WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK RESUME

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WSN) A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the embedded system in which there are one or more sensors and equipped with a communication system. These sensors used to get the information according to the characteristic. For example: temperature sensors (thermistor, thermocouple), pressure sensors (pressure gauge, barometer), etc. These sensors will convert data from analog to digital. Then the data will be sent through the use of communication media such as Bluetooth, infrared, wifi. WSN can be use with simple sensor to monitor a phenomenon, while for complex every WSN have more than one sensor and it can monitor a lot of phenomenon. If this system connected with gateway which can access to internet. It means the WSN can be collaborated with other system.

ZigBee ZigBee is one of the technologies to support the communication media. ZigBee is specification for a suite of high level communication protocol. ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low cost, wireless network protocol targeted toward automation and remote control application. It focused in Radio Frequency (RF) application which is needed low power consumption, long lasting battery, and secure network. ZigBee classified standard IEEE 802.15 family with Bluetooth (802.15.1) and UWB (802.15.3) with standard code IEEE 802.4. The maximum communication speed about 250kbps, range of

communication 10-70 meters, and using 3 band frequencies: 915MHz (America), 868MHz (Europe), 2.4GHz (Japan). Zigbee and Bluetooth are in Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) family. The differences between ZigBee and Bluetooth are in data rate, range, and Quality of Service (QoS). Bluetooth best for Ad-hoc network among the device that support it Hands-free audio Screen Graphic Transfer file Use FHSS ZigBee better if Static Network A lot of component Not very often used Small packet data Use DSSS

Based on working principle, ZigBee is making full use of advantages from physical radio which very useful from standard IEEE 802.15.4. It is adding the logic network, security system, and application software. The protocol stack consists of PHY and MAC from IEEE, network/security layer, application framework, and application/profiles. The features from protocol stack:

Easily applied with microcontroller with low capacity Compact protocol stack Support of a very simple slave

The function every layer: 1. Physical Layer To determined the frequency and data rate. 2. MAC Layer

To give the networks address up to 65000 nodes. 3. Network Layer To set up and configure the network dynamically and did the routing function. 4. Application Support Layer To searched the other device and continue the packet data to the next device. 5. Application Layer Serves as ZDE (ZigBee Device Object), ZigBee coordinator and security.

WIRELESSHART WirelessHART is HART communication foundation standard for use in process automation. It adds wireless capabilities to the HART protocol while maintaining compatibility with existing HART devices, commands, and tools. A wirelessHART network comprises: Wireless field devices Gateways that enable communication between devices and host applications A Network and Security Manager responsible to configuring, managing, and monitoring the network.

The basic network devices types include:

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Field devices performing field sensing or actuator function Router all devices must have the ability to route packet in wireless mesh Adapters that bind wired HART devices into the wireless mesh Hand-held devices carried by mobile users such as plant engineers and service technicians Access point that connect wireless mesh to the gateway A simplex or redundant gateway that functions as a bridge to the host application A single network manager (may be redundant) that may reside in the gateway device or be separate from the gateway A security manager that may reside in the gateway device or separate from the gateway

In wirelessHART all field devices and adapters are routers are capable of forwarding packet data to/from the other devices in the network (Mesh Topology).

For the communication protocol and standard, wirelessHART used a simplified version of the seven layers OSI basic reference model.

ISA100.11a ISA100.11a is a wireless networking technology standard developed by International Society of Automation (ISA). Its reliability helps to ensure safe production operations and information

security. It is based on IPv6 and can accommodate larger networks. And it is suitable for a wide range of applications, from monitoring to control. The design criteria ISA100.11a include: Flexibility Support for multiple protocols Use of open standards Support of multiple applications Reliability (error detection, channel-hopping) Determinism(TDMA, QoS support) Security

For this technology, the sensor and actuator roles (I/O) are separated from the router roles. This network can employ star, star-mesh, and mesh topology depending on the roles of the devices present in the network.

A ISA10011a network (and wirelessHART) support: Mesh, star-mesh, star topologies (Note: ISA100.11a is limited number of hops that can be supported; backbone routers are always required) Non-routing sensor nodes (through Network Manager configuration in wirelessHART) Connection to a plant network via a gateway

Device interoperability Data integrity, privacy, authenticity, replay and delay protection Coexistence with other wireless networks Robustness in the presence of interference

The picture below tells about ISA100.11a routing

Simmiliarity between wirelessHART and ISA100.11a

Both specifications use similar graph routing, source routing, security and central network management functions. Differences between wirelessHART and ISA100.11a

wirelessHART and ISA100.11a stack comparison

Layer Physical (PHY) Media Access Layer (MAC) WirelessHART ISA100.11a IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz DSSS DSSS radio radio Based on a modified, nonComplies with the 802.15.4compliant version of the IEEE 006 MAC and MAC services 802.15.4-2006 MAC -Time-slotted -Time-slotted -Channel-hopping Data Link Layer (DLL) -Secure acknowledgements -Clock propagation -Channel-hopping -Secure acknowledgements -Clock propagation -Security: hop-by-hop integrity and encryption data

-Security: hop-by-hop data integrity -Graph and source routing Joining -Graph and source routing. Graph routes include the 1 through n access points, allowing redundant/multiple connections to the backbone -IETF IPv6 and 6LoWPAN networks. This enables a single network to support -Fragmentation and reassembly very high throughput. at backbone router -Joining -Security:end-to-end encryption and data integrity -Connectionless service Transport Layer Application Layer Process Control Management

Network Layer

-Connectionless UDP service

-Reliable delivery with an -Security:end-to-end encryption acknowledgement service and data integrity No process and control HART 7 application layer -Diagnostics -Diagnostics

-Centralized network -Centralized network configuration of super configuration of super frames frames links and routes links and routes Security -Joining Key Management -Command and structure -Data encoding -Security: Encryption and data integrity -Joining Key Management response -Object and method services structure -Data encoding

Application sub Layer

REFERENCES [1] Ergen Sinem Coleri, ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary, September 2004 [2] Stig Petersen and Simon Carlsen, WirelessHART Versus ISA100.11a, December 2011 [3] Nixon Mark, A Comparison of WirelessHART and ISA100.11a, July 2012