter stroke (155 mm against 160.3 For training aircraft the M i l series of 5-cylinder radials mm). The compression ratio has been raised from 1: 6.85 is standard. In the next category are the 9-cylinder. M62 to 1:7 and the overall dimensions are smaller. and M63 types, as well as the older M25, which is not Direct fuel injection is used on the M82 F N W and the carincluded in the accompanying table. I t may be rememburettor engines of the M82 family are built in four basic bered that the M25 was a Soviet version of the American typestheM82-in, M82-112, M82 1121 and M82-212. These Wright Cyclone 9, and that it served as a prototype for variants differ in reduction gear ratio and in the method the M62 and M63. of starting. In the sub-designations, the significance of "Comparing the technical features of the Soviet and the first figure is: American Cyclone engines," states tKe author, " we are 1 = 11:19 gear ratio ; 2 = 9 :16 gear ratio. The second bound to notice the smaller output of the latter." Here figure (1) indicates a compression ratio of 1:7, and the it may be mentioned that though he may have been bound

TAKE-OFF RATING Type No. and disposition of cyts 5, radial ... 5, radial 9, radial . 9, radial ... 9, radial 9, radial 14), two-row radial 14, two-row radial 14, two-row radial 14, two-row radial ,. 12, Vee 60deg .. 12, Vee, 60deg .. .. 12, Vee, 60deg ... 12, Vee, 60deg ... AM35A AM38 AM38F M40F 12, Vee. 60deg ... 12, Vee, 60deg ... 12. Vee, 60deg... 12, Vee
Q cc

Cooling

Bore (mm)
125.0 125.0 155.5 155.5 155.5 155.5 146.0 Mu.O 155.5 155.5 148.0 148.0 148.0

Stroke (mm)
140.0 140.0 174.5 174.5 174.5 174.5 I6S.0 +65.0 155.0 155.0 170.0 I7S.0 170.0 170.0 175.0 170.0 175.0 190.0 190.0 190.0 196.7 200.0 209.0

Capacity (litres) 8.6 8.6

29.8 29.8 29.8 29.8 38.65 38.65 41.2 41.2 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 46.7

Compression ratio 5.0 5.0 6.4 6.4 6.4 7.2 6.1 6.1 7.0 7.0
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0

1 Output (h.p.) 110 140 1,000 1.000 1,000

1, IOC 1,100 1.300 1.700 1,850 1.100 1,210 1,100 1.600 1,350 1,600 1.700 1.500 2,050 2,150 2.350 1 950 1 69 1.75 1.85 1.70

R.P.M.

Boost latin)

Fuel consumption (g h.p. hr)

_

Output

R.P.M

MUG
MIIF M62 . . M62 JR M62 R M63 M88B M89

1,660 1,740 2.200 2,200 2,200 2,300 2,300 2,400 1,400 2,500 2,500 2,600 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.45 1.29 1.5 1.55 1.60 1.29 1.43

ICO 145
8S0

1,590 I.E8 2,i00 2,100 2,100

295 350 295 3 SO 295

600 840 050 *

290 320 320 3-40 320 325 |

M82III. 112 Il2i, 212-3 ... .. M82 FNW MI05-R,-P.-PA MI05 PF MI05PD

2,200 I.C00 900 2,37! | | ,100 ,000 1.2,400 .240 -n ,140

,540 ,330 ,!00 ,050
,200 ,050 t,00 ,500 ,200 2.400 2,400 2,700 2,700

148.0 160.0 160.0

160.0 180.0

330 205

/,O50 2,150 2.150 1.950

46.7

6.8 6.8

1,550 1,550 1,250

ns

62.34

13.5

"

JANUARY 23RD, 1947

FLIGHT
62.34 litres. "Particularly worth noting," says the Polish article, '' is the application to the M40F engine of two dual turbo-compressors (2,700 r.p.m.) with two exhaust turbines at each side of the engine." I t is of interest to learn that this big diesel has been applied to the Pe-8 and TB-7 four-engined long-range bombers. The article makes no reference to the Russian study of German engines, though it is believed that they have been particularly interested in the highly promising 2,000-h.p. Jumo 213J, with four valves per cylinder and a three-stage supercharger, with water / methanol injection before the third stage. German turbo-jets and liquid-rocket units have also been studied closely, and it is known that original research is being conducted on gas turbine units, some of which are reputed to have been installed in aircraft displayed at the Soviet Air Force Festival last year.

meaning of the final symbols is : 1 = inertia starting ; 2 = compressed air starting; i = single-stage booster. The nature of a "single-stage booster" is not made clear. Engines of the M82 series are fitted as standard in the La-5 fighter, regarded during the war as the Russian counterpart of the FW190, in the Pe-8 four-engined bomber, and in Tu-2 high-speed twin-engined bomber.

The light and manoeuvrable Yak-i has the M-105 liquidcooled-Vee engine. Smallest of the liquid-cooled units, the M107, power plant of the Yak-11 fighter, has been developed from the earlier Mioo, M103 arid MiO5, all based on the French Hispano-Suiza 12Y. It differs from its predecessors in having reinforced cylinder walls and, unlike the M105, which has three valves, it has one inlet, two exhaust ajid one scavenging valve. With vulnerable parts of the AM 38 engine heavily armoured, the IL-2 Stormovik is an effective attack machine. Particulars of new Soviet aircraft have been scarcer than those of engines. Of the newer known types, the Tu-2 medium bomber is of the greatest interest. Twin M82 F N W engines give this type a speed approaching 350 m.p.h., and the bomb load is over 4,000 lb. This machine is probably supplementing and superseding the DD-3F, or IL-4, which was the mainstay of the Soviet medium-bomber force throughout the war. Only small quantities of TB-7 a n d Pe-8 four-engined, long-range bombers have been produced. These types are much inferior in performance and carrying capacity to comparable British and American bombers.

OIL COOLER

RADIATOR

Another fighter and ground-attack machine with the M-105 is the Lagg-3. The AM35A and AM38 engines belong to a larger class and are descended from the old M17 and M34, but these are greatly exceeded in capacity by the M40F diesel of
1AL RATING
>ost

SERVICE Fuel consumption (g/h.p./hr) Output (h.p.) 90 255 272/295 300/320 280/300 272/295 300/320 280/300 295/315 280/315 300/315 140 765 720 738 765 720 960 860 990 900 R.P.M. Boost (atm)

RATING Height Fuel consumption (e/h.p./hr) 250 253 260/280 280/300 200/280 260/280 280/300 260,280 280/300 250/280 265 295 _ _ 6,550 13,100 _ 268 288 Octane No. of fuel
59 59 90 92 90 90

em) .22

Height (ft) S.I. S.I. 5,000 13,750 4,900 5,000 13,750 5,900 14,760 13,100 19.650
M M E * 450

fft)
S.I.

Weight (Ib) 350 350 1,113 1,188 1,210 1,133 1,585

Width (mm)
1,075 1,075 1,375 1,375 1,375 1,375 1,293 1,293

Height (mm)

Length
(mm)

A i r c r a f t fitted

1,540 1,800 2,030 2,030 2,030 2.100 2,300

_

U-2, UT-I, UT-2

_

S.I. _

Yak-6 1-153,1-16 PS-84, Li-2 PS-84

.a .a
.24 1 4
B

1.14 _ 1.24

4,000 _ 4,900 13,750 13,100 19,650

92 94 92 92 90 90 94 95
94

1-16, 1-153 IL-4 (DB-3F), Su-2 Su-2 La-5, Pe-8 U-5, Tu-2

*]650 29

.a
.24 .43 .

.41 40 M

6,700 17,700 5,400 15,250 6,550 13,100 2,600 8,850 6,500 21,000 5,500 14,760 19,650 6,550 6,550 19,650

_ _

1,950 1,985 1,265 1,350 _ 1,650 1,840 1,892 1,892 2,645

1,260 1,260 777 777 777 777 875 875 875 1,103 960 960 960 960 1.080 1,080 1,080 1.250 2.030 2,030 2,030 2,030 2,290 2,290 2,290 2,200

990 945

2,600

1.24

Yak-l,La-3,AR-2,R-2, Yak-4, Pe-2, Pe-3 Yak-7B, Yak-9

300 315 285 305 285 305 200

1 150 1,410 1,410

2,050 2,150 2,150

1.35 1.55 1.55

22,950 9,800 9,800

270 285 270 285 270 285

95 94 95 94 95 95 95 95

Yak-II Pe-8, TB-7, Mig-I, -3 IL-2 IL-2 Pe-8, TB-7