External LPS PDF

DISTRIBUTOR :
External Lightning Protection System
2002 DEHN + SHNE PT. TESLA DAYA ELEKTRIKA Hasse: Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) - Concept IEC 62305-4, Singapore, 14 February, 2003 Dr. P. BANDUNG
DISTRIBUTOR :
For new structures, the optimal protection for electronic systems at minimal costs can only be achieved, if the electronic system is planned together with the building and before its construction. Thus, the utilisation of natural components of the building can be optimised and the best alternative can be found for line shielding and routing and for the positioning of the equipment.
Properly designed air termination system : any combination of rods, catenary wires and meshed conductors.
Great care to exposed points, corners and edges (upper parts!)

3 methods
used :
- RSM (EG model ; always !) - Protection angle method (limited : height !) - Mesh method (plane surfaces)
2002 DEHN + SHNE Dr. P. Hasse: Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) - Concept IEC 62305-4, Singapore, 14 February, 2003
protected volumes
Level I II III IV
R(m) 20 30 45 60
(h = 20) 25 35 45 55
(h = 30) * 25 35 45
(h = 45) * * 25 35
(h = 60) * * * 25
d(m) 5 10 15 20
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Dr. P. Hasse: Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) - Concept IEC 62305-4, Singapore, 14 February, 2003
Table 2 Rolling sphere radius, mesh size and protection angle corresponding to the type of LPS
Protection method Type of LPS Rolling sphere radius R m I II III IV 20 30 45 60 Mesh size M m 5x5 10 x 10 15 x 15 20 x 20 Protection angle See figure below
()
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 h (m)
NOTE 1 - Not applicable beyond the values marked with . Only rolling sphere and mesh methods apply in these cases
Type of LPS IV
NOTE 2 - h is the height of airtermination above the area to be protected.
II
III
NOTE 3 - The angle will not change for values of h below 2 m
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Figure A.6 Design of an LPS air termination according to the rolling sphere method
R R R R 0,8 h h < 60 m h > 60 m h < 60 m R R R
Air termination system R Radius of rolling sphere
NOTE The rolling sphere radius shall comply with the selected type of LPS (see table 2)
Design of an air termination system according to the rolling sphere method
Air-termination R
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Example of a lightning protection system on a shed roof structure
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Volume protected by a vertical rod airtermination

A
h1
Key for figures A.1 A B OC h1 Tip of an air termination Reference plane Radius of protected area Height of an air termination rod above the area to be protected Protective angle according to table 2
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Volumes protected by a vertical air termination rod
1 h1
2 h1
h2
h1 Physical height of an air termination rod. NOTE The protective angle 1 corresponds to the air termination height h1, being the height above the roof surface to be protected (reference plane); the protective angle 2 corresponds to the height h2 = h1 + h, being the soil the reference plane; 1 is related to h1 and 2 is related to h2.
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Volume protected by a wire air termination

A
h1 A 0 C
B h1
A B OC h1
Tip of an air termination Reference plane Radius of protected area Height of an air termination rod above the area to be protected Protective angle according to table 2
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Volume protected by isolated wires combined in a mesh according to protective angle method and rolling sphere method
1 2
h1 h2
r = h2 tan 2
Air termination
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Volume protected by non-isolated wires combined in a mesh according to the mesh method and to protective angle method
r = h tan
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Table of minimum thicknesses of metal sheets for airtermination systems (see IEC 62305-3)
Class of LPS
Material
Thickness t (mm)
Thickness t (mm)
I to IV
Lead Stainless steel or galvanized steel Titanium Copper Aluminium Zinc
2.0 0.5
4 5 7 -
0.5 0.5 0.65 0.7
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Down-conductor system
Class of LPS I II III IV
Typical distances m 10 10 15 20
Typical values of the distance between down-conductors and between ring conductors according to the type of LPS
2002 DEHN + SHNE
External and Internal LPS Dangerous Sparking !

Equipotential Bonding
Separation Distance
bonding conductors or SPD between internal system and LPS

l1 s l3 l = l1 + l2 + l3 l2
kc s > ki l km
ki kc km table 10 table 11 table 12
s depends on the LPL ! l(m) = distance to the nearest equipotential bonding point
Isolation of external LPS Values of coefficient ki

Class of LPS
ki
0.08 0.06
0.04
I II III, IV
Isolation of external LPS Values of coefficient kc

Number n of downconductors 1 2 4, >4 kc 1 1 ... 0.5 1 ... 1/n
Isolation of External LPS Values of coefficient km

Material Air Concrete, bricks
2002 DEHN + SHNE
km 1 0.5
Construction of the external lightning protection system on a low (H < 20 m) structure of steel-reinforced concrete using the reinforcement of the outer walls as natural components 9
1 2 4 3 5 6
7 10
1: air-termination rod ; 2: horizontal air-termination conductor ; 3: down-conductor ; 4: T-type joint ; 5: cross-type joint ; 6: connection to steel reinforcing rods ; 7: test joint ; 8: ring earth electrode (type B earthing arrangement) ; 9: flat roof with roof fixtures ; 10: T-type joint, corrosion resistant.
Lightning protection system design for a cantilevered part of a structure
LPS l
d >2.5 m
d > 2.5 + s
2002 DEHN + SHNE
1 4 2
Positioning of the external lightning protection system on a low (H < 60 m) structure made of insulating material (wood, bricks, etc.)
3 5 8
10 6
1:air-termination rod ; 2: horizontal air-termination conductor ; 3:down-conductor ; 4: T-type joint ; 5: cross type joint ; 6: test joint ;7: ring earth electrode (type B earthing arrangement) ; 8: equipotentialization ring conductor ; 9: flat roof with roof fixtures ; 10: terminal for connecting the equipotentialization bar to the internal LPS.
Values of the partitioning coefficient kc
Type of airtermination system Single rod Wire Mesh Mesh
Number n of downconductors 1 2
kc for type A earthing arrangement 1 0.66 * 0.44 * 0.44 *
kc for type B earthing arrangement 1 0.5 ... 1 ** 0.25 ... 0.5 *** 1/n ... 0.5 ****
4 4, connected by horizontal ring conductors
Valid for single earthing electrodes with comparable earthing resistances ; if earthing resistances of single earthing electrodes are clearly different kc = 1 has to be assumed ** Values range from kc = 0.5 where w << H to kc = 1 with H << w (see figure 6.22) *** The relation to calculate kc in figure 6.24 is an approximation for cubic structures and for n 4 ; the values of H are assumed to be in the range of 5 to 20 m **** If the down-conductors are connected horizontally by ring conductors, the current distribution is more homogeneous in the lower parts of the down-conductor system and kc is further reduced (especially valid for tall structures, see figure 6.24 where H, cs and cd are assumed to be in the range of 5 m to 20 m).
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Partitioning coefficient kc for a wire air-termination system and a type B earth-termination system
kc =
H+w 2H + w
2002 DEHN + SHNE
w H
kc =
1 w + 0 .1 + 0 .2 3 2n H
where n = total number of down-conductors (add internal down-conductors if they exist) w = spacing between down-conductors H = height (spacing) between horizontal ring conductors
Partitioning coefficient kc and separation distances s in the case of a meshed airtermination system, an interconnecting ring of the downconductors at each level and a type B earth-termination system
ws H1
la
wd df da
lf
da sa =
ki kc1 la km
kc =
1 + 0.1 + 0.2 2n
w H
df sf = H2
lb
ki (kc1 lf + kc2 H2) km
dg db
lg
dg sg =
ki (kc2 lg + kc3 H3 + kc4 H4) km
H3
lc
db sb = dc
n = total number of downconductors ; m = total number of levels ; l = height above the bonding point ; H = height (spacing) between horizontal ring conductors ; ws = distance from the nearest down-conductor ; wd = distance from the nearest down-conductor on the opposite side; d = distance to the nearest down-conductor
2002 DEHN + SHNE
ki kc2 lb km 1 kc2 = + 0.1 n ki kc3 lc km 1 kc3 = + 0.01 n ki kc4 lc km kcm = kc4 = 1 n
H4
le
dc sc = de
de se = Hm
Earth-termination System
le = K 0 T1
where K0 is a factor depending on the geometrical configuration of the earth electrode : K0 = 1.40 for a single conductor energized at one end, 1.55 for a single conductor energized in the middle, 1.65 for conductors arranged in a star configuration energized at the centre.
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Conventional earth resistance of buried horizontal conductors as a function of their length for different values of soil resistivity
Z () 50
L 5 kA
40
7s 17s
30
= 2000 m = 1000 m
20
= 500 m = 200 m
10
= 100 m = 20 m
0 0 20 40 60 80 100
L (m) 120
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Conventional earth resistance of various earth-termination systems

Z ()
= 1500 m
L
30
5 kA 7s L 17s L
20
10 L (m)
0 0 20 40 60 80
5+10 m
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Conventional earth resistance of an earth-termination system (impulse current at the center of a star arrangement) as a function of length for different values of soil resistivity
Z () 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
= 3000 m = 500 m = 300 m = 200 m = 100 m = 2000 m = 1000 m = 1500 m
T1 = 4 6 s I > 10 kA
L (m) 90 100
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Conventional earth resistance as a function of soil resistivity ( are experimental results)

Z () 40 30 20 10 0 0 500 1000 1/8 s 7/28 s 25/100 s (m) L 100 m
2002 DEHN + SHNE
TOUCH VOLTAGE
Ut
2002 DEHN + SHNE
STEP VOLTAGE
Step voltage U
Step voltage
U = I
s 2 d(d + s)
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Protection Measures Against Injuries of Living Beings

Vicinity of the down conductors of the LPS ! Protection measures due to touch voltages either by insulating the exposed down conductors (e.g. 3 mm cross-linked polyethylene) or by imposing physical restrictions and warning notices to minimize the probability of down-conductors being touched. Protection measures due to step voltages by equipotential ising with a meshed earth-termination system and by using the same other protection measures imposed for the touch voltages : physical restrictions and warning notices to minimize the probability of access to the dangerous area within 3 m of the down-conductor
Selection of Materials
Material Use in openair Solid Stranded Solid Stranded Solid Stranded Use in earth Solid Stranded Ascoating Solid Use inconcrete Solid Stranded Ascoating Solid Stranded Solid Stranded Unsuitable Corrosion resistance Goodinmany environm. Acceptablein air,concrete, benignsoil Goodinmany environm. Whenlow concentrat.of sulphuror chloride Whenhigh concentrat.of sulphate ... Corrosion increased by Sulphur components Organicmaterials Highchlorides content Highchlorides content Alkalinesolutions Destructionby galavanic coupling with
Copper
Hot galvanized steel Stainless steel
Copper
Solid Stranded Unsuitable
Copper
Aluminium Solid Stranded
Lead
Solid Ascoating ...
Solid Ascoating ...
Unsuitable
Acidsoils
Copperor stainlesssteel ...
...
...
...
2002 DEHN + SHNE
Material
Configuration
Copper
Tinplatedcopper (hotdippedor electroplatedwith coating 1m) Aluminium
Solidtape Solidround* Stranded Solidround** onlyforearthleadinrods Solidtape Solidround* Stranded Solidtape Solidround Stranded Solidtape Solidround* Stranded Solidround** Solidtape Solidround* Stranded Solidround** onlyforearthleadinrods+ Solidtape Solidround* Stranded Solidround** onlyforearthleadinrods
Minimumcross sectionalarea (mm2) 50 50 50 200 50 50 50 70 50 50 50 50 50 200 50 50 50 200 50 50 70 200
Comments
2mmmin.thickness 8mmdiameter 1.7mmmin.diameter foreachstrand 16mmdiameter 2mmmin.thickness 8mmdiameter 1.7mmmin.diameter foreachstrand 3mmmin.thickness 8mmdiameter 1.7mmmin.diameter foreachstrand 2.5mmmin.thickness 8mmdiameter 1.7mmmin.diameter foreachstrand 16mmdiameter 2.5mmmin.thickness 8mmdiameter 1.7mmmin.diameter foreachstrand 16mmdiameter 2mmmin.thickness 8mmdiameter 1.7mmmin.diameter foreachstrand 16mmdiameter
Aluminiumalloy
Hotdipped galvanizedsteel (coating:smooth, continuous,freefrom fluxstains,50mmin. thickness) Stainlesssteel (chromium 16% nickel 8% carbon 0.07%)
* When mechanical strength is not an essential requirement, the section can be reduced to 28 mm2. ** When mechanical stress such as wind loading is not critical, a 10 mm diameter, 1 m long maximum air-termination rod with an additinal fixing may be used. + To avoid melting, the minimum cross-section is 16 mm2 for copper, 25 mm2 for aluminium, 50 mm2 for steel or stainless steel, taking into account a specific energy of 10 MJ/
Material Configuration
Copper
G = galvanized ; S = area ; = diameter ; * may also be tin-plated ; ** = smooth coating with a min. thickness = 50 m for round and 70 m for flat material ; : min. length of lattice configuration: 4.8 m ; : chromium 16 %, nickel 5 %, molybdenium 2 %, carbon 0.08 %
Stranded* Solidround* Solidtape* Solidround Pipe Solidplate Latticeplate Steel G.solidround** 16 G.pipe** 25 G.solidtape** G.solidplate** G.latticeplate** Coppercoated solidround 14 Baresolidround inconcrete BareorG.solid tapein concrete G.strandedin concrete 50 50 3 G.crossprofile** Stainless Solidround 15 steel Solidtape
Earthrod min. (mm) 15 20
Earth conductor min.values 50mm2S 50mm2S 50mm2S
10mm 90mm2S 10mm 75mm2S 70mm2S 10mm 100mm2S
Earthplate min.S (mm2) 500 500 600 600 500 500 600 600
Comments
1.7mmmin.of eachstrand 8mmmin. 2mmmin.thickn. 2mmmin.thickn. 2mmmin.thickn. 2mmmin.thickn. 3mmmin.thickn. 3mmmin.thickn. 30mm 3mmS 250mmin.radial Coppercoating 99.9% Coppercontent 1.7mmmin.of eachstrand 3mmmin.thickn. 2mmmin.thickn.
DISTRIBUTOR :
PROTECTION LEVEL
2002 DEHN + SHNE
DISTRIBUTOR :
It starts with a first risk analysis in accordance with IEC 62305-2 for the determination of the necessity of protective measures.
A protection level I to IV has to be determined in order to define a set of lightning current paramenters values. This protection level is used to classify protection measures to define the type of lightning protection systems (LPS) needed.
DISTRIBUTOR :
Protection levels I II III IV
Type of LPS I II III IV
Generally, a lightning protection system type II is sufficient - extensive and sensitive electronic systems require a lightning protection system type I.
DISTRIBUTOR :
Definition of Lightning Protection Level

Lightn. Rolling Protec. Sphere Class r (m) I II III IV
h
Protective Angle ()
() 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
Mesh Size (m) 5x5 10 x 10
20 30 45 60
I
10 20
II
30 40
III
50
IV
15 x 15
60 h(m)
20 x 20
Lit.: ...
Protected Area
h: Height of the air terminations above the area to protect r: Radius of the Rolling Sphere" :Protective Angle
2002 DEHN + SHNE 00.00.02 PT. TESLA DAYA ELEKTRIKA Hasse: Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) - Concept IEC 62305-4, Singapore, 14 February, 2003 / 0000e_a - ABC / XYZ Dr. P. BANDUNG
DISTRIBUTOR :
Methode for Positioning of Air Termination Systems

- Angle of Protection
Air Termination Rod
r
h
Angle of Protection
Down Conductor
Rolling Sphere
Earthing System
S660e_c
2002 DEHN + SHNE PT. TESLA DAYA ELEKTRIKA Hasse: Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) - Concept IEC 62305-4, Singapore, 14 February, 2003 Dr. P. BANDUNG 660e.ppt / 18.11.1999 / ES
DISTRIBUTOR :
Equipotential Bonding at LPZ Boundaries
DISTRIBUTOR :
The equipotential bonding for all metal parts and services entering the boundary of an inner LPZ is the most important measure to be taken in order to avoid the penetration of conducted interferences. The active conductors of electrical power or data lines are connected via SPDs, which have to provide a sufficient power carrying capability for their installation site. The SPDs have to be coordinated among each other and with the equipment to be protected.
DISTRIBUTOR :
LPZ 0A
LPZ 0B LPZ 1 SPD II LPZ 2
SPD III
LPZ 3
Power Line
SPD I
SPD II
SPD III
SPD II
Surge protective device (e.g. class II tested) Decoupling element or length of cable
DISTRIBUTOR :
Integratoin of Electronic Systems into the Bonding Network
DISTRIBUTOR :
Conductive parts of the electronic system, such as cabinets, enclosures and racks have to be integrated into the bonding network. For this purpose, there are two basic configurations: the star configuration or the meshed configuration.
DISTRIBUTOR :
Integration of electronic systems into the bonding netword

Star configuration S Basic
configuration
Meshed configuration M
Bonding network Bonding conductor Equipment Bonding point to the bonding network ERP SS MM Earthing Reference Point Star point configuration integrated by starpoint Meshed configuration integrated by mesh
Integration into bonding network
DISTRIBUTOR :
The star configuration requires all metal components of the electronic system to be insulated against the bonding network. It may be connected with the bonding network at one earthing reference point only (entry). It is mostly used for small, locally limited systems.
DISTRIBUTOR :
For the meshed configuration the metal components do not have to be insulated, but are multiply connected with the bonding network. This configuration is used for broad and open systems with many lines and several entries.
DISTRIBUTOR :
Bonding of lightning protection zones with meshed and star-shaped functional equipotential bonding at a complex zone structure
LPZ 1
Protection Zone Shield LPZ 1a Electric Insulation
LPZ 1a
LPZ m
LPZ n
Protection Zone Shield Central Equipotential Bonding Point

LPZ: Lightning Protection Zones
Device
1076e
2002 DEHN + SHNE PT. TESLA DAYA ELEKTRIKA Hasse: Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ) - Concept IEC 62305-4, Singapore, 14 February, 2003 Dr. P. BANDUNG 1076e.ppt / 18.11.99 / ESC
DISTRIBUTOR :
Spatial Shielding in Combination with Line Shielding and Routing
DISTRIBUTOR :
In practice, gridlike spatial shields of inner LPZ are usually constructed of natural components, e.g. the metal reinforcement in ceilings, walls and floors, metal frameworks, roofs and faades As lightning current contains partial frequencies of up to some MHz, an effective shielding requires typical mesh sizes smaller than 5 m. Electronic systems have to keep a safety distance from the spatial shield.

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External Lightning Protection System

Great care to exposed points, corners and edges (upper parts!)

2002 DEHN + SHNE

NOTE 2 - h is the height of airtermination above the area to be protected.

NOTE 3 - The angle will not change for values of h below 2 m

2002 DEHN + SHNE

R R R R 0,8 h h < 60 m h > 60 m h < 60 m R R R

Air termination system R Radius of rolling sphere

Design of an air termination system according to the rolling sphere method

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Example of a lightning protection system on a shed roof structure

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Volume protected by a vertical rod airtermination

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Volumes protected by a vertical air termination rod

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Volume protected by a wire air termination

2002 DEHN + SHNE

2002 DEHN + SHNE

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Lead Stainless steel or galvanized steel Titanium Copper Aluminium Zinc

0.5 0.5 0.65 0.7

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Class of LPS I II III IV

2002 DEHN + SHNE

External and Internal LPS Dangerous Sparking !

bonding conductors or SPD between internal system and LPS

Isolation of external LPS Values of coefficient ki

Isolation of external LPS Values of coefficient kc

Isolation of External LPS Values of coefficient km

Lightning protection system design for a cantilevered part of a structure

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Values of the partitioning coefficient kc

Type of airtermination system Single rod Wire Mesh Mesh

kc for type A earthing arrangement 1 0.66 * 0.44 * 0.44 *

4 4, connected by horizontal ring conductors

2002 DEHN + SHNE

2002 DEHN + SHNE

ki (kc1 lf + kc2 H2) km

ki (kc2 lg + kc3 H3 + kc4 H4) km

ki kc2 lb km 1 kc2 = + 0.1 n ki kc3 lc km 1 kc3 = + 0.01 n ki kc4 lc km kcm = kc4 = 1 n

2002 DEHN + SHNE

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Conventional earth resistance of various earth-termination systems

2002 DEHN + SHNE

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Conventional earth resistance as a function of soil resistivity ( are experimental results)

2002 DEHN + SHNE

2002 DEHN + SHNE

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Protection Measures Against Injuries of Living Beings

Hot galvanized steel Stainless steel

Solid Stranded Unsuitable

Aluminium Solid Stranded

Solid Ascoating ...

Solid Ascoating ...

Copperor stainlesssteel ...

2002 DEHN + SHNE

Tinplatedcopper (hotdippedor electroplatedwith coating 1m) Aluminium

Minimumcross sectionalarea (mm2) 50 50 50 200 50 50 50 70 50 50 50 50 50 200 50 50 50 200 50 50 70 200

Earthrod min. (mm) 15 20

Earth conductor min.values 50mm2S 50mm2S 50mm2S