2012 IEEE 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference - ECCE Asia

June 2-5, 2012, Harbin, China

Study on Three-Leg-Based Three-Phase Four-Wire
Shunt Active Power Filter
Dong Mingxuan, Huang Zhihao, Wu Jian, Xu Dianguo
Department of Electrical Engineering
Harbin Institute of Technology
Harbin, China
E-mail: dmxnmm@126.com
Abstract-Power quality problems such as three-phase
unbalanced and aberrance, harmonics and so on, have become
serious increasingly and the development of APF has been one of
the ways to solve these problems. The detection algorithm based
on FBD theory for command current in three-phase and four
wire system, can extract the zero-sequence current and harmonic
current from the load current. This algorithm is adopted in the
paper to design the main circuit of three-leg with split phase
capacitance and hysteresis control is used to regulate the output
current. A prototype of APF based-on DSP, which provide
experimental environment for high-power, is developed to test
the performance of the APF and results have proved that the
compensation effect of the device to zero-sequence current,
harmonics and reactive power is reliable.
Keywords-three-phase andfour-wire; active power flter (APF);
Frze-Buchholz-Dpenbrock (FBD); hysteresis control; three-leg
I. INTRODUCTION
With the development of industrialization process,
requirement of consumers for the power quality is becoming
higher and higher. Power problems like the lack of reactive
compensation capacity of grid and aggravating harmonics
pollution increase the loss and infuence the power supply
quality[
1
1. To solve the problems, static var generator (SYG) is
proposed with advantages of rapid response, small volume,
wide tuning range, high quality of current waveform in grid[
2
1.
The instantaneous reactive power theory was frst proposed by
H. Kin in 1980s. The defnition of reactive power in the p-q-O
coordinate system in the theory makes the full compensation of
zero-sequence component in the three phase system possible[31.
As for the unbalance three phase system, the proposing of the
instantaneous reactive power theory promotes the development
and application of electrical energy management largely.
Active power flter (APF) of three-phase three-wire has
been widely applied[41. While it is only suitable for the balance
three phase system but not unbalance three phase system[51.
APF of three-phase four-wire can compensate the zero
sequence component effectively which means that it is very
suitable to compensate the three-phase four-wire system[6
1
.
Command current detection algorithm of three-phase four-wire
system based on improved Fryze-Buchholz-Dpenbrock (FBD)
algorithm is proposed to eliminate the infuence of zero
sequence component. A three-leg APF of three-phase four-wire
This work has been supported by "the Fundamental Research Funds/or
the Central Universities" (Grant No. HIT NSRlF2010102)
552
HuaKe
Heilongiang Electric Power Company Limited
Heilongiang, 150090
huakemail@yahoo.com.cn
system is studied and verifed the compensate effect by
experiments of prototype.
IT. MAIN CIRCUIT STRUCTURE OF THREE-LEG THREE-
PHASE FOUR-WIRE APF
Main circuit structure of three-phase four-wire APF based
on the three-leg circuit has two kinds that one is based on the
split-phase capacitor and the other one is based on three-leg
topology. There are merits and faults of each. 8 IGBTs and 4
current limited reactors are required in the 4-leg main circuit
syructure. And because of the existence of forth leg among
three phases, decoupling of the phase control of system can be
realized. But the 4-leg structure is expensive. At the same time,
with only 6 TGBTs and 3 reactors, 3-leg structure with split
phase capacity is much cheaper. But the voltage of split-phase
capacity vibrates largely, and the balance control of direct
current (DC) bus voltage is complex. Considering the costs and
that the capacity of prototype blows 1 OOkY A, 3-leg structure
with split-phase capacity is selected.
Main circuit of three-phase four-wire APF with 3 legs is
shown in Fig. l. C
1
and C
2
are split-phase capacities; they have
the same voltage value, withstand voltage and capacity. Zero
line of the system is connected to the neutral point of DC bus to
provide the circulation path of compensate current of zero line.
And the main circuit of APF is connected to the grid and load
through series current limited reactors.
Ill. WORKING PRINCIPLES OF THREE-PHASE FOUR-WIRE
APF WITH THREE LEGS
Block diagram of APF is shown in the Fig. 2. SYG with
three legs consists of command current detection module, DC
bus voltage control module and average voltage of split-phase
capacities in DC bus control module. The workfow of three
phase four-wire APF with three legs is as followed. Afer put
into work, three-phase load current and three-phase
compensate current of APF are detected and then, through a
sampling circuit, transported to digital signal processor (DSP)
in which command signal of compensate current is obtained
based on the improved FBD algorithm. Then drive pulse is
produced by the hysteretic control of command signal. Afer
the power amplifcation, the drive pulse will be put on the gate
of TGBT to complete the compensate work. Tn this process,
978-1-4577-2088-8/11/$26.00 20121EEE
DSP has real-time communication with host computer,
receIVIng instruction of parameter modification from host
computer and sending parameter needed by host computer. In
addition, voltages of DC bus and split-phase capacities are
required to control the voltage of DC bus and the result will
playa role in the calculation of command current[51.
A. Improved FBD Algorithm
FBD algorithm was proposed by German scholar Fryze in
1930s and then improved by others like F. Buchholz and
becomes FBD algorithm in contemporary finally. It has good
real-time property and simple calculation and is not only
suitable for three-phase system but also for the multi-phase.
While, for the three-phase four-wire system, the study of the
algorithm is limited to the theoretical research I long time.
Compared with traditional ip-iq algorithm, the FBD harmonic
detection has a different expression in the energy flow and is
simpler in calculation in the extraction process of command
current. The fundamental thought of calculation of command
current is as followed. Initially, loads in each phase of APF
should be transformed to the equivalent conductance on which
all energy of system is considered to be consumed without
other loss. And then, load current can be decomposed into parts
including harmonics component and reactive power component.
Based on the positive sequence component of unbalanced and
non-sinusoidal voltage, reference voltage signal which is in
phase with positive sequence component of three phase
fundamental wave can be extracted and restored by phase-
locked loop (PLL). At last, after the calculation using the
reference voltage and three phase load current with zero-
sequence separation, active power component of three phase
fundamental wave can be achieved.
Fig 1. Mian circuit structure of APF
However, as for the three-phase four-wire system with
unbalanced three phase, the traditional FBD algorithm cannot
be applied directly with the lack of zero-sequence detection. So,
before the calculation of command current, zero-sequence
component should be separated from the load current.
[U"(ll]
sin OJt
U
b
(t) = (I)
3
uc(t)
sin(OJt +
3
I,Dad


Fig 2. Block diagram of APF
ia(t) = sin(kOJt + rp;) + l:k sin(kOJt + rp;)]
ih(t) = sin(kOJt + rp; sin(kOJt
2
+ rn- - -Jr)]
't'k 3
ic (t) = sin(kOJt + rp; + Jr) + sin(kOJt
2
+ rp; +-Jr)]
3
G (t) = (u, i) = Ua (tVa (t) + Ub (t)ib (t) + UC (tK (t)
f! (u,U) U
a
(t)2 +U
b
(t)2 +U
c
(t)2
(2)
3 [U
a
(t)i
a
(t) + U
h
(t)i" (t) + U
c
(t)i
c
(t)](3)
--cos20Jt
2
sin OJt
ip(t) = Op(t)
3

3

(t)]
= lbJ (t)
id (t)
B. Average Voltage Control of Split-Phase Capacitors
(4)
(5)
Circuit structure with split-phase capacitor is proposed. In
the unbalanced three phase system, zero- sequence component
of three phase flows back to the neutral line through capacitors
Cl or C2 which may cause the voltage concussion of split-
phase capacitors. And if the amplitude of concussion is
extensive, the stability of DC bus voltage would be lost and the
compensation of SVG would be influenced. So the average
voltage control of split-phase capacitors is in need. Voltage
changes of split-phase capacitors are shown in the Table 1. As
shown in the Table 1, whenick > 0, the voltage of Cl will hike
and the voltage of C2 will descend. However, when i
ck
< 0, the
condition is in opposite. And this is the principle of voltage
concussIOn.
Compensation command current detection algorithm of
APF system which combines the average voltage control with
FBD algorithm is shown in Fig. 3.The DC bus voltage control
of three-phase three-wire system is achieved as followed. The
real-time sampled values of DC bus voltage is compared with
the given value, then, the result will be stacked on the linear
conductance branch circuit which stands for the active power
in the FBD method after passing through the proportional-
integral (PI) control. And the average voltage control of three-
phase four-wire system is adding an outer loop control based
on the DC bus voltage PI control. The voltage of split-phase
control is compared with the half of the DC bus voltage
reference. After the calculation of PI control, the result is added
on the output of command current and the average voltage
control is completed. . !
IV. RESULT OF THREE-LEG APF IN THE THREE-PHASE
FOUR WIRE SYSTEM
Firstly, a simulation based on Matlab on three-leg APF in
three-phase four wire system was done in the paper to prove
the validity of the control strategy. The result is shown in Fig. 4.
sin OJ t
Ua
PLL
From Fig. 4, it can be seen that the zero current and the
harmonics have been compensated completely, the validity of
the APF is proved.
Based on the proposed APF prototype, the programming
task of command current detection algorithm is accomplished
on DSP. And the operation condition of APF in the three-phase
system with unbalanced load is also tested.
TABLE 1. CHANG RULE OF VOLTAGE OF SPLIT-PHASE CAPACITORS
i > 0 dick < 0
ck 'dt
U
dc1
t
di
U
dcl
t i <0
ck 'dt
. 0 dick 0
I'k < ,-->
, dt
U
dc
-U
dcl
t
. dick
U
dc
-U
dc1
t Ick > 0, -- > 0
dt
sin(OJt + 120") I i cc*
Fig 3. Command current algorithm based on the improved FBD method
..
... =

tis
tis (b) zero current after compensation
(a) three-phase current after compensation
Fig 4. Waves after compensation
The unbalanced load consists of three parts like three-phase
thyristor rectifer circuit with resistance-inductance load and
single phase diode rectifer circuit with resistance-inductance
load. Single phase load is connected between the A phase and
neutral line. The line voltage of grid is 380V. Four split-phase
capacitors in DC bus all have the capacity of 10000jlF. Each
two of them are connected i series and then these two
branches are connected in parallel. The capacity of reactors at
the exit side of APF is l.2mH. The detection device is PW3196
power quality analyzer produced by HlOKI Company.
Current of load and voltage of grid of three-phase system
before the APF is applied are shown in the Fig. 5. And current
of load and voltage of grid of three-phase system when the
APF is applied are shown in the Fig. 6. As shown in these two
fgures, before the APF is applied, the unbalanced phenomenon
is very obvious and the reactive power component is very large.
While, afer the APF is applied, the unbalanced phenomenon is
nearly disappeared and the three-phase current is balanced and
almost sinusoidal. Waveforms shown in the Fig. 7 are current
of neutral line, voltage of split-phase capacitors and voltage of
DC bus fom top to the bottom successively. As shown in the
fgure, voltage of both DC bus and split-phase capacitors
occurs concussion of which the peak value is 7V. The
compensation of the current in neutral line is very obvious, and
the current afer the compensation is almost zero.
* 14. .


v?iii
1.11 . .
...... ......
. h7du
........... O:. ................................................................... .... , ...
n n n
v v v
. h7du
v
Fig 5. three-phase voltage and current before compensation
b.
_ _ _ __
................................ ....................... ...... ......... ..... .............. ..............................
. h7du
Fig 6. three-phase voltage and current afer compensation
555
(a) before the APF is applied
..
I , . I
(b) before the APF is applied
Fig 7. voltage of DC bus and phase-split capacitor
CONCLUSION
A SVG for the unbalanced three-phase phenomenon in the
three-phase four-wire system is designed. And the three-leg
structure is applied in the main circuit. The fow path of neutral
line current is provided by the split-phase capacitors in the DC
bus. Based on the improved FBD algorithm, command current
detection algorithm of APF is designed. Dynamic hysteresis
band control is applied to achieve the simultaneous
compensation of harmonics and reactive power. In this way,
power factor at grid side can up to 0.998. Prototype of APF for
the three-phase four-wire system is designed on which control
algorithm is tested. The correctness of control strategy and
favorable compensation performance of APF for the harmonics
and reactive power is testifed by the result.
REFERENCES
[I] ZHUO Fang, YANG Jun, WANG Zhaoan and I. Hu Junfei, "Active
Power Filter for Three-Phase Four Wire System, "(1]. Journal of Xi' An
Jiaotong University, 2000, 34(3): 87-90.
[2] GUO Wei-feng,YANG Shi-yan,YANG Wei, "Study of Shunt Active
Power Filter Realizing Reactive Power and Harmonics Compensation in
Three-Phase Four-Wire System, "[1]. Chinese Journal of Electron
Devices 2006, 29(4): 1140-1146.
[3] P. Rodriguez, A. Luna, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, M. Liserre.
"Control of a Three-phase Four-wire Shunt-ActivePower Filter Based on
DC-bus Energy Regulation, "[J]. IEEE, 2008, 28(19): 138-144.
[4] HE Na, XU Dianguo, WU Jian, "Fuzzy Control of DC Voltage in Active
Power Filter," [J] Power System Tecnology, 2006,30(14): 45-47.
[5] V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra and B. Singh. "Digital signal processor
implementation andperformance evaluation of split capacitor, four
legand three H-bridge-based three-phase four-wireshunt active flters, "
[J]. lET Power Electronics, 2010, vol. 144, pp.463-469.
[6] HE Na, XU Dianguo, WU Jian, "A Novel Design Method and
Compound Control Strategy for Shunt Hybrid Power Filter, "[1].
Automation of Electric Power Systems Electron, 2007, 31(10): 45-
49.
556