Design\ section 1

Labor statistics report a steady increase in employment opportunities for database and Internet-trained personnel in many fields, As more and more organizations project a presence on the World Wide Web, there is a growing demand for skilled professionals to develop and support WWW applications.
The Oracle Academy Database Design and Programming with SQL Course Entity relationship modeling, database design, development, and normalization History of the database, evolution of computing Business skills: presentations, case studies

SQL (structured query language) The language of the database. Accessing data with SQL Data definition, manipulation and control languages. Transaction control. Building applications. Business skills: interviewing, creating a career portfolio. PL/SQL, a procedural language extension to SQL.

 Procedural programming structures such as variables, constants, and parameters. Conditional control statements including IF and CASE. Iterative control statements including LOOP, WHILE, and FOR. Handling exceptions. Creating procedures, functions, packages, and triggers.
Data

Data vs. Information

Raw material, from which you can draw conclusions. Facts from which you can deduce new facts. Information *knowledge, intelligence, a particular piece of data with a special meaning or function. *Information is often the result of combining, comparing and performing calculations on data. What is a Database?

A database is a centralized and structured set of data stored on a computer system.

*It provides facilities for retrieving ,adding ,modifying and deleting the data when required. *It provides facilities for transforming retrieved data into useful information. *A database is usually managed by a Database Administrator (DBA).
GUI

The Graphical User Interface Is the screen that you see when you look at any computer application

History of the Database

1960s: Computers become cost effective for private companies along with increased storage capability. 1970-72: E.F. Codd proposes the relational model for databases, 1976: P. Chen proposes the entity relationship model (ERM) for database design. Early 1980s: The first commercially-available relational database systems start to appear at the beginning of the 1980s with Oracle Version 2. Mid-1980s: SQL (structured query language) becomes "intergalactic standard." Early 1990s: An industry shakeout begins with fewer surviving companies. Oracle survives Mid-1990s: Kaboom! The usable Internet/World Wide Web(WWW) appears. Late 1990s: The large investment in Internet companies helps create a tools market boom for Web/Internet/DB connectors Early 21st century: Solid growth of DB applications continues. Examples: commercial websites (yahoo.com, amazon.com), government systems (Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, Bureau of the Census), art museums, hospitals, schools, etc.

Question: What does a database have to do with data modeling? ***Data modeling is the first part of the database development process.

Database Development Proces:

Strategy

Analysis

Design
Build

Strategy Conceptual Data Modeling Analysis Entity Relationship

Design

Database Design Table Definitions Index, View, Cluster

Build

Database Build

An entity relationship model should accurately model the organizations information needs and support the functions of the business.
In database design, the information requirements reflected in the entity relationship model are mapped into a relational database design using a table instance chart. table instance chart A relational database design used to map the information in the entity relationship model. It has the following: 1-Table name 2-Column names 3-A primary key (PK) is the unique identifier for each row of data 4-A foreign key (FK))

links data from one table to another by referring to a column in that other table Nulls indicate if the columns must have a value (mandatory). Unique Indicates if the value in the column is unique within the table . : Datatyp e Refers to the format and definition of the data in each colum.

Major Transformations in Computing

Key Terms Hardware: the physical bits and pieces of a computer, for example keyboard, screen, mouse, disk drive, memory Software: programs (sets of instructions) which tell the hardware what to do. Operating system: a software program which directly controls and manages the hardware, for example Microsoft Windows. Application: a software program which carries out specific tasks on behalf of computer users. Client: a workstation or desktop computer including a
screen, keyboard, and mouse. Clients communicate directly with human computer users.

Server: a more powerful computer that accepts work

requests from clients, does the work, and sends results back to the client.

History of Computer Systems: 1970s *The database software resided in the mainframe computer. Almost all of the computer processing was done on these large mainframe computers. *Smaller computers, or dumb terminals, were used to access the large mainframe and execute commands. *The terminals depended on the mainframe and displayed the results only after the processing was completed in the mainframe.
1980s As personal computers (PCs) became faster and widely available, processing moved from the mainframes to the clients. Because the PCs had their own software and were capable of doing some processing on their own, they came to be known as smart clients or workstations. *Many of the common applications today (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) were born during this era.

Oracles strategy is to use the Internet and fast processing servers to meet the needs of organizations in storing data and producing information.

The software that manages the data is on the database server. It performs processing for storage and retrieval. Applications for business operations sit on the application server. It performs processing for document creation, developing, interacting or manipulating the data. Clients can have applications of their own, but the essential business applications are accessed from the clients using an Internet browser. Grid Computing: The
New Model

In the grid-computing model, all of an organizations computers in different locations can be utilized just like a pool of computing resources. Grid computing builds a software infrastructure that can run on a large number of networked servers. A user makes a request for information or computation from his/her workstation and that request is processed somewhere in the grid, in the most efficient way possible.

Grid computing treats computing as a utility, like the electric company. You dont know where the generator is or how the electric grid is wired. You just ask for electricity and you get it.

Finance: Refers to businesses that deal primarily with money

Logistics: can be defined as the planning, execution, and control of the movement and placement of people and/or goods Commerce: involves transactions (sales and purchases ) having the objective of supplying commodities Procurement: refers to all of the processes involved in requesting, ordering, and paying for goods and services Distribution: the commercial activity of transporting and selling goods from a producer to a consumer