ME-402 FLUID MACHINERY EXPERIMENT-2 FIXED PROPELLER KAPLAN TURBINE

OBJECT:
In this experiment, the hydrodynamics of flow inside a fixed blade Kaplan Turbine is to be investigated.

INTRODUCTION:
Turbines are the turbomachines transfering fluid energy into mechanical energy. Axial flow hydraulic turbine is named Kaplan turbine. Rotor blade settings of these turbines are adjustable. Axial flow fixed bladed turbine is Propeller turbine. The main parts of a Kaplan Turbine are the rotor, inlet guide vanes and the turbine shaft. The rotor wth the adjustable blades is used to transfer the fluid energy into mechanical energy. The nozzle guide vanes (NGV) are used to direct the flow onto the rotor and also regulate the power output of the turbine by adjusting the flow rate. The turbine shaft holds the servomechanisms adjusting the blade angles and connects the rotor to the generator. The cross-sectional view of a Kaplan Turbine is shown in Figure 1. Kaplan turbines are especially adaptable to low total head change and high flow rate water sources.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
1. TURBINE: A reaction with a fixed propeller Kaplan runner is mounted on the set-up. It has adjustable nozzle guide vanes. 2. DYNAMOMETER: A friction dynamometer is coupled to the turbine rotor to measure the torque. There is a spring balance at the end of the friction belt and a carrier to hold the dead weights at the other end. (The net frictional force can be obtained by subtracting the force on the spring balance from the dead weights.) The diameter of the friction drum is d=30.5 cm.

3. TACHOMETER: It is a mechanical device to determine the rotational speed of the turbine in revolution per minute (rpm). 4. BOURDON INLET PRESSURE GAGE: It is used for measuring inlet pressures in meters of water column within the range of 0-7.5 m H2O. 5. SURGE TANK: A surge tank with a sight tube to indicate the water level in tank which is the outlet static head.

MEASUREMENTS:
1. Set the nozzle guide vane angles to a specified degree by means of the lever. 2. Set the inlet static head of the turbine. 3. Measure the following values: a) The tachometer reading rpm ( N ) b) The dead weight in kg ( W ) c) The force on the spring balance in kg ( F ) d) The deflection of U-tube manometer in mm ( h ) e) Inlet static pressure of the turbine in m ( Hi ) f) Outlet static pressure of the turbine in m ( Ho )

CALCULATIONS & ANALYSIS:

Calculate the following: 1. Net head of the turbine H tmesh = H to H ti where H to : Outlet total head of the turbine H ti : Inlet total head of the turbine Note that H tmesh 0 for turbines and H tmesh = H to H ti , but H t =
P V2 + + Z as . g 2. g

the fluid is incompressible and inlet and outlet pipe cross sectional areas are the same, Vo = Vi and Z i Z o = 0.74m

2. The volumetric flow rate is calculated from

Q = k . h where k = 0.0197; calibration constant for venturimeter and h is in mm. 3. The power extracted from the fluid Ph = .Q.H t where = .g

g
Q H t Ph

: density of water (1000 kg/m3) : gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) : the volumetric flow rate (m3/s) : net head of the turbine (m of H2O) : power extracted from the fluid (watt)

4. The torque applied to the friction drum

T= where
T

g.d (W F ) 2

: torque applied to the friction drum (N.m) : diameter of the friction drum (0.305 m) : dead weight applied to the friction belt (kg) : force on the spring balance (kg)

d
W

5. The brake power of the turbine

Psh = 2T .N c = T . 60

where N c = N

1.1

(Due to transmission drums)

6. The total efficiency of the turbine

Psh Ph

tot = h . m . v
Assume that both volumetric and mechanical efficiencies ( ( m , v ) are equal to 99%
3

7. Using the geometry of figures 1 and 2 and the data recorded and calculated above one can construct the absolute velocity vector at the outlet of the nozzle guide vanes. (NGV-Wicker Gates) the duct flow between the exit of NGV and upstream of rotor blades is an axisymmetric swirling flow and velocity distribution at this portion of the turbine can be approximated as V = Ar +
B , where A and B are constants and they r

should be determined for a certain NGV setting. It is therefore approximately possible to construct the upstream velocity triangles at the hub, mid and tip of the rotor blade row (runner blades). It might be possible to assume that same amount of energy is extracted on all streamlines at the hub, tip and mid of the rotor blade row. The outlet whirl velocity ( V 2 ) can be calculated from the Euler equation
H tth = u (V 2 V 1 ) g

H t has been measured, it is required to obtain the energy per unit weight that is

actually extracted from the fluid for energy transfer purposes not only due to viscous dissipation. Therefore the head which should be used in the Euler equation must be
H tth = h .H tmesh .Here it is assumed that all viscous losses occur in the rotor blade

row. It is now possible to construct outlet velocity diagrams at the hub, mid and tip of the rotor which gives the span wise variation of fluid angles at the upstream and downstream of the rotating blade row. 8. Compare these fluid angles and the blade angles of Figure 2. Obtain incidence and deviation. What is the fluid deflection at the root, mean and tip? Note that in Figure 2, angles are measured from tangential direction. 9. Comment on the results you obtain.

REFERENCES:
1. Sabersky, R.H., Acosta, A.J. and Hauptman, E.G., Fluid Flow, MacMillan Publishing Second Edition. 2. Shepherd, D.G., Principles of Turbomachinery, MacMillan Publishing, Tenth Printing. 3. Steerer, V.L., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, Fifth Edition. 4. Shames, I.H., Mechanics of Fluids, McGraw-Hill, Revised First Edition. 4

1 0 2 2

1 0

All Dimensions in cm Figure-1 Schematic View of Propeller Turbine

Figure-2 Rotor Blade Angles 5

ME - 402 FLUID MACHINERY

FIXED PROPELLER KAPLAN TURBINE EXPERIMENT DATA SHEET
NAME SURNAME: STUDENT NUMBER: LAB GROUP: DATE: ADJUSTMENT ov (o) Hi [m] Ho [m] Z [m] Weight [kg] h Utube initial [mm] Rotational Speed [rpm] Dynamometer [kg ] h Utube [mm] AMBIENT CONDITIONS TEMPERATURE PRESSURE
o

mm Hg

RESULT TABLE