Electric Power Systems Research, 24 (1992) 227-235

227

Maximum power transfer capability within the voltage stability limit of series and shunt compensation schemes for AC transmission systems
M. H. Haque
Department of Electrical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261 (Saudi Arabia)

(Received March 7, 1992)

Abstract
A new method of determining the maximum power transfer capability of a high voltage AC transmission line with different series and shunt compensation schemes is presented. The method determines the maximum power transfer limit by finding the critical value of the receiving-end current beyond which the power cannot be increased by increasing the value of the current because of voltage instability. Simple analytical expressions for the critical or limiting values of the receiving-end quantities (power, voltage and current) and the corresponding phase shift between the sending- and receiving-end voltages are derived. The proposed method was applied to a transmission line with several series and shunt compensation schemes to determine the various critical quantities. The critical quantities obtained for those schemes were also compared. The influence of various factors such as the line length, load power factor and the degree of series and shunt compensation on the maximum power transfer capability was also investigated.

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n

It is an established fact that the power transfer capability of a transmission line decreases with the increase of transmission length. By using the series and shunt compensations, the transmission distance can be reduced artificially and hence more power can be transferred. Series capacitors and shunt inductors are usually used as compensators to reduce the effects of series inductance and shunt capacitance, respectively, of long EHV transmission lines. These compensators are, in general, necessary to maintain a satisfactory voltage level when bulk power is transferred over a long distance. The effectiveness of series compensation for transmission of bulk power over a long distance is discussed in ref. 1. Successful installation of series capacitor banks in 500 kV overhead transmission lines is described in refs. 2 and 3. It has been found that series compensation is the most effective way of enhancing the power transfer capability of long transmission lines. To control the power frequency voltage, it is also necessary to have shunt reactor compensators on a series compensated transmission line. By controlling
0378-7796/92/$5.00

both the series and shunt compensations, a remarkable improvement in power transfer capability, within the acceptable voltage limits, may be achieved. For constant values of the sending-end (Vs) and receiving-end (VR) voltages, the receivingend power PR of a transmission line becomes maximum when the phase shift 5, between Vs and VR, reaches the value ft. Here fl is the argument of the generalized circuit constant B. For a lossless line the value of fl is 90 . Maintenance of constant voltages may require unlimited reactive power sources, especially at the receiving end. If the receiving end of the transmission line is a voltage uncontrolled bus, the maximum power transfer occurs for a phase shift of her which is much less than ft. Indulkar et al. [4] proposed a method of determining the maximum power transfer capability and the corresponding values of VR and 5 for such a transmission line. The method derived the maximum power transfer criterion from a singularity condition of the Jacobian matrix used to solve the receiving-end quantities (voltage and angle). For given values of transmission length and degree of series and shunt compensation, the
1992 Elsevier Sequoia. All rights reserved

228

m a x i m u m power t r a n s f e r capability of a line may vary widely, depending on the choice of compensator configurations or locations [4, 5]. An extensive i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the m a x i m u m power t r a n s f e r capability of a t r a n s m i s s i o n line with different c o m p e n s a t i o n schemes could be very useful for selecting the appropriate scheme in power system t r a n s m i s s i o n planning. This paper proposes a new m e t h o d of determining the m a x i m u m power t r a n s f e r capability and the c o r r e s p o n d i n g values of the receiving-end voltage and c u r r e n t of a long t r a n s m i s s i o n line. The phase shift angle 6 between the sending- and receiving-end voltages u n d e r the m a x i m u m power t r a n s f e r condition is also determined. It is considered t h a t the t r a n s m i s s i o n line transfers power from a g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n at c o n s t a n t voltage to a load centre at the receiving end. The receiving end of the line is considered as a voltage uncontrolled bus. The proposed m e t h o d was applied to a three-phase single-circuit 500 kV t r a n s m i s s i o n line with seven different series and s h u n t compensation schemes. Effects of the change of different p a r a m e t e r s (e.g. t r a n s m i s s i o n length, load power factor, degree of series and s h u n t compensation. etc.) on the limiting or critical values of power, voltage and angle were also studied.

I;<(.

:<,

Scheme-A

Scheme-B -JXc/2 -iX c

-JXc/2

-jB/2

..

-jB/2

-jB/2

-jB/2

Scheme-C

Scheme-D

-ix

l"_j
-J~c S c h e m e -E Scheme-F
-jX c -)X c

,g
-jB

Scheme-G

Scheme-H

Fig. 2. V a r k m s series a n d s h u n t c o m p e n s a t i o n s c h e m e s .

2. T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e m o d e l In this study, the usual model of a t r a n s m i s s i o n line as a two-port four-terminal n e t w o r k (Fig. 1) is considered. The sending-end quantities in terms of the receiving-end q u a n t i t i e s of the network are given by Vs = A V , + BIR /s = C VR + DIa (1) (2) where 7, Zc and 1 are called the p r o p a g a t i o n constant, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c or surge impedance and t r a n s m i s s i o n length, respectively. Values of t' and Zc in terms of the series impedance z and s h u n t a d m i t t a n c e y per u n i t length of the line can be w r i t t e n as 7 = ( z y ) 1/2 and Z , . = ( z / y ) ~'~ (4)

Here A B C D are the generalized circuit c o n s t a n t s and are, in general, complex. The A B C D cons t a n t s of an u n c o m p e n s a t e d t r a n s m i s s i o n line are given by A = D : cosh(fl) B = Zc sinh(7/) C = sinh(fl)/Z~.
IS b Sending end VS A B C D

The surge impedance loading (SIL) of the line is defined by SIL = {K-Vl~ L~'-'Re [Z~, I MW (5)

(3a) (3b) (3c)

IR
Recelving V K end

Fig. 1. Two-port f o u r - t e r m i n a l model of a t r a n s m i s s i o n line.

In this s t u d y seven different c o m p e n s a t i o n schemes (Fig. 2), in a d d i t i o n to the uncompensated line, are considered. These schemes are t a k e n from ref. 5 and cover both symmetric and asymmetric configurations. Compensation at each location is represented by a separate twoport four-terminal network. The overall A B C D c o n s t a n t s of the compensated lines are determined by considering t h a t the u n c o m p e n s a t e d line and the compensators are c o n n e c t e d in series or cascade. The procedure to determine the

229

equivalent ABCD constants of two or more elements connected in series is given in ref. 6. For the compensated lines, the degree of series (Ks) and shunt (Kd) compensation, respectively, is defined by Total capacitive reactance of series compensators Total inductive reactance of line (6) Total inductive susceptance of shunt compensators Total charging susceptance of line (7) It is considered, in all the schemes, that the sending-end voltage of the transmission line is constant and that the line delivers power to a load centre at the receiving end. The receiving end of the line is a voltage uncontrolled bus and the voltage of this bus is determined by the load.

g
0 0

3
i 0 o -

Ks -

Im{z}l

Kd

Im{y}l

O0

' o.~o

' o.lo

' o.~

,.~o

RECEIVING END CURRENT (KA)

Fig. 3. Variation of (VI(/II~) and - ( A V~/AI,0 with the receivingend current for a 300 mile, 500 kV uncompensated transmission line.

For a given load pf (cos 0), the incremental change of the receiving-end power, APa, can be written as
A P R = 8 V~

3.

Proposed

method

8PR 8P~ A VR + ~ AI,~ (9)

For a given value of sending-end voltage, the receiving-end voltage of a transmission line, under normal load conditions, decreases with increasing receiving-end current. As the receiving-end current IN is increased, it will ultimately reach a point where the receiving-end voltage VR decreases rapidly (compared with the increase in IN). At this point, the receiving-end power PR cannot be increased by increasing IN, because PR is proportional to the product of VR and IR for a given load power factor (pf). The power at this point represents the maximum power transfer capability of the line and it is said that the system has reached the voltage stability limit. The voltage stability is defined as the ability of the system to maintain adequate voltage so that when the load current IK is increased, the load power will increase. The procedure for determining the critical point beyond which the power cannot be increased, or the transition point from voltage stability to instability, is proposed in the following.

= (IR AV~ + VR A/u) cos 0

For a positive value of AP~, the expression within the parentheses of eqn. (9) should be a positive number. This gives

v.

Av.
(10)

IN > -- AI~

3.1. Critical values of the receiving-end voltage, current and power

The receiving-end power PR is given by

P = VNIR COS 0

(8)

A typical variation of (VR/I~) and -(AVR/AIR) with In is shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen in the Figure that (Vn/I,) decreases and -(AVR/AI~) increases with increase in I~. The curves intersect at a point P corresponding to the receivingend current I~r. I~r is the critical or limiting value of the receiving-end current beyond which the product VRIR, and hence the power, decreases. Variations of Vn and Pn with In, for all the schemes shown in Fig. 2, are also shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. The curves are plotted for a 300 mile, 500 kV transmission line with K~ = Kd = 0.5, Vs = 1.0 p.u. and pf = 1.0. It can be observed in Fig. 5 that P~ increases initially (for all the schemes) with increase in I , until it reaches its peak value, at which point it starts decreasing. One of the objectives of this paper is to determine the peak values of P , and the corresponding values of V~ and 6 for different compensation schemes.

230

qo

a. ?

(;

S u b t r a c t i n g eqn. (11) from (12)~md negle('ting the second powers of the incremental chan~es (e.g. AVI~~, AIl( ~ and AVI~ AIf~) gives
A VI~

L >~o

.......

B~ it + A B V , ~ eos(fi ~ # - ~)

( 13

S u b s t i t u t i n g the value of ( A V ~ / A I ~ ) from eqn. (13) into eqn. (10) gives V~

Ill >

B
A

(14)

~o
8
c}O. O0 O.BO 1.20 I-II0 2.40

RECEIVING END CURRENT (KA)

Fig. 4. V a r i a t i o n of t h e r e c e i v i n g - e n d v o l t a g e with the receivingend current.

Note that criterion (10) or (14) should be satisfied for a positive increment of P~. The condition of the maximum p o w e r transfer can be o b t a i n e d by using an equality sign in these equations. If' V~i' and I~' are the values of the receiving-end voltage and current, respectively, at the maximum p o w e r point, eqn. (14) at that point becomes V~,~ '
I~( -

B
A (15)

DS.
fig ill o (1.--

E q u a t i o n (11), at the maximum p o w e r point, can be written as

V~ ~ = (A V~'()~ +(BI~' )~ + 2 A B V~"I~' cos(fl + 0 - ~ )

(16) =o
Oo

Values of V~" and I~' can be obtained by solving eqns. (15) and (16) and are given by
l)

ua "~.

Vs V~ = A[2 + 2 Cos(fi + 0 -,~)] I~ = ,.., B[2 + 2 cos(fl + 0 - ~.)] -

(17) (18)

00

0.~0 ' ,.~0 ' ~.~0 ' 2A0

RECEIVING END CURRENT (KA)

Fig. 5. Variation of the receiving-end power with the receivinRend current.

Using eqns. (8), (17) and (18), the maximum value of the receiving-end power, P g , becomes Vs ~ cos 0
P i ~ = A B [ 2 + 2 cos(fl + 0 -:<)]

The expression for the sending-end voltage V~ of eqn. (1), in scalar form, can be w r i t t e n as
Vs ~ = ( A V e ) '2 + (BIR) '~ + 2 A B V R I R eos(fl + 0 - ~)

(19)

(11) Here ~ and fi are the a r g u m e n t s of A and B, respectively, 0 is the load pf angle ( a r g u m e n t of I~) and VR is considered as a reference. Let IR be increased by AIR and the corresponding incremental c h a n g e of VR be A VR. For a c o n s t a n t value of the sending-end voltage Vs, eqn. (11), with the i n c r e m e n t a l changes of V~ and IR, becomes
Vs ~ = A'2(VR + AVR) ~ + B2(I~ + A / ~ ) ~

The critical value of the phase shift angle 5,~, b e t w e e n ~ and V~ under the maximum p o w e r condition can be o b t a i n e d from the real and imaginary parts of eqn. (1). Using eqn. (15), (5,, can be w r i t t e n as tan ~[sin ~ + sin(fi + 0)LCOS + 0)j
(20)

It can be observed from eqn. (19) t h a t the maximum p o w e r P ~ of a transmission line is a function of the load pf angle 0. The highest value of P~" by varying the load pf angle 0 can be obtained t h r o u g h satisfying the criterion
PR _

+ 2 A B ( V R + A VR)(I~ + A/R) cos(fi + 0 -- ~)

(21)

(12)

CO

231

This gives the pf angle 0 as 0 = fi - ~ (22)

In general, fl is close to 90 ( > 80 ) and ~ is very small (<2), thus the highest value of p~r is obtained at a very low (<0.2) leading power factor. Operation of a transmission line with such a low leading pf may not be feasible because of extremely high voltage at the receiving end. This is discussed through simulation in the next section.

4. S i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s

The proposed method of determining the maximum power transfer limit from the voltage stability point of view was applied to a three-phase single-circuit 500 kV line with all the compensation schemes shown in Fig. 2. The transmission line data were taken from ref. 7. The resistance of the line was considered to be 5% of the inductive reactance. The parameters of the line are z = (0.03808 + j0.7616) gt/mile y = (0.0 + j5.5) ~ - ' / m i l e The results obtained by the proposed method were compared with those found by digital simulation. In the digital simulation method, p~r is determined by computing the receiving-end power as the value of IR is increased continuously until the power reaches the maximum value. Table 1 shows the values of p~r, V~r and (~cr obtained by the proposed method and by digital simulation. The results shown are for a 300 mile, 500kV transmission line with Ks=Kd=0.5, Vs = 1.0 p.u. and pf = 1.0. It can be observed from

the Table that the results obtained by the proposed method are the same (except for some truncation errors) as those found by digital simulation. The results of the proposed method were also checked with those obtained by the Indulkar method [4] (not shown) and were found to be in excellent agreement. It is worth mentioning here that the receiving-end voltage under the maximum power transfer condition is very low. An acceptable level of the receiving-end voltage may be obtained by loading the line at a value less than P~r. This will also provide a margin of stability. The critical values of power, voltage and angle are dependent on various factors such as the load pf, line length and the degree of series and shunt compensation. The dependence of the critical quantities on these factors has been studied in detail and is presented in the following.

4.1. Change of load power factor

Figures 6, 7 and 8 show the variations of p~r, V~r and 5or, respectively, against the load pf. These Figures indicate that p~r, V~ and 5or, for all the schemes, increase monotonically as the load pf changes from lagging to leading. Also, it can be observed that the critical values of power, voltage and angle change rapidly around unit power factor. It can further be noticed from Fig. 6 that the power curves for different compensation schemes do not cross (or intersect) and they change almost in the same fashion with the load power factor. This is also true for the voltage and angle curves for different compensation schemes. Scheme A (uncompensated line) has the lowest value of p~r and the highest values of V~r and 5cr, among all the schemes studied, for all values of load pf considered. Compensation schemes G and F have higher power transfer capability than

T A B L E 1. Critical v a l u e s of p o w e r p~r, v o l t a g e V~r a n d a n g l e 6cr for a 300 mile, 500 kV t r a n s m i s s i o n line Scheme Proposed method Power (SIL) a A B C D E F G H aSIL = 671.2 M W . 1.004 1.524 1.630 1.602 1.401 1.680 1.702 1.283 Voltage (p.u.) 0.841 0.707 0.706 0.709 0.678 0.678 0.824 0.619 Angle (deg) 43.97 42.42 42.35 42.42 42.67 42.16 42.71 42.40 Digital simulation Power (SIL) a 1.004 1.524 1.630 1.602 1.401 1.678 1.702 1.283 Voltage (p.u.) 0.846 0.707 0.706 0.709 0.678 0.678 0.824 0.618 Angle (deg) 43.99 42.40 42.40 42.37 42.63 42.15 42.70 42.43

232

G
i = 300 miles F\ /~

~_.1~

KS = K d = 0 . 5
Vs -"

1.0

PU

n.m-

~-

i
6
~1

0.75

0.85

0.95 Lagging ~

0.95 Leading

0.85

L O A D POWER F A C T O R

Fig. 6. V a r i a t i o n of t h e m a x i m u m power with load pf.

~ = 300 m i l e s KS = Kd = 0 , 5 A

other compensation schemes. At unit p f schemes G and F have a power transfer capability of 17()'!i, and 167%, respectively, of scheme A. All synnnelrical compensation schemes (B, C and D) haw~ almost the same value of the critical voltage. This is also true fbr asymmetric schemes E and F. Figure 7 indicates that V~i' increases rapidly, tbr all the schemes, as the leading pf decreases. For a pf of 0.85 (leading). the values of V~' of' schemes A and G are 1.2p.u. and 1.15p.u.. respectively. Thus, a long transmission line may not be operated under a very h}w leading pf conditi{}n, because it causes a v e r v high receiving-end voltage. Theoretically, it has been found that (eqn. (22)) P2~' becomes maximum when the leading pf angle 0 equals f l - ~, (corresponding to p f < 0.2). With such a low leading pf, V(d would be extremely high. Figure 8 indicates that the values of (%, fbr all the compensation schemes (B to H) are almost the same and that the corresponding value for scheme A ( u n c o m p e n s a t e d line) is slightly higher fbr all values of pf considered.

P_ lvs

: ~. ~

4.2. Change of transmission length

The variation of the maximum power transfer capability with transmission length was also studied for all the schemes. Figure 9 shows the curves of P ) ' against transmission length. It can be observed from Fig. 9 that all the c o m p e n s a t i o n schemes (B to H) have almost the same value of power transfer capability for a distance of up to 200 miles. The maximum power transfer capability decreases for all the schemes, as expected, as the line length is increased (up to 400 miles). However, it is very interesting to note that for

0.75

0;85

0195' Lagging ~-~

0'.95

'

0.85

Leading

L O A D POWER F A C T O R

Fig. 7. V a r i a t i o n of t h e r e c e i v i n g - e n d v o l t a g e u n d e r t h e maxim u m p o w e r c o n d i t i o n with load pf.

8
~ -J Ks = Kd = 0.5

Ks = Kd = ft.5 P f = 1,(), '~s = i . 0 PU

A
--J

b .8 ~l

V = 1.0 PU S

g,

~.g.tla i'~ ::~

.

o6
,H

"8
o

0.75

0.85

0.95
i

0.95 I "~ Leading

0.85

8 %.oo ' 2oo ' 4o0 ' 6oo

LINE LENGTH IN MILE

Lagging

L O A D POWER F A C T O R

el01

' 0o.oo

Fig. 8. V a r i a t i o n of' t h e p h a s e shift a n g l e ~ u n d e r t h e m a x i m u m p o w e r c o n d i t i o n w i t h load pf.

Fig. 9. Variation of the maximum receiving-end power with transmission line length.

233

long distances ( > 400 miles) P ~ for some schemes (A, C, D, F and G) increases after reaching the minimum value. It is probable that this happens because the increase of transmission length increases the leading charging current of the line and the shunt compensation used is not adequate to nullify the charging current sufficiently. The result is a very high receiving-end voltage. It has been found in this study that for a distance of 600 miles the values of V~r for schemes A and G are 1.98 p.u. and 1.95 p.u., respectively. The no-load receiving-end voltage for both the schemes is 2.97 p.u. Operation of a line with such an extremely high receiving-end voltage is not possible unless heavy shunt compensation, especially at the receiving end, is used to control the voltage. No such situation was observed for schemes B, E and H up to a length of 800 miles.

4.3. Change of series compensation

Figures 10 and 11 show the variations of P~r against the degree of series compensation for

K,]=O and 0.5, respectively. These Figures clearly indicate that, for a given degree of shunt compensation, P ~ for all the compensation schemes (B to H) increases with increase in series compensation. For zero shunt compensation (Fig. 10), schemes E and H (series compensation at the sending end) have the lowest power transfer capability among all the compensation schemes considered. It can be observed from Fig. 11 (for 50% shunt compensation) that scheme G has the highest power transfer capability for K~ < 0.5. However, for heavy series compensation (Ks>0.55), the power transfer capability of scheme F increases rapidly and possesses the highest value of all the schemes. It may be noticed in both schemes G and F that all the series compensators are at the receiving end. For K~ = 0.8, the power transfer capability of all compensation schemes lies between 207% and 420% of the corresponding value of the uncompensated line scheme A. 4.4. Change of shunt compensation
The variation of p~r for different values of shunt compensation with Ks = 0 and 0.5 is shown in Figs. 12 and 13, respectively. For zero series compensation, all symmetrical schemes (B, C and D) give the same results. This is obvious, because for X~ = 0 schemes B, C and D become identical (Fig. 2). Also, the uncompensated line (scheme A) and the compensation schemes E and G have the same value of P ~ (for K~ = 0). The value of p~r for these schemes is independent of K~. This is because all the shunt compensators of schemes E and G are placed at the sending end or at the generator side. This simply changes the reactive power of the generator and has no effect on the transmission line or on the power transfer capability for a constant value of Vs. For K~--0.5, p~r for symmetric compensation schemes B and D decreases while it increases for scheme C with increase in shunt compensation. Again, the power transfer capability of schemes E and G has no effect on the shunt compensation. However, it can be noticed that the series compensator at the receiving end (scheme G) can transfer more power than in scheme E where the total series compensation is located at the sending end.

= 300 n, iles, K d = 0 Pf = 1.0, V s = 1.0 PU F,G D

..3

B,C

a.~.

A o

00

o.~o

oAo

o.;o

' o.0o

SERIES COHPENSAT I ON

Fig. 10. V a r i a t i o n of P~" w i t h t h e series c o m p e n s a t i o n for K,l = O.

~I

~ = 300 miles, K d = O.S Pf = 1.0, V = 1.0 PU

B

~o
c~

It

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.00

0.00

5. C o n c l u s i o n s

SERIES COHPENSATION

Fig. 11. V a r i a t i o n K a = 0.5.

of p~r w i t h t h e series c o m p e n s a t i o n for

A v e r y simple and effective method to determine the maximum power transfer capability at

234

A,E,G

a-6

]
X:O|

= 300 miles, Pf = 1.0, V

Ks = 0 = 1.0 PU

~:"
~! i ! , ! ! T

0.oo

0.20 0.4o o.~o SHUNT COMPENSATI ON

o.8o

Fig. 12. V a r i a t i o n of P~" w i t h t h e s h u n t c o m p e n s a t i o n for K~ = 0.

leo

le
i = 300 miles, Pf = i.0,

A
K s = 0.5

V s = 1.0 PU , u

0.00

0.20 o.~o ' o.~o SHUNT COMPENSATION

o.so

Fig. 13. V a r i a t i o n K s = 0.5.

of P [ ( w i t h t h e s h u n t c o m p e n s a t i o n for

the verge of voltage stability of a long EHV transmission line with different compensation schemes is proposed. The method requires only the ABCD constants of the overall transmission line (compensators and the line) and the load power factor to determine the various quantities at the critical (or the maximum power) operating point. The method was tested on seven different compensation schemes in addition to an uncompensated line and, after a large number of simulations, the following conclusions were arrived at. (1) The critical quantities (power, voltage and angle) are very sensitive to the variation of load power factor. For given values of series and shunt compensation, the maximum power transfer limit can be increased by increasing the pf angle (from lagging to leading). However, a very low leading pf may cause an overvoltage at the receiving end.

(2) The maximum power transfer limit decreases with increase in the transmission length. However, for some schemes it may increase after reaching the minimum value because of extremely high receiving-end voltage. Deviations between the maximum power transfer capability for different compensation schemes get larger and larger as the transmission length is increased. (3) For a given degree of shunt compensation, the power transfer limit increases as the degree of series compensation is increased. For given values of series and shunt compensation, the power transfer capability increases as the series compensation is shifted from the sending end to the receiving end of the line. (4) For zero series compensation, the power transfer limit decreases with increase in shunt compensation unless all the shunt compensation is at the sending end. (5) The critical phase shift angle between the sending- and receiving-end voltages is less sensitive to the transmission length and also to the degree of series and shunt compensation. However, it is very sensitive to the load pf. (6) Among the asymmetrical compensation schemes, G and H possess the highest and lowest value, respectively, of power transfer capability for all the cases studied with K~ ~<0.5. Among the symmetrical compensation schemes, C possesses the highest power transfer capability for most of the cases studied. (7) For a given transmission length, load pf and degree of series and shunt compensation, the maximum power transfer capability varies widely according to the choice of compensation configuration or location.

Acknowledgement
The author wishes to thank the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, for the facilities provided towards this research.

References
1 B. S. A s h o k K u m a r , K. P a r t h a s a r a t h y , F. S. P r a b h a k a r a a n d H. P. K h i n c h a , E f f e c t i v e n e s s of series c a p a c i t o r s in l o n g d i s t a n c e t r a n s m i s s i o n line, I E E E Trans., PAS-89 (1970) 941 951. 2 J. A. M a n e a t i s , F. J. H u b a c h e r , W. N. R o t h e n b u h l e r a n d J. S a b a t h , 500 kV series c a p a c i t o r i n s t a l l a t i o n s in California, I E E E Trans., P A S - 9 0 (1971) 1138 1149.

235 3 J. L. Batho, J. E. Hardy and N. Tolmuunen, Series capacitor installations in the B.C. hydro 500 kV system, IEEE Trans., PAS-96 (1977) 1767-1776. 4 C. S. Indulkar, B. Viswanathan and S. S. Venkata, Maximum power transfer limited by voltage instability in series and shunt compensated schemes for AC transmission systems, IEEE Trans., PWRD-4 (2) (1989) 1246-1252. 5 F. Iliceto and E. Cinieri, Comparative analysis of series and shunt compensation schemes for AC transmission systems, IEEE Trans., PAS.96 (1977) 1819-1827. 6 T. GSnen, Modern Power System Analysis, Wiley, New York, 1988. 7 P. M. Anderson and A. A. Fouad, Power System Control and Stability, Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, 1980.