Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384 www.elsevier.

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Approximation to the hydrodynamics of oating pontoons under oblique waves

A.G. Abul-Azma,*, M.R. Gesrahab
a

Associate Professor, Irrigation and Hydraulics Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt b Assistant Lecturer, Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Fayoum Branch, Giza, Egypt Received 2 April 1998; received in revised form 14 July 1998; accepted 29 July 1998

Abstract The hydrodynamic properties of long rigid oating pontoon interacting with linear oblique waves in water of nite arbitrary depth are examined theoretically. The ow is idealized as linearized, velocity potentials are expressed in the form of eigen-function expansions with unknown coefcients. The uid domain is split into three regions, region (1) wave-ward of the structure, region (2) in the lee of the structure, and region (3) beneath the structure. The different hydrodynamic quantities of interest such as the exciting forces, added mass and damping coefcients, reection and transmission coefcients were studied for an applicable range of wave/structure parameters. Assuming rigid body motions, dynamic responses of the moored structure is approximately calculated through three equations of motion. Floating pontoons proved to be a convenient alternative for protection from waves in shallow water. The present method of solution was found to be computationally efcient, and results are comparable to those obtained through other techniques. 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Hydrodynamics; Floating pontoon; Oblique waves

1. Introduction Recently, oating structures are found to be of great use. Some of their advantages over xed structures include their reduced environmental impact, ability of relo* Corresponding author.
0029-8018/00/$ - see front matter 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 0 2 9 - 8 0 1 8 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 5 7 - 2

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A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

cation, and comparably low costs in deep water constructions (Gaithwaite, 1988). Many authors studied the performance of long rectangular oating breakwaters in normal waves. Different mathematical treatments have been used. Using variational formulation, Mei and Black (1969) studied the scattering of surface waves, and Bai (1974) studied the scattering of oblique waves by long oating structures. Using Greens theorem for arbitrary cross sections, Andersen and Wuzhou (1985) presented the added mass and damping coefcients for nite water depth, and Garrison (1984) for innite water depth. The interference effects between oating structures were studied by; Leonard et al. (1983) for multiple two-dimensional bodies in oblique waves, and McIver (1986) between two adjacent bridges. The effect of wave directionality on loads and motions of long structures had been studied by Isaacson and Nwogu (1987). The effects of uncoupling the diffraction problem of a caisson type breakwater were investigated experimentally by Fugazza and Natale (1988). For deep draft oating pontoons in nite water depth, Drimer et al. (1992) presented a simplied analytical solution. The scattering and radiation problems of structures oating in oblique waves were studied recently by Gesraha (1995). The exciting forces, transmission and reection coefcients for oating breakwaters were presented by AbulAzm et al. (1996). In the present paper, the eigenfunction expansion technique is used to calculate exactly, the exciting forces on the structure and the xed body transmission and reection coefcients under oblique waves. Added mass and damping coefcients are calculated approximately assuming a long rigid structure. The body motions, the free body transmission and reection coefcients are estimated by linking the scattering and radiation problems by the equations of motion. Numerical results are presented to check the accuracy and validity of the present method, comparisons with some published results are also performed.

2. Theoretical formulation The geometry of the pontoon under consideration is depicted in Fig. 1. The system is idealized as two-dimensional, and Cartesian coordinates are employed. The pontoon is assumed to be long, impermeable, and has a width of 2a and draft of d. The z-axis is directed vertically upwards from an origin on the mean sea level, and the y-axis is along the length of the pontoon above or below the center of gravity. The pontoon is subjected to an incident train of regular, monochromatic, small amplitude waves of height H and frequency , obliquely propagating with an angle measured anti-clock-wise from the positive x-direction in water of arbitrary depth h as shown in Fig. 1. The seawater is assumed to be inviscid, incompressible, and the motion is irrotational, so that the ow eld can be described in terms of a velocity potential. This potential is assumed to be periodic in time as well as space in the direction of the y-coordinate. The uid domain is divided into three regions: region (1) for x a, region (2) for a x a, and region (3) for x a. The velocity potential (x,y,z,t) can be expressed as (see e.g. Sarpkaya and Isaacson, 1981), p

A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

367

Fig. 1.

Denition sketch.

Re

igH 2

(x,z)ei(ky sin

t)

1, 2, and 3

(1)

Where Re is the real part of the complex expression [], k is the wave number which is related to the angular frequency through the dispersion relation 2 gktanh(kh), g is the acceleration due to gravity, and p 1, 2, 3 denoting the region. As linear wave theory is employed, the velocity potential in each region may be decomposed into four separate components, one of these components is due to scattering of incident waves by the xed body. The other three are due to the radiated waves by the moving body, and j denotes the modes of structural motions, and these are given namely by: xed body (j 0), surge (j 1), heave (j 2), and pitch (j 3); so that the total velocity potential in any region may be given by
3 p 1,p w 0p j 1

jp

1, 2, and 3

(2)

Where j is the complex amplitude of motion in mode j, and 1,p is the Kronecker Delta implying the addition of the incident potential only in region 1, the incident potential may be given according to linear wave theory by
w

Re

igH cosh[k(z h)] i(kx cos e 2 cosh(kh)

kysin

t)

(3)

All velocity potentials must satisfy the Laplace equation, the seabed condition, and the free surface condition, given respectively by;

368
2 jp

A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

0, 1, 2, 3; and p h; j 0; j

1, 2, and 3, 1, 2, and 3, 1 and 3,

(4) (5) (6)

jp z jp z

0 at z
2

0, 1, 2, 3; and p 0, 1, 2, 3; and p

jp

at z

Together with a radiation boundary condition which applies to the outgoing normal waves away from the structure limit
x

jp x

ikcos ik
jp

0 j

0 1,2,3

, and p

1,3

(7)

The wave height and oscillatory motions of the cylinder are assumed small compared to the wavelength. So that the problem may be considered as a linear superposition of two separate problems; a scattering problem (waves incident on a xed structure) and a radiation problem (structure oscillating in otherwise calm uid).

3. Scattering problem In this section, the pontoon is assumed to be xed, and due to the periodicity of waves in time as well as space, Eq. (4) may be presented in the form of Helmholtz equation as 2 0p x2 2 0p (k sin )2 z2
0p

0 p

1, 2, and 3

(8)

Another boundary condition imposing xity of the structure should be satised, and may be written as 0p x w x at x a; 0 > z d (9)

The velocity potential for the scattering problem is composed of the incident and scattered potentials only. Velocity potential may be found using eigenfunctions with unknown coefcients. For later convenience in determining the unknown coefcients, the velocity potentials were taken as the sum of symmetrical and anti-symmetrical parts. Furthermore, in region (2), the scattered potentials consist of even and odd functions in x. According to Eq. (2), velocity potentials in different regions may be expressed as
(s.a) 01

1 1 ik(x e (0) 2 0 1 0(0) B(s) 0m

m 0

a)cos

(z)
n 0

A(s,a) 0n e nh

n(x

a)

n(z)

(10)

(s) 02

cosh(qnx) cosh(qna)

(z)

(11a)

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369

(a) 02

1 (0) 1 0(0)

B(a) 0m
m 0

sinh(qnx) sinh(qna) D(s,a) 0n e nh

(z)

(11b)

(s,a) 03

n(x

a)

(z)

(12)

n 0

Where the superscript (s, a) denotes either symmetrical (s) or anti-symmetrical (a), A(s,a), B(s,a), and D(s,a)(n and m 0, 1, 2,...., ) represent the unknown complex 0n 0m 0n coefcients which are yet to be determined. By employing the symmetry and asymmetry in the problem, the unknown six sets of coefcients (A(s,a), B(s,a), and D(s,a))) 0n 0n 0n reduce to four sets only, since D(s) 0n A(s),D(a) 0n 0n k0 cos , k0 k2 n p
2 2 n

A(a) n 0n ik

1, 2, 3, ,

(13) (14a) (14b) (14c)

In Eqs. (10)(12);
0 n

k2 sin2 k sin
2 2

qn kn (n h

1, 2, 3,...., g

) are the positive real roots of the equation (15a)

knh tan(knh)

and pn n S n 0,1,2,,
n

(15b) (z) and cos[kn(z

m

The depth dependency functions

n

(z) are dened as h)], n 0, 1, 2,, (16a) (16b)

(z) (z)

2 1
m

sin(2knh) 2knh cos[pm(z

1/2

h)], m

0, 1, 2,, , and

Where m Numanns number 1 for m 0; and 2 otherwise. To determine the unknown coefcients, solutions for velocity potential components across regions interfaces must be continuous and satisfy the continuity of potential and horizontal velocity; thus it requires that at x a
(s,a) 01 (s,a) 02

h
(s,a) 02

z h z z 0

d d

(17a) (17b) (17c)

(s,a) 01

x
(s,a) 01

x 0 d

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Here it should be noted that continuity in the y-direction is neglected due to the innite length of the pontoon. Continuity of mass at x a requires that Eq. (17a) for the symmetrical part of the potential be satised, hence
0

(z) 2

n 0

A(s) 0n nh

(z)

B(s) 0m
m 0

(z),

d
L

(18) (z), L 0, 1, 2,...., ,

Multiplying both sides by the depth dependency function and integrating both over the range [ h, d], yields B(s) 0m Where
d

C0,m 2

n 0

A(s) 0n Cn,m m nh

0, 1, 2, 3,,

(19)

Cn,m
h

(z)

(z)dz

(20) a) is satised by applying Eq. (17b) and (17c), thus B(s) qmh tanh(qma) 0m
m 0 m

Continuity of velocity at (x
0

h
0

2 h
0

(z)
n 0

A(s) n(z) 0n d A(s) n(z) 0n

n 0

(z), (21)

z
0

(z)

0,

0
L

(22) (z), integrating over their ranges

Multiplying both sides of Eqs. (21) and (22) by and adding the resulting equations, yields
0

h
0,L

A(s) 0L

B(s) qmh tanh(qma)CL,m, 0m

m 0

(23)

Substituting from Eq. (19) into Eq. (23), yields A(s) 0L Where [ 0](s) L,n
(s) 0L

[ 0](s) A(s) L,n 0n

n 0

(s) 0L

,L

0, 1, 2, 3,,

(24)

1
n 0h ( 2

qmh tanh(qma)CL,mCn,m
m 0

(25)

0,L

[ 0](s) ) L,0

(26)

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371

Similarly, solution for the anti-symmetrical potential may be obtained by following (a) the same matching procedure, this lead to two sets of equations in A0n and B(a) ; n 0m 0, 1, 2,..., , m 0, 1, 2, 3,...., , these equations may be given as B(a) 0m C0,m 2 A(a) 0n Cn,m, m nh
(a) 0L

0,1,2,3,,

(27)

n 0

A(a) 0L Where [ 0](a) L,n

(a) 0L 0

[ 0](a) A(a) L,n 0n

n 0

,L

0,1,2,3,,

(28)

1
n

qmh coth (qma)CL,mCn,m

m 1

CL,0Cn,0 na

(29)

h ( 2

0,L

[ 0](a) ) L,0

(30)

Utilizing Eq. (13), the velocity potential in region (3) might be obtained.

4. Radiation problem In this section a rigid innitely long oating pontoon oscillating in still water is considered to cause waves propagating around the body. Due to the assumption of a rigid body, the prescribed periodic motions of the pontoon will cause planar waves that propagates normally to the body axis ( 0), e.g. Isaacson and Nwogu (1987). This motion in turn may approximate the radiation or forced motion problem into a two-dimensional wave-structure interaction problem. For the radiation potentials dened in the third term of Eq. (2) the governing equation in this case may be given as, 2 jp x2 2 jp z2 0 j 1,2,3 and p 1, 2, and 3 (31)

The structural boundary condition that satisfy the assumption of rigid and impermeable structure may be given by
p

Vn on the wetted surface

(32)

Where n is the unit vector normal to the wetted surface, and V is the complex velocity amplitude of any arbitrary point r (x,z) on the surface, and may be dened by V U r (33)

Where U u1i u2k and u3j are the translational and rotational velocity vectors, respectively, this velocity may be given with respect to structural responses as

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A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

uj

Re[( Re[(

i )Xj ei t] i )Xj ((z zo) x)e

i t

j ] j

1, 2 3

(34)

Where zo is the z-coordinate of the axis around which pitch motions is prescribed 0). The displacements and rotation in the j-th direction is given (taken as zo periodically in time as j Re[Xj ei t], j 1, 2, 3 (35)

Where Xj is the complex amplitude of oscillation of the pontoon per unit wave amplitude, with j 1, 2, and 3 representing surge, heave and pitch motions, respectively. With the assumption of linearity, the radiation problem is dealt with as the sum of three separate sub-problems; namely, surge, heave and pitch. Each sub-problem is solved by forcing the body to move a unit motion in the direction considered in rather still seawater. Solutions to the two-dimensional boundary value problem for the velocity potential in region (1) may be expressed in the form
j1

i )fj
n 0

A(s) k (x jn en k nd

a)

(z)
n 0

(a) Ajn k (x en knd

a)

(z) , j

(36)

1, 2, and 3 Where fj a, d, a2 corresponding to j 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The potential in region (2) is expressed in the form of an odd function in x for surge and pitch modes, and as an even function in the heave mode. This potential consists of; a particular solution satisfying the inhomogeneous structural boundary condition given by Eq. (32), and a homogeneous solution to the problem, thus
j2

i )fj
(a) Bjn

x (a) B a j0 sinh(pnx) sinh(pna)

(s) Bj0

(z) (z) (37)

(a) Bjn

n 1

cosh(pnx) cosh(pna)

(a) (a) For the heave mode of motion, A2n , B2n 0, for all n; the surge and pitch motions (s) (s) (j 1 and 3), the coefcients Ajn , Bjn diminishes for all n. The particular solutions j satisfying the structural boundary condition are dened as 1

0 1 2(h 1 2(h d)d d)a2 [(z (z h)2 h)2 x2] x2 3

(38a) (38b) (38c)

(s) (a) (s) (a) The solution proceeds by nding the unknown coefcients Ajn , Ajn , Bjn and Bjn , j 1, 2, 3; n 0, 1, 2,..., , in Eqs. (36) and (37) in both regions (1) and (2) for

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373

each mode of motion. This is achieved as described earlier in the scattering problem by matching potentials and horizontal particle velocities at x a; i.e. utilizing Eq. (17a), (17b) and (17c), the resulting sets of equations are given in more details in Gesraha (1995). 5. Hydrodynamic properties of the oating pontoon Knowing different velocity potential components, various hydrodynamic characteristics of the system may be deduced. The total hydrodynamic forces on the pontoon may be decomposed into exciting forces and moment due to scattering of incident wave by the xed structure (F0j), and other reaction forces and moments due to the radiated modes by the oscillating structure (Fij). The complex amplitudes of each component may be expressed separately as

Fij

0,i w ip

h (
So 2 So

)nj ds

1,2

0,i

ip

)[(z

zo)n1

xn2]ds j

,
(39)

0, 1, 2, 3; and p

1, 2, 3

Where So is the equilibrium wetted surface of the body, nj is the direction cosines of the unit normal vector to the pontoon surface pointing inwards, j 1, 2, 3 denotes the horizontal, vertical directions, and rotation around y-axis, respectively. The two separate problems namely: scattering of incident waves by a xed pontoon, and radiation of waves by an oscillating pontoon, are linked by the equations of motion. These linear equations refer to the three degrees of freedom considered, namely, surge, heave, and pitch. This may be given as [
2

(m

A11) F01 A22) mzG F03

i B11 i B22 A31)

S1]X1 S2]X2 i B31]X1

mzG

A13)

(40)

i B13]X3 [ [
2 2

(m (

F02 [
2

(41) (Mo A33) i B33 (42)

mgGM]X3

Where (m) is the mass of a unit length of the body, (zG) is the z-coordinate of the center of gravity, (Mo) the mass moment of inertia about the pontoon axis, (GM) is the hydrodynamic restoring moment arm developed by small inclination of the body. S1 and S2 represent the horizontal and vertical stiffness of the mooring lines, respectively. The right hand side of these equations represents the exciting forces obtained from Eq. (39). The hydrodynamic added mass Aij, and radiation damping coefcients Bij may be calculated from the radiation reaction forces as

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A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

Fij

Aij

i Bij

(43)

6. Reection and transmission coefcients Reection and transmission coefcients for a xed pontoon may be calculated as the ratio between the reected and transmitted wave heights and the incident wave height, respectively. Similarly, for a oating pontoon exposed to oblique waves, these wave heights are contributed to the scattering wave modes and the radiation wave modes. Thus the reection coefcient (R) and transmission coefcient (T) for a oating pontoon may now be calculated approximately by summing all the propagating modes arising from velocity potential components. Thus R 1 (A(s) 00 k 0h 1 (A(s) 00 k 0h
2 3 0(0) j 1 3 0

A(a)) 00

g
2

fj Xj Aj0

(44)

A )

(a) 00

(0)
j 1

fj Xj Aj0

(45)

7. Numerical results and discussion By truncating the innite summations in Eqs. (24) and (28) for the scattering problem at n N and m M, each summation turns to a set of (M 1) linear (a) simultaneous equations in the unknown complex coefcients A(s) and A0m in region 0m (1), which is solved by standard matrix inversion techniques. Velocity potentials in (s) (a) region (2) are then dened by deducing the coefcients B0m and B0m from Eqs. (19) and (27). In Eqs. (36) and (37) for the radiation problem, innite summations are also truncated, and the unknown coefcients are deduced following the same matching procedure applied to the scattered velocity potential. The accuracy of the results of the present solution has been tested in comparisons with different numerical results, truncations has been taken at N M 20, except for cases of shallow draft structure, where they reached 30 to achieve higher accuracy. The hydrodynamic exciting forces, added mass and damping coefcients, response amplitude operators, reection and transmission coefcients were all estimated for several published and test cases, some of these cases are presented herein. In order to verify the used method, the obtained results are compared with different previously published results obtained by other techniques. Fig. 2 shows the inuence of the wave angle on the vertical force and pitching moment. Present results are compared to those of Bai (1974), for a/h 0.5, d/h 0.5, and different dimensionless wave number ka. Comparison of the added mass and radiation damping coefcients with results obtained by Andersen and Wuzhou (1985) using Greens function are shown in Fig. 3. All the calculated coefcients are in good agreement, except for the heave added mass Fig. 3(b), which shows a slight difference at large kh values.

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375

Fig. 2. Comparison of the exciting forces obtained from present solution with results of Bai (1974), (a) vertical force, (b) pitching moment; for a/h 0.5, d/h 0.5.

Considering a rigid oating structure with a relatively long but nite length in ydirection ( ). Fig. 4 shows only the surge and heave response amplitude operators compared with the results of Isaacson and Nwogu (1987) for a/h 0.625, d/h 0.25, /h 6.25, S1/ gh2 0.0, zG/h 0.0, and different wave directions were considered. A parametric study had been conducted to study the behavior of the oating structure under different wave and structural parameters namely; kh, a/h, d/h, zG/h, and

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A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

Fig. 3. Comparison of the added mass and damping coefcients obtained from present solution with results of Andersen and Wuzhou (1985), (a) Surge coefcients, (b) Heave coefcients, (c) Surge-pitch coefcients, (d) Pitch coefcients; for a/h 0.1, d/h 0.1.

. It should be mentioned that present results are considered for slack mooring 0 and S2/ gh2 0. Part of the results of this study is presented cables, S1/ gh2 herein, more results are given in Gesraha (1995). For different wave direction, the inuence of the diffraction parameter on the exciting forces is shown in Fig. 5. For long waves (small kh), the structure experiences only a vertical force arising from buoyancy Fig. 5(b), which diminishes at higher frequencies (shorter waves). On the other hand, horizontal force and pitching

A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

377

Fig. 3.

Continued.

moment peak at a certain value of kh, as shown in Fig. 5(a) and (c). For kh > 3, the horizontal force exhibits no variation with wave direction, maximum forces and moment occur for the normal wave case 0. 0 as given in Fig. 6(a), The xed pontoon shows maximum transmission for the Reection coefcient varies monotonically from 0.0 when ka 0.0 to 1.0 for high kh, effect of oblique waves is also shown in the same gure. For a moored oating pontoon, Fig. 6(b) shows the variation of the reection and transmission coefcients due to different wave angles. It can be seen that higher reection coefcient is attained for oblique waves, this is evident in long waves. For relatively

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A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

Fig. 4. Comparison of the surge and heave motion obtained from present solution with results of Isaacson 0.0, zG/h 0.0, /h and Nwogu (1987); (a) Surge, (b) Heave; for a/h 0.625, d/h 0.25, S1/ gh2 6.25.

shorter waves (kh > 2) the reection coefcient is almost the same for different wave direction. Intuitively, for an innitely long structure, oblique waves will cause no excitation on the structure as pressures are cancelled out. The difference between the results in Fig. 6(a) and (b) may be attributed to the fact that the exciting forces in Eq. (39) are calculated for a nite pontoon length, 1. With the assumption of a rigid pontoon, it is not expected that the conservation of energy will be com-

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379

Fig. 5. Inuence of wave direction on exciting forces; (a) horizontal force, (b) vertical force, (c) pitching moment; for a/h 1.0, d/h 0.25.

pletely satised particularly for waves making a large wave angle with the structure, this may be noted in Fig. 6(b). The effect of the beam width 2a of the structure on the transmission and reection coefcients is shown in Fig. 7 as a function of dimensionless wave number kh, for a/h 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and d/h 0.25. Fig. 7(a) shows R and T for a xed structure, as could be expected, wider beam structures possess higher reective properties. This is evident also for the freely oating structure over a large range of kh, as shown

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A.G. Abul-Azm, M.R. Gesraha / Ocean Engineering 27 (2000) 365384

Fig. 5.

Continued.

in Fig. 7(b). In this gure, and at intermediate values of the diffraction parameter 1.5 kh 4.8, wave reection is greatly inuenced by the structural motions, and wave frequency approaches the natural frequency of the structure, resulting in no wave transmission. This value of kh corresponds to the natural frequency of the system. Comparisons of the reection coefcient for pontoons having the same beam a/h 0.5, but with different relative draft d/h 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, is shown in Fig. 8. Pontoons with large drafts show good performance as a breakwater, especially for the xed structure case, Fig. 8(a). Values for the wave Transmission and reection coefcients of the freely oating structure is given in Fig. 8(b). Different relative drafts are shown to give different trends for the free oating pontoon case. Results exhibit zero transmission at several kh values, corresponding to the complete barrier case. For the case of 0.0, the energy conservation principle is shown to be satised exactly for the transmission and reection coefcients.

8. Conclusions The hydrodynamic properties of a long rigid pontoon oating in oblique waves had been investigated. The inviscid uid and irrotational ow assumption enabled the use of linearized potential ow. Stiffness components were used to replicate the effect of moorings. Only three modes of pontoon motion were considered; surge, heave and pitch. The solution utilized different eigenfunction expansions for different regions, the problem was decomposed into four different velocity potentials consequent to: wave scattering by a xed structure, and wave radiation by each mode of

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381

Fig. 6. Inuence of wave direction on transmission and reection coefcients; (a) xed pontoon, (b) 0.0, S1/ gh2 0.25. moored pontoon, for a/h 1.0, d/h 0.25, zG/h

motion. For a large range of structural parameters, the present method facilitates the calculation of the exciting forces, added mass and damping coefcients, amplitudes of structural motions, and transmission and reection coefcients. The validity and accuracy of the presented solution proved that it is an efcient formulation as com-

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Fig. 7. Inuence of relative beam width 2a/h on wave transmission and reection; (a) xed pontoon, 0.0, 0.0, zG/h 0.0. (b) oating pontoon; for d/h 0.25, S1/ gh2

pared to other numerical techniques. It has been found that the performance of the pontoon in wave reection has a strong dependence on the relative dimension of its cross section, while dynamic properties depend mainly on its inertial characteristics. It was also concluded that wave direction is of minor effect on the pontoon reective properties, particularly for waves making a large angle with the pontoon.

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383

Fig. 8. Inuence of relative draft d/h on wave transmission and reection, (a) xed pontoon, (b) oating 0.0, 0.0, zG/h 0.0. pontoon; for a/h 0.5, S1/ gh2

References
Abul-Azm, A.G., Abou-Seida, M.M., Gesraha, M.R., 1996. Hydrodynamics of Floating Pontoons under Oblique Waves. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Hydrodynamics, Hong Kong, Dec. 1996, 1, 195199. Andersen, P., Wuzhou, H., 1985. On the Calculation of Two-Dimensional Added Mass and Damping Coefcients by Simple Greens Function Technique, Ocean Engng. 12 (5), 425451. Bai, K.J., 1974. Diffraction of Oblique Waves by an Innite Cylinder, J. Fluid Mech., 68(3), 513535.

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