Bibliography Primary: Clare, George. Before the Wall: Berlin Days, 1946-1948. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1990.

This source is a primary account of the Allies invasion of Berlin in 1945. The author, George Clare, was in the British military during World War II and was a survivor of Hitlers rule in Vienna. The book is a account of his days in Berlin and helping stabilize the Western Ally sectors. His book is bias because he expresses his clear hatred of Hitler and the Nazi regime while being sympathetic to the German people. This source teaches the reader about the Ally occupation of Berlin and how it lead to the building of the Berlin Wall. It is used as background information throughout the project. El Pais (Madrid). Khol, Dispumesto, a Abrir Negacaciones Imediatas. November 10, 1989. http://elpais.com/diario/1989/11/10/internacional/626655605_850215.html. (accessed February 19, 2013). This source is a newspaper article published on the online archives of Elpais.com. El Pais is Spains national newspaper. This source was originally published the day after the Walls fall. its purpose is the explain what Helmut Khols next step is after the Fall. It says that he plans to negotiate with the GDR to help them reform. Unlike most newspapers published on this day, El Pais focused on the practical concerns of the Fall and not just on what happened. This source teaches the reader about the concerns Spain had after the Fall. It is used on the Western Fears page to show how Spain felt after the Fall.

Grass, Gnter. Two States--One Nation? San Diego: Harcourt, 1990. This source is a book written by Gunter Grass in 1990 explaining his view on German reunification. The German Question was of grave importance in 1990; The Berlin Wall just fell and both sides were trying to figure out what to do next. Many felt the logical next step would be reunification but Grass felt that it would be bad for both Germanys. He says that reunification would be a loss of newfound East German freedom. Gunter Grass is a famous German writer who has written numerous books on German history and politics. This source is clearly bias because it only expresses Grasss ideas, which were quit radical at the time. This source teaches the reader about the opposing view of German reunification. It is used in the project to show how some people opposed reunification.

Hailey, Foster. "Berlin Wall "Must Come Down" Brandt Says at Ceremony Here." New York Times, October 7, 1961. (Accessed November 15, 2012). This source is a newspaper article published by the New York Times on October 7th, 1961. It was written by Foster Hailey and was intended to be read by the general public. It was written shortly after the building of the Berlin Wall on August 16th, 1961. The sources purpose is to show Americans what Berliners are feeling through Mayor Brandts pleas. It also shows how some prominent Americans, like Edward R. Murrow, feel we should intervene in the crisis. This source is biased because it only shows the reasons why Americans should help Berlin and it never gives the reasons why the US wanted to stay out of the conflict. This source is used in the website in both the Berliners React page and the Western Reactions page to show how Americans and Berliners alike wanted the US to intervene. This source teaches the reader about how some Americans and Berliners felt about the Wall. It is used to show how slow the West was in reacting to the building of the Wall.

Kennedy, John F.. "Remarks at the Rudolph Wilde Platz." Speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/oEX2uqSQGEGIdTYgd_JL_Q.aspx. This source is a speech by US president John F. Kennedy, delivered on June 26th, 1963 at the Rudolph Wilde Platz in Berlin, Germany. It was delivered two years after the building of the Berlin wall and the standoff between US and USSR troops at Checkpoint Charlie. The main purpose of this document is for JFK to show Berliners how Americans want to help Berliners reunite and to shame the USSR for building the wall. This source is biased because it mainly takes a Western standpoint on the Wall; seeing it as evil and needing to be destroyed. It never considered the USSRs reasons for building it. This source is used in the website in the Western Reactions page. It helps explains the USs change of heart after the Checkpoint Charlie standoff and how they wanted to help Berlin. This source gives the reader a greater understanding of American and Berlin relationship during this time. It is used to help explain how Westerners reacted after the building of the Wall.

Knebel , Fletcher. "The Two Worlds of Berlin." New York Times, October 18, 1981. (accessed November 15, 2012). This source is a newspaper article published by the New York Times on October 18th, 1981. It was written by Fletcher Knebel and its intended audience is the general public. It was written in the early 80s when the German Question started to become more important to both Germanys and the world. Its main purpose is to describe both East and West Berlin and to compare and contrast the two very different cities. It also explains

how the two work together. This source is bias because it characterizes West Berlin as the better more pleasant city while East Berlin is run down and shabby. This source is used in the Life Now page to describe the differences between East and West Berlin after the Wall was built. This source teaches the reader the differences between East and West Berlin and how its people lived.

Kransnov, Vladislav. "Defectors: A Profile." New York Times, October 25, 1981. ? (accessed November 26, 2012). This source is a newspaper article published by the New York Times on October 25th, 1981. It was written by Vladislav Kransov, a Soviet defector and professor of Russian history at the Hoover Institution. It was written in the early 80s when more and more GDR citizens started to defect. The purpose of the article is to explain why the people defect the GDR and what they are like. It also explains the effects their emigration has on the GDR. This source is bias because it never talks about the GDRs reasons for prosecuting the defectors and the author clearly has negative feelings towards the Soviets. This source teaches the reader about defectors more closely. It is used in the project in the Escape page to show that some people did leave the GDR after the Wall was built. Le Monde. Les Allemands se deplacent desormais librement de lEst a lOuest. November 11, 1989. This is a newspaper article published in the French newspaper Le Monde. Le Monde is a more liberal newspaper that focuses more on editorials than covering the news. This article was published on November 11th, 1989, two days after the Fall. Its purpose is to explain the events of November 9th and why they believe it happened. Unlike most newspapers, they use cartoons to illustrate the events, showing its more of an editorial. This source is bias because like many other Western sources, it celebrates the Fall. It calls it a revolution for Germany. This source is used in the Western Fears page to show how the French reacted to the Fall. The London Times. The Iron Curtain Torn Open. November 10, 1989. This source is an article published on the front page of the London Times on November 10th 1989. It was written by the London Times foreign office in Berlin. It was published the morning after the Berlin Wall fell. Its purpose is to explain the events of that night and why the Wall fell. It also takes a look back the Churchills Iron Curtain speech to show the curtain is now falling in the Eastern Bloc. This source is bias because, like many other Western sources, it is celebrating the Walls fall and hoping

that it will bring an end to the Iron Curtain. This source teaches the reader about the British stance on the fall. It is used on the western Fears page of the website to show how the western countries reacted to the Fall.

Meyer, Michael. The Year That Changed the World: the Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall. 1st Scribner hardcover ed. New York, NY: Scribner, 2009. This source is a book by Michael Meyer describing the events that lead up to the Fall and how it impacted the world. He begins his novel by describing how he arrived in Berlin that year and then continues to describe the things he witnessed. He uses quotes from people he interviews and meets throughout Eastern Europe. This book was published in 2009, the 20 year anniversary of the Fall. Michael Meyer is an American journalist who spent several years covering news in Eastern Europe, namely during the fall of the USSR. This source is bias because Meyer clearly shows his contempt for the USSR regime while also showing that the people of Eastern Europe caused this revolution, blowing much Western myth. He namely targets the Regan speech, showing that it was not as momentous as many Americans like to believe. This source gives the reader and alternate view of the events in 1989, focusing more on the people than the politics. it is used to provide primary insight about the fall throughout the project.

Moulson, Geir, Mary Lane, and Laura Stevens. Berlin Wall 20th Anniversary: Germany Celebrates Memory of Fall. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/08/berlin-wall-20th-annivers_n_350203.html (accessed December 9, 2012). This source is an article published by the Huffington Post electronic newspaper on November 8th, 2009. It was published during the 20th year anniversary celebrations of the Walls fall. Its purpose is to tell readers of the celebrations occurring in Berlin that day and give a quick summary of how the Wall impacted the people of Berlin and the world. It describes the celebrations in great detail and gives quotes from spectators an people who lived during the Walls time. It is bias because it clearly supports the Walls fall, giving quotes from leaders from all around the world celebrating the fall. It teaches the reader about Berlins celebrations that day and how the Wall impacted the world. It is used in the Germany Now page to discuss the celebrations.

Regan, Ronald. "Tear Down This Wall." Speech, Reagan in Berlin from President Regan, Berlin, June 22, 1897.

This source is a speech by US president Ronald Regan in Berlin fro June 22nd, 1987. It was delivered when tensions in the GDR were growing due to the fact their government refused to reform. It was also during Berlins 1000 year birthday celebration. The main purpose of this source is for Regan to publicly show his contempt for the USSR and the inhume Wall. He urges Gorbachev, the leader of the USSR, to get rid of the wall. This source is bias because it clearly shows contempt for the USSR, calling out their flaws and showing that their system is not perfect. He also criticizes Gorbachev for not reforming where in reality he was. This source teaches the reader about US an USSR relationships right before the fall. It is used in the New ideas and Freedoms page to show how progress was being made in the USSR before the Fall.
Schmemann, Serge. A Jubliant Horde: Berlin Wall is Rushed by Easterners after Travel Limits Lifted. New York Times. November 10, 1989.

This source is a newspaper article published by the New York Times on November 10th, 1989. It was written by a special correspondent for the New York Times, Serge Schmemann, who was in Berlin at the time. It was written the day after the Berlin Wall fell. The purpose of this article is to explain what happened in Berlin and why. It also explains the effects it will have on the Eastern Bloc. This source is bias because it celebrates the Fall and shows how happy Berliners are. This source teaches the reader about how Americans felt about the Fall. It is used on the Western Fears page to show the American response.

Secondary: Applebaum, Anne. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956. New York: Doubleday, 2012. This source is a book by Anne Applebaum. It discusses how the USSR managed to control almost all of Eastern Europe after the second world war. It describes how Berlin, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary and many other hands came under Soviet control and the effective tactics the soviets used to win the peoples support. This source was published in 2012, long after the fall of the USSR and the Berlin wall. Applebaum is a famous history author who won an Pulitzer prize for her book, Gulag. This source tries to remain unbiased yet it gives the reader a slight impression that the author disagrees with the USSRs tactics by brutalizing them. This source teaches the reader about how the USSR conquered half of Europe. It is sued in the project to help explain how East Germany came under soviet control in the section, Soviet Control.

Burgan, Michael. The Berlin Wall: Barrier to Freedom. Minneapolis, Minn.: Compass Point Books, 2008. This source is a book by Michael Burgan and it explains the history and effects of the Berlin Wall. He begins by telling the history of how Berlin was occupied by the Soviets and why they built the wall. He then continues by talking about the effects on daily like the wall had and how the two berlins were very different. He ends they book by talking about the walls fall and how it leads to reunification. This book was published in 2008, almost 20 years after the fall. Burgan graduated form Emerson with a degree in history and has written numerous nonfiction books. This source is bias because it shames the soviets for building the wall and talks about the negative effects of it. This source teaches the reader a general history of the Berlin Wall. It is used throughout the project to ad primary insights and secondary facts.

Epler, Doris M. The Berlin Wall: How It Rose and Why It Fell. Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Press, 1992. This source is a book by Doris M. Epler. It explains the Walls history and the reasons why it rose and fell. It supports its reasons with primary documents and quotes. This book was published in 1992, right after Germany was reunified. Therefore, the event is very recent and the emotions connected with it are still fresh. Epler has written several other nonfiction books including another one about the Berlin wall that was published earlier. This book is bias because it clearly condemns the building of the Wall. The author shows how it negatively affected the lives of Germans and glorifies the moment when it fell. This source teaches the reader about the Berlin wall in depth. It is used throughout the project for basic facts and primary quotes. Germany. 2013 Index of Economic Freedom. http://www.heritage.org/index/country/germany,(accessed January 21, 2013). This source is a website published by the Heritage Foundation of America. Its purpose is to provide consumers with information about other countries economies and to give them an overall ranking. It was published in 2013 so the information is current and up to date. The website provides no specific author but it is published by the Heritage Group, a group reputable in America. It is unbias and gives the reader just basic information about country's economies. It is used in the project to show how Germanys economy has grown since Reunification on the Economy page of the website.

Grant, R.G. The Berlin Wall. Austin, Tex.: Raintree, 1999. This source is a book by R.G Grant about the Berlin Wall. It is an in depth look at the Wall. It begins with the Walls building and all of its effects . It then discusses East and West relationships during the 1970s and 80s before the Walls fall. It then concludes with the Walls fall and reunification of Germany. This source was published in 1999, ten years after the fall when people were most likely looking back at it seeing how it changed the world. R.G. Grant is an author who has published over 20 books about military and history. This book seems to be less bias than others about this subject. Grant presents the reader with facts and is just merely telling a story. He does give the impression that he disagrees with the Wall, however. This source teaches the reader an in depth history of the Berlin Wall. It is used throughout the project for primary quotes.

Levy, Debbie. The Berlin Wall. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Blackbirch Press, 2004. This source is a book by Debbie Levy about the Berlin Wall. It discusses the building of the Wall. It goes into great detail about the Walls design. It briefly mentions the Fall but cares little for the cultural aspect of the Wall. It was published in 2004, long after the Wall fell. Debbie Levy graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in government and foreign affairs. She has written several nonfiction books. This source has no bias. It is more encyclopedic, just discussing what happened. It never really answers the why part. This source teaches the reader a basic knowledge of the Walls history. It is used as background information in the project.

"NEWSEUM: THE BERLIN WALL." Newseum | Newseum Home. http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/ (accessed December 9, 2012). This source is a website created by the Newseum in Washington DC. The article is an interactive museum that discusses the Berlin Wall in great detail. It talks about everything from its building to fall. This source has no publishing date but it has to be within the last ten years for the amount of digital sources it has. The source also has no author but because it is published by the Newseum it is a reputable source. It is bias for it condemns the building and celebrates the fall of the Wall. This source teaches the reader about the Berlin Wall through articles, video and sound clips. It is used throughout the project as background information.

"Peaceful Revolution 1989/1990 - Home." Friedliche Revolution 1989/1990 - Home. http://revolution89.de/?PID=static,Index_en (accessed December 9, 2012).

This source is a website about the Peaceful Revolution of Germany, or the Alexanderplatz and Leipzig protests in the GDR that lead to the fall. The author discusses the causes and effects of these protests not only in Germany but in the USSR controlled countries as well. The source has no publishing date or author but is clearly written by a German national for the website is published in German. It is a reputable source for its information is accurate and well written. It is bias because it glorifies the revolution and feels that it was needed. This source teaches the reader about the cause and affects the revolution had on Germany, the USSR, and the world. It is used on the Protest page of the project.

"The Berlin Wall - Berlin.de." Berlin - Offizielles Stadtportal der Hauptstadt Deutschlands - Berlin.de. http://www.berlin.de/mauer/index.en.html (accessed December 9, 2012). This source is a website created by the city of Berlin. Its purpose is the inform tourists about the citys historical spots, including the Wall. Though most of the Wall is gone, some of it remains. The website therefore gives information to tourists about the Walls statistics and history. It covers all aspects of the Wall from building to reunification. This source does not have a publishing date but it has to have been published after the fall because it talks about Berlin as a whole. The website has no author but is published by the city of Berlin and therefore a reputable source. While it tries not to be bias by writing in a more encyclopedic tone and giving reasons for the Soviets actions, the website writer clearly condemns the Wall for it gives statistics of why it was bad. This source teaches the reader about the history of the Berlin wall. It is used throughout the project as background information.

US Army Times, ed. Berlin: The City That Would Not Die. New York: Dodd & Mead, 1968. This source is a book published by the US Army Times. In it it accounts the invasion of Berlin by the Allies and how Berlin was divided by them. It gives primary accounts from both citizens and soldiers. It was published in 1968, after the Berlin Wall was built and the Allies were trying to figure out how to deal with the problem. There is no author but it is published by the US Army Times, a reputable news source. It is bias because it condemns the soviets for what they did to Berlin after the second world war. It teaches the reader about the division of Berlin after the war. It is used for primary accounts of what happened in Berlin in the Defectors section.

Verheyen, Dirk. The German Question: A Cultural, Historical and Geopolitical

Exploration. Boulder, Co.: Westerview Press, 1991. This source is a book by Dirk Verheyen. It discusses the reasons why and why not Germany should reunify. It describes the political history of Germany from after World War II until 1991 when the German Question was being asked. This source was published in 1991, when reunification was of grave importance in Germany. The author, Verheyen, is a German national who has written several books about political science. This source tries to explore reunification unbiasly yet Verheyen seems to be defending the German people from Westerners by the way he puts in quotes showing how it has changed since the Nazi regime. This source teaches the reader about the pros and cons of German reunification. It is used on the Western Fears page to show how the West viewed a unified Germany.

Williams, Brian. The Fall of the Berlin Wall. North Mankato, Minn.: Smart Apple Media, 2004. This source is a book published by Brian Williams. It focuses mainly on the Walls fall. It begins talking briefly about the building then jumps right ahead to the events leading to the Fall. it focuses primarily on the social aspect of the Fall and how Berlins people caused it. It was published in 2004, a long time after the Fall. The author, Brian Williams, has written numerous nonfiction pieces, several of which are about the USSR. This source is bias because it talks about the Walls fall without giving any primary information from wither side. It makes the author seem like he takes neither side of the argument. This source teaches the reader about the causes and effects of the Fall. it is used throughout the project as background information.